某弹用硅橡胶密封材料贮存寿命预测

通过对某弹用硅橡胶密封材料的加速老化试验,建立了该材料在贮存温度下的压缩永久变形与贮存时间的老化动力学方程,预测了25℃条件下硅橡胶密封材料的贮存寿命。预测结果可作为评估某弹用硅橡胶密封材料制品贮存寿命的参考依据。     

基于多失效模式的弹上舱段结构件贮存寿命验证方法

目的 验证多失效模式下弹上舱段结构件的贮存寿命。方法 通过开展贮存条件下失效模式分析,确定复合材料贮存薄弱环节,依此制定高温摸底试验方案。开展高温极限应力试验,确定不改变复合材料失效机理的高温贮存极限应力,并据此开展加速因子试验,基于阿伦尼兹模型,计算不同失效模式的激活能,并以激活能最小的性能参数作为贮存薄弱环节,计算舱段结构件加速因子,设计舱段结构件加速贮存寿命验证试验,评估其贮存寿命。结果 计算了某防热材料各失效模式下的激活能,确定了其性能参数的薄弱环节,根据薄弱环节的激活能计算了舱段结构件加速因子和加速贮存试验时间,验证了其贮存寿命。结论 通过确定防热材料的贮存薄弱环节,开展了加速贮存试验,验证了舱段贮存寿命。     

阿伦尼乌斯公式在弹箭贮存寿命评估中的应用

以某型号导弹舵机橡胶密封材料为例,阐述了弹箭贮存寿命定量评估的方法,分析了科学确定失效判据的重要性,介绍了自然环境试验和实验室加速老化试验在弹箭贮存寿命定量评估中的应用.重点论述了阿伦尼乌斯公式应用于弹箭贮存寿命定量评估的本质,详细说明了阿伦尼乌斯公式适用的反应及温度,强调了应用阿伦尼乌斯公式定量评估弹箭贮存寿命必须进...     

某型硬质泡沫弹架蠕变特性及贮存寿命研究

目的 研究一类硬质泡沫弹架结构的蠕变特性和贮存寿命评估方法.方法 通过测定贮存恒定应力水平下该型硬质泡沫弹架的温度加速蠕变性能数据,建立泡沫弹架材料的蠕变本构关系,研究泡沫弹架材料的蠕变时温等效规律.在此基础上,开展泡沫弹架的高温加速贮存试验与评估方法研究.结果 在高温蠕变试验后,该型硬质泡沫材料的本构关系及压缩特性均...     

高过载条件下弹载控制系统贮存寿命研究展望

研究弹载控制系统长周期贮存、高过载发射、使用可靠性难以确定、缺乏寿命评估方法等问题。弹载控制系统长期贮存后,其控制系统能否承受高达20 000G的发射过载,这直接影响其制导精度和作战效能。通过研究弹载控制系统的结构原理、材料特性、工艺技术,以及其寿命与环境应力的复杂关联性,开展高过载条件下控制系统的应力分析、动态性能检测、失效机理分析、退化模型和加速模型统一形式,以及基于多维动态序列的系统级产品可靠性研究。确定其贮存薄弱环节,创建其在高过载冲击条件下的可靠性评估理论体系,突破长期贮存后弹载控制系统在高过载条件下寿命评估的技术瓶颈,拓宽弹药贮存寿命评估技术的研究范围,为其科学定寿和维修延寿奠定基础。     

某弹药包装筒用改性ABS塑料贮存寿命评估研究

通过开展不同温度条件下的热氧老化试验,对某弹药包装筒用改性ABS塑料的贮存老化性能进行评估,发现该材料的变色与试验温度有明显关系,温度越高变色越明显。通过统计分析外推预测了常温下的贮存寿命。     

硅橡胶密封件随弹贮存老化分析及寿命预估

通过对某随弹贮存8a的硅橡胶密封材料进行外观检查、常规物理性能检测、恒定压缩永久变形测试及加速贮存试验,获得了橡胶材料的各项物理性能,用压缩永久变形临界值作为判据得到了25℃下硅橡胶密封材料可继续贮存使用的寿命预估值,为该型导弹寿命预估提供了重要理论依据.     

某型导弹橡胶密封件剩余贮存寿命预测

目的评估预测某型进口导弹的橡胶密封件剩余贮存寿命。方法通过质谱、红外光谱和能谱等理化分析方法确定橡胶密封件主体材质,通过热重分析确定热老化试验温度条件,设计压缩工装模拟弹体实际密封结构,开展4个温度条件下的加速热老化试验。结果材质分析确定橡胶密封件为丁苯橡胶,热老化试验获取了该材料在贮存温度下的压缩永久变形与贮存时间的老化动力学方程。结论 25℃条件下该橡胶密封件的剩余贮存寿命为5.8年。     

某弹用电子部件贮存寿命评估

目的研究使用定时截尾步进应力加速寿命试验方法评估某弹用电子部件在一定可靠度下的贮存寿命。方法首先将其在应力S_i(i>1)下的作用时间全部转化为在应力S1下的等效作用时间,然后建立威布尔分布加速寿命模型,采用Newton-Raphson方法求解似然方程,得到模型未知参数的极大似然估计结果,最后外推得到正常温度下的贮存寿命。结果在25℃下可靠度为0.9999时,使用定时截尾步进应力加速寿命试验方法评估电子部件的寿命约为11.89年,使用恒定应力加速寿命试验评估寿命为13.32年,两种试验方法的评估结果相差不大。结论步进应力加速寿命试验时间短、样本量少、成本低,相对于恒定应力加速寿命试验方法,具有一定的优越性。     

综合环境下舰载导弹弹上计算机加速寿命试验研究

目的 研究一种综合考虑陆上环境与舰船环境多应力下的舰载导弹弹上计算机加速寿命试验方法,能更具代表性和真实性地描述产品在综合环境条件下的环境应力,进而为环境应力剖面尽可能准确地折算为加速应力剖面奠定基础。通过加速寿命试验,将产品贮存时间加速至目标年限,验证与评估产品剩余贮存寿命。方法 针对舰船工作环境条件,从搭载研究对象的舰船出海海况入手,利用海况与舰船振动量值的对应关系,确定舰船振动应力。结合考虑综合环境下的其他应力,研究出一种结合温度–振动–电应力等环境条件的加速试验方法,以已经达到设计贮存寿命期限的舰载导弹弹上计算机为试验对象,开展温度–振动–电应力综合加速寿命试验。结果 通过运用温度–振动–电应力的加速寿命试验方法,验证和评估了某型舰载导弹弹上计算机具备延寿至目标年限的剩余贮存寿命,取得了良好的试验效果。结论 根据舰船工作环境对贮存寿命的影响,针对性地研究了舰船振动加速试验,给出一个更加贴合实际寿命的寿命评估结果,为后续延寿研究工作提供了可靠依据。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...