铜、锌对3种常见乔木抗氧化指标的复合影响

为了解不同浓度铜（Cu）、锌（Zn）重金属污染土壤对乔木抗氧化指标的影响以及为植物修复蠡河重金属污染岸带提供理论依据,选取广玉兰（Magnoliagrandiflora）、香樟（Cinnamomumcamphora）、榉树（Zelkovaschneideriana）幼苗,采用土培法浇灌重金属溶液模拟土壤污染环境,研究不同浓度重金属Cu／Zn对乔木脯氨酸含量、过氧化物酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性及丙二醛含量的单一及复合影响。实验表明,单一Cu胁迫对广玉兰、香樟和榉树的毒害作用较单一,Zn胁迫严重;Cu／Zn复合作用下,3种乔木抗氧化指标均在Cu15和Zn110时达到最大值,表现出较强的抗性,而后随着复合作用强度增加,重金属对其毒害作用增大;75μg／gCu和210μg／gZn单一及复合胁迫时,广玉兰丙二醛含量相对香樟和榉树较接近对照值,过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性较大,脯氨酸含量差别不大。综合分析,不同乔木在不同浓度重金属胁迫下抗氧化指标作出不同响应,广玉兰对高浓度Cu／Zn胁迫不敏感,承受能力和抗性较强,适合于修复Cu／Zn污染较严重土壤。     

大亚湾开发区经济发展与土地资源的可持续利用

大亚湾开发区由于自然地理条件优越，特别是曾因美国的熊猫汽车和英荷壳牌石油等的落户而带动了区域经济的迅速发展，成为广东省沿海地区外商投资的热点，使原为滨海小镇的穷乡僻壤面临大规模高强度的开发．本文根据区域自然环境条件和经济发展势态．对土地资源的利用现状、土地利用结构的动态变化以及土地承载力状况进行分析；指出在开发过程中存在的耕地面积急剧下降．农田用多养少，土地征而未用以及在规划上对农业的重视不足等问题；最后从协调经济发展与土地利用保护的矛盾，维护区域的良好自然生态环境和土地资源的可持续利用出发，对区域的土地利用保护提出了六点对策性措施．     

宁波市某人工泻湖浮游生物变化特征及影响因素分析

以宁波市北仑区梅山水道形成的人工泻湖为研究对象,在不同季节进行水质及浮游生物调查,分析其浮游生物时空分布特征与水质的关系。4个采样点共检出浮游植物66种,以硅藻为绝对优势种,检出浮游动物25种,主要为桡足类、少量轮虫及网纹虫;拦坝后水道内浮游生物密度有了数量级增长,各项生物评价指数降低,但各采样点仍处于中污染水平。监测理化参数表明,研究水域在拦坝后盐度下降、悬浮物浓度下降,氮磷含量无明显变化;水域大部分点位处于中度富营养化水平。结合浮游生物分布与理化参数进行分析,发现堤坝合龙后,水道内侧海水淡化、悬浮物含量下降,导致浮游生物密度上升、生物多样性下降、出现淡水优势种群;营养盐含量不是浮游生物生长的限制因子,对浮游生物分布无显著影响。     

麝香酮和镉单一与复合污染对金鱼藻的生态毒理效应研究

为从生物化学角度探讨一种新型污染物———麝香酮与镉(Cd)单一和复合污染的生态毒理效应,以金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum L.)为研究对象,分析了不同浓度麝香酮和Cd在水中单一与复合污染对金鱼藻叶片中抗氧化系统酶,包括超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT),脂质过氧化最终产物丙二醛(MDA),可溶性蛋白(SP)和叶绿素含量的影响.结果表明:在单一麝香酮和Cd暴露下,SOD活性第1天均显著降低,而第7天在低浓度污染物的胁迫下呈升高趋势;金鱼藻受麝香酮和Cd胁迫的第1天,POD酶活性分别呈升高和降低趋势;麝香酮浓度为0.05mg·L-1或Cd浓度为0.01mg·L-1时,金鱼藻叶片中的CAT活性变化表现为显著的毒物兴奋作用;用两种污染物单一或复合处理第7天,金鱼藻叶片中的MDA和叶绿素含量可以作为评价麝香酮或/和Cd污染水体环境的敏感指标;SP在这两种污染物胁迫下处于能量及脂蛋白的补偿和应激蛋白的合成两方面的得失平衡过程中,故其含量与处理浓度之间无显著相关关系;复合污染中低浓度的麝香酮和Cd复合对金鱼藻表现为拮抗作用,高浓度的复合表现为相加或协同作用.     

模拟水深和氮添加对三江平原湿地植物功能性状的影响

水深和氮素是影响湿地植物生长的关键因素,研究两者对功能性状的影响有助于预测未来环境变化下湿地植物的生长与分布趋势.以三江平原沼泽湿地3种优势植物(漂筏苔草Carex pseudocuraica、毛苔草Carex lasiocarpa和燕子花Iris laevigata)为研究对象,设置3个水深(0、5、15 cm)和3个氮浓度(0、12、36 mmol/L)的双因子控制实验,探讨不同水深和氮添加对3种湿地植物功能性状的影响.结果显示,水深和氮添加对漂筏苔草根冠比和燕子花株高、地下与地上生物量及根冠比存在交互影响.在0 mmol/L氮浓度下,随着水深的增加,漂筏苔草根冠比降低,燕子花根冠比呈先降低后上升的趋势.在12 mmol/L氮浓度下,随着水深的增加,燕子花地下与地上生物量降低,根冠比增加.随着氮浓度的增加,燕子花株高在0、5 cm水深时降低,在15 cm水深时增加.水深对漂筏苔草叶面积、地下与地上生物量和燕子花叶面积有显著影响,随着水深的增加,漂筏苔草叶面积、地下与地上生物量呈先增加后下降的趋势,燕子花叶面积降低.氮添加对毛苔草株高、叶面积及根冠比有显著影响,随着氮浓度的增加,毛苔草株高和叶面积降低,根冠比呈先降低后上升的趋势.本研究表明湿地植物对水深和氮添加水平的响应依赖具体物种和功能性状指标而不同,未来还应加强湿地植物地下性状的研究.(图3表1参56)     

现代生态农业与农业安全

现代生态农业是现代农业的发展方向；现代生态农业的核心是农业的可持续发展，其重要内容是农业安全。文章着重提出现代生态农业的基本概念与内涵，指出现代生态农业是以生态理论为基础，以现代生态农业技术为手段，通过农业与环境，生态与经济的平衡，达到农业可持续发展、农业安全和人类健康的最终目标。在总结国家发展现代生态农业的经验的基础上，列举了我国东南沿海经济发达地区(包括江苏省)存在的生态环境质量和农业安全问题，最后提出现代生态农业建设和解决农业安全问题的对策与建议。     

Effects of pitamin on growth performance, carcass characteristics and cecal microflora of broiler chicken

The aim of this study is to determine the effect of dietary pitamin as an antibiotic replacement in broiler chicken. The treated groups were as follows: 1) the control, 2) the antibiotics (8 mg of avilamycin kg(-1) of diet) and 3) the pitamin (70 mg of pitamin kg(-1) of diet) groups. Body weight gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency were significantly higher in the pitamin group than in the antibiotics and control groups (p<0.05). Carcass weight, dressing percentage, and the weight of breast and thigh muscle recorded significantly higher levels in the pitamin group as compared to the other groups (p<0.05). The addition of pitamin to the diets for broilers reduced abdominal fat by 23.35% and stimulated the growth of the thymus, the spleen, and the bursa of Fabricius. TAG levels of the pitamin group declined by 12.03 and 10.45% as compared to the control and antibiotics groups, and their TC levels were reduced by 15.17 and 14.39%, and LDL. C levels were reduced by 10.56 and 11.24%, respectively. Serum IgG was increased significantly by 137.43 and 36.80% in the pitamin group as compared to the control and antibiotics groups, respectively (p<0.05). The numbers of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus on the cecum digesta were significantly higher in the pitamin group than in the antibiotics and control groups and the numbers of Escherichia coli and Salmonella tended to be reduced (p<0.05). In conclusion, when Korean red pine bark extract, pitamin, was added to the broiler diets at a concentration of 70 mg of pitamin kg(-1) of diet, it resulted in better growth performance as compared to the antibiotics by improving immunity and the cecal beneficial microfloral population.     

黄河三角洲湿地研究进展

从湿地研究内容和研究方法两方面,回顾了近10年来黄河三角洲湿地研究的成果。在这10年间,黄河三角洲湿地研究的内容和范围明显拓宽,主要研究内容包括湿地修复、湿地评价、湿地管理等。研究方法日趋先进成熟,模型模拟、遥感动态监测及3S等新技术和方法得到广泛应用。文章在分析黄河三角洲湿地的研究现状和特点的基础上,对未来研究趋势和热点进行了展望,认为未来黄河三角洲湿地的研究重点应在湿地演化机制与恢复、湿地对环境变化的响应与反馈、湿地动态监测、湿地保护技术等方面。     

Modelling spatial distribution of the Croatian marine benthic habitats

Within the framework of the 3-year project “Mapping the habitats of the Republic of Croatia” the marine benthic habitats of the entire Croatian maritory were mapped. The supralittoral and the mediolittoral were mapped as a function of the coastal lithology and the presumed levels of human impact (both in scale of 1:100,000). The infralittoral was mapped on the basis of spatial modelling (using neural networks as a modelling tool, data about habitats collected by fieldwork as the independent variable for training and testing the model, and the digital bathymetrical model, the distance from coast, the second spectral channel of Landsat ETM+ satellite image and the sea bottom sea temperature, salinity and current magnitude, as dependent variables). The circalittoral and the bathyal were mapped by overlapping and reinterpretation of the existing spatial databases (bathymetry and lithology) within the framework of the raster-GIS.     

国外的环境移民问题及启示

工业的发展、人口的不断增长、经济全球一体化、气候变化等,导致生态环境的持续恶化,环境移民已成为困扰世界社会经济可持续发展的严重问题之一。国际社会的环境移民状况表明,环境移民主要是自发性的移民,缺乏政府的主导,容易形成环境难民和种族冲突,移民的人权难以得到保证,也不具有可持续发展性;可持续的环境移民要以政府为主导,以国内迁移为主实施移民工程;环境移民工程需要借鉴世界银行工程移民的经验,关键是做好迁人地的选择和评估。未来气候变化和突发环境灾难将不断加大人口的迁移范围和规模,需要给予特别的关注。总结国外环境移民的经验和教训,对我国实施有效的环境移民具有十分重要的意义。     

江英乡石灰岩山区农业综合开发与治理研究：Ⅱ.农业综合开发与治理

着重讨论了阳山县江某乡石灰岩山区治理试验前的土地资源利用状况和存在问题,总结了综合开发与治理的实践经验。通过对石灰岩山区潜在优势的分折,确立开发与治理的主攻方向,实施调整作物结构、改革耕作制度、推广良种良法和反季节蔬菜栽培等一系列措施,使江某乡农业经济面貌在短短的几年时间内发生了巨大的变化。     

刍议医院资产管理的现状及其对策

医院的固定资产和流动资产是医院赖以生存和发展的基础,是一项非经营性国有资产．目前公立医院固定资产、流动资产管理现状不容乐观,针对这种状况,首先分析问题形成的原因,然后提出管理的措施或建议,从而使资产管理工作规范化、制度化、科学化,使有限的卫生资源发挥出最大的社会效益和经济效益．参3．     

Impact of a once-through cooling system on the yellow perch stock in the western basin of lake erie

The surplus production model, a conventional fishery stock assessment model, is applied to assess the entrainment and impingement impact of the Monroe Power Plant on the yellow perch standing stock and fishery in the western basni of Lake Erie. Biological parameters of the model are estimated from commercial catch and effort data and entrainment and impingement coefficients are estimated from power plant data. The model is applied to estimate stock biomass, egg production, and larva production; the proportions entrained and impinged are then estimated. The impact of water withdrawal on the equilibrium standing stock and maximum sustainable yield from the fishery is estimated and the impact of increased water withdrawal on the equilibrium standing maximum sustainable yield are larger than the proportion of the standing stock entrained and impinged, but the impact of the Monroe Power Plant is relatively small; it decreases biomass and the maximum sustainable yield of the yellow perch stock by only a few percent. However, there are several power plants impacting the yellow perch stock of the western basin of Lake Erie and the combined impact should be examined.     

我国山地城镇的景观生态学探讨

应用景观生态学的理论，与平原城镇相比较，分析了山地条件下的山地城镇的景观生态特性：景观自然生境要素多，廊道体系不发达，景观要素布局松散，生态系统抗干扰能力差。按照地形条件和结构形态对山地城镇的景观结构类型进行了详细分类，总结了山地城镇的主要生态问题，为山地城镇的景观规划与设计提供参考。     

绿肥轮作对植烟土壤酶活性与微生物量碳和有机碳的影响

为探讨绿肥作物改良土壤的生态作用,试验以冬闲连作地为对照,在云南曲靖和晋宁烟草种植区,研究了小麦轮作收获后留根茬（20 cm左右）翻压后种植烟草（麦-烟）,紫花苕子收获后留根茬（30 cm左右）翻压后种植烟草（绿-烟）及豆类轮作（豆-烟）收获后根茬及秸秆全部移除地外种植烟草的4种轮作模式,结果表明：绿-烟和豆-烟复种模式下,植烟生长期内根区土壤酶活性（SEA）、土壤微生物量碳（SMBC）及土壤有机碳（SOC）均高于麦-烟复种及冬闲连作地,并且差异达显著或极显著水平;不同复种模式的SMBC、SOC及SMBC/SOC间呈显著相关性,对提高土壤SEA、SMBC与SOC质量分数影响为：绿-烟〉豆-烟〉麦-烟〉冬闲地。研究认为,SEA及SMBC/SOC可作为评价轮作模式影响烟地红壤质量变化的生物学指标。     

Ecological Survey of Coastal I Water Adjacent to Nuclear Power I Plants in Taiwan

A total of six nuclear reactors installed in three power plants, two along the northern and one along the southern coasts of Taiwan, started their operations one after another since October 1977. Owing to the large quantities of cooling water intake into and discharge from the plants, some environmental factors such as water temperature, chlorine, environmental radioactivity and nearshore currents may be significantly changed. Variations of these abiotic environmental factors may influence the biological activities in the ecosystem, particularly doing some kinds of damage to marine biological resources. Therefore, the possible environmental impact upon the biological systems including the fishery resources along the northern and southern coasts of Taiwan should be studied before and during the plant operation.

We have started the long-term programmes of biological, chemical and hydro-graphical surveys of the nuclear power plant sites on both northern (since July 1974) and southern (since July 1979) coasts of Taiwan. the survey items include ocean currents, physical and chemical properties of sea water, primary productivity, specific compositions and interspecific relationships among phyto- and zooplankton, algae, invertebrates, corals, and fishes; and radionuclides in water and biological specimens, and fishery statistics. in general, except for a few events, the operations of the six units of nuclear power plants have not produced detectable effects on the marine ecosystem. Radio activity levels and radionuclides in water and the biological specimens remained the same as background levels throughout the survey period. However, the events of coral bleaching and fish body anomalies caused by thermal discharges were observed respectively along the outlets of third and second Nuclear Power Plants. the purposes of this paper are to report and evaluate these two events during the operations of nuclear power plants in Taiwan.     

生态伦理:可持续发展的伦理基础

可持续发展是始源于人类所面面临的生态危机、以人与自然关系的协调发展为基本内容的一种生态化发展模式,它所面对和需要处理的是人类发展需求无限性与自然资源有限性这一矛盾,即人类对自然的价值取向、开发强度是否符合自然规律的问题.目前学界对它的研究已突破"经济-科技-政治"等实践层面,开始深入到"观念-价值-文化"等认识论、价值论领域.生态伦理是对人与自然关系的哲学反思中应运而生的一种革命性的伦理思想,本质上属于人类社会的"观念-价值-文化"领域,其理论构成、研究对象正契合人类的可持续发展.生态伦理作为可持续发展伦理基础是可持续发展的客观要求和必然选择:①生态伦理突破传统的道德定义,将伦理关怀的对象扩展到人与自然界关系的领域,为可持续发展奠定了坚实的思想基础,提供可靠的伦理前提;②生态伦理肯定自然价值和自然权利,直接回应了在可持续发展中人为何要尊重自然价值与权利这一理论课题,为人类对大自然的价值认同寻到理论根基,使可持续发展寻找到坚实的价值支点;③生态伦理在反思和批判传统道德评价标准的基础上,提出全新的道德评价标准,为现实的可持续发展战略的设计与安排提供伦理支持和辩护.     

全球变化下有关卤代甲烷源汇的研究进展

大气中存在的卤代甲烷对臭氧层具有极强的破坏作用并参与其它气候现象，其动态变化对臭氧的恢复和地球生态系统有重要影响。文章概述了全球变化下卤代甲烷源汇的研究情况并简单探索其进一步的研究方向。几种卤代甲烷中，溴代甲烷源汇最复杂且对臭氧具有最强的破坏力，因此研究较多。已证明CH3Br的来源有：海洋、土壤、生物燃烧、陆地植物和沼泽地的释放等；CH3Br的汇包括：光化学分解、被土壤和植物吸收、在海洋中的化学和生物降解等。但事实上是已知汇远远大于已知源，且各个源汇的通量在不同研究中结果差异较大，归其原因是卤代甲烷释放与吸收机制的不确定性。虽然近几年的研究也应用了稳定同位素示踪技术，但卤代甲烷各源汇的具体贡献并不清楚。今后卤代甲烷源汇的研究重点应放在与气体产生机制最密切的地下部分即“地下生态学”对其通量的影响，而同位素技术的改进及其在痕量气体研究中的应用也将是未来的重点方向。     

The production of exclusive spaces in coastal pre-urban areas: Causes and motivations: Middle shoreline of Caspian Sea in north of Iran

The most common form of building in coastal peri-urban area, in middle shoreline of Caspian Sea in North of Iran, is gated community with the exclusive ownership and restricted access to the public shoreline. This research aims to clear the main causes, motivations and mechanism of exclusive space production in North of Iran. In contrast to the fact that many studies revealed as gated communities rose from the service-base motivations of the residents such as safety and high quality of the environment, this research shows the market-base motivations for living inside the gates. The factors of maintaining and increasing the property capital and protecting the family prestige are the main motivations for residence in gated communities in North of Iran. Due to the privileged life style and importance of agricultural lands for building gated communities, the main incentive of land owners for selling the agricultural lands is to derive benefit from selling lands and saving financial capital in Banks, instead of agricultural activities. The negligence of regulations in guidance and control of agricultural lands and in the processes of land use changes, causes the effectiveness of informal relations and illegal production of exclusive space in the context of environmental lands.     

Processus advectifs et répartition du zooplancton dans un fjord

In order to study the influence of advective processes on the zooplankton distribution in a shallow sill-fjord, we examined the temporal variations (tidal and seasonal) of currents, density, abundance and composition of zooplankton in the Saguenay fjord, Québec, Canada, in August 1978 and October 1979. Our results demonstrate the existence of a regular exchange of water (every tidal cycle) between the St. Lawrence estuary and the two outer basins of the Saguenay fjord which is characterized by an important transport of mesoplankton from the estuary into the deep waters of the Saguenay during the rising tide and from the surface waters of the Saguenay to those of the estuary during falling tide. Variations of abundance and composition of zooplankton in the outer basin are therefore mainly controlled by advective processes. The plankton community of the downstream region of the fjord is strongly influenced by variations of abundance and composition taking place in the estuary, and the establishment and development of local populations of zooplankton are made difficult. In the upstream region of the fjord, the advective processes are less intense and endogeneous mesoplankton populations thrive under local temperature conditions.