我国31个省(市、自治区)的综合实力评价

选取具有代表性的9类共30个具体评价指标作为我国31个省（市、自治区）的综合实力评价的原始指标，运用因子多变量统计分析法对30个指标数据进行因子分析处理，采取主成分分析法提取公因子，并采取promox斜交旋转，得出6个公因子作为评价我国31个省（市、区）的综合实力的综合变量。计算得出我国各省（市、区）的综合得分。将计算的各省区市的综合得分从大到小排列，确定等级及分值区间。根据分类结果划分为6类地区，得出第Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类地区全部为东部地区，其综合实力得分位居全国前6位，它们依次是广东、江苏、上海、浙江、山东和北京；而第Ⅵ类地区中除海南属于东部地区之外，其余省市区都属于西部地区，其综合实力得分位居全国后7位且均为负值。它们依次是青海、宁夏．贵州、西藏、海南、甘肃和重庆。可见东西部地区社会经济发展的极度不平衡。     

基于DEA模型的城市用地经济效益比较研究

运用数据包络分析方法（DEA），从城市土地的投入和产出角度，对全国30个省会城市的城市用地经济效益进行比较研究。研究结果表明：（1）在全国30个城市（包括直辖市和部分省会城市），仅上海、杭州、广州和昆明等4个城市为DEA有效城市，即在现有的经济、社会、技术条件下，投入产出达到最佳状态，其余26个城市为非DEA有效城市；（2）南京和哈尔滨处于规模效益递减的发展阶段，上海、杭州、广州和昆明处于规模效益不变的发展阶段，其余24个城市都处于规模效益递增的发展阶段；（3）30个省会城市的城市土地利用经济效益发展极不平衡，呈现东高西低的格局，且城市土地利用普遍不集约；最后对如何提高城市用地经济效益提出了相应的改进措施。     

基于DEA模型的城市用地经济效益比较研究

运用数据包络分析方法（DEA），从城市土地的投入和产出角度，对全国30个省会城市的城市用地经济效益进行比较研究。研究结果表明：（1）在全国30个城市（包括直辖市和部分省会城市），仅上海、杭州、广州和昆明等4个城市为DEA有效城市，即在现有的经济、社会、技术条件下，投入产出达到最佳状态，其余26个城市为非DEA有效城市；（2）南京和哈尔滨处于规模效益递减的发展阶段，上海、杭州、广州和昆明处于规模效益不变的发展阶段，其余24个城市都处于规模效益递增的发展阶段；（3）30个省会城市的城市土地利用经济效益发展极不平衡，呈现东高西低的格局，且城市土地利用普遍不集约；最后对如何提高城市用地经济效益提出了相应的改进措施。     

Polar organic pollutants in air: A review of collection and analysis

Pollutants which are capable of being extracted into nonpolar solvent such as hexane have received the greatest attention in environmental monitoring. However, the polar fraction, inherently more difficult to analyze, is currently undergoing closer scrutiny. Sampling methods specifically designed to entrap polar particles and vapors are compared. Ion-exchange and reversed-phase liquid chromatography columns are examples of such specific sampling techniques. Various extraction schemes are presented with their individual problems and capabilities. Although there are numerous papers on the analysis of polar organic pollutants, few report actual measurements of ambient air samples. Current reports on polar organic pollutants measured in air samples are summarized. Polar organics are generally divided into three categories: acidic, basic, and neutral. Analytical methods relating to the following categories of polar organic compounds are reviewed: (1) phenols, mono- and dicarboxylic acids, and sulfonic acids, (2) aliphatic and aromatic amines, and (3) alcohols, aldehydes and ketones, phthalate esters, isocyanates and N-nitrosamines. Derivatization techniques, such as ester formation, are compared to the analysis of the unsubstituted compound. The formation of such derivatives is often the best way to trace specific compounds at very low levels.     

水库农村移民安置区的确定及土地产权问题研究

水库农村移民安置区的土地产权问题是开发型移民政策中的一个重要问题。本文首先探讨了水库农村移民环境窬一的理论计算公式和常规计算方法，并讨论了据此确定安置区后可能存在的问题。     

湖北省60年代以来气温日较差的变化趋势

利用湖北省７２站１９６１￣１９９５年逐月最高、最低气温资料,计算并详细分析了湖北省年、四季及逐月气温日较差的线性变化趋势。结果表明：（１）年最低气温呈明显上升趋势,而最高气温为下降趋势,因此气温日较差呈显著减少趋势。（２）就四季来看,最高气温在春、夏、冬季均呈下降趋势,但只有夏季的下降趋势是显著的,秋季呈弱上升趋势;最低气温在四季均呈上升趋势,但只有冬季的上升趋势是显著的;气温日较差在冬季与夏季均     

Phytocenotypes and Ecocenotic Potentials of Meadow Grasses

The systems of Ramenskii's cenobiotic types and Grime's life strategies applied to meadow grasses are compared, and differences between these systems are demonstrated. The parameters of violence of meadow grasses in the aboveground and underground spheres are discussed. The methods for evaluating the degrees of shade tolerance in grasses and their tolerance to sodding are proposed. Two types of explerence are distinguished in meadow grasses (cenophobic and cenofluctuation explerence).     

生态系统服务功能及其价值核算

生态系统服务功能是指生态系统服务与生态系统功能的综合，指生态系统与生态过程所形成及所维持的人类赖以生存的自然环境条件与效用，生态系统服务功能对于人类生存发展具有重要的价值，应该在社会经济体系中得以体现，本文探讨了生态系统服务功能的类型，价值核算方法与理论及其应用研究在完善国民经济核算体系、促进可持续发展等方面的重要意义，并对今后发展进行了展望。     

城乡建设用地增减挂钩中拆旧地块选址适宜性评价研究——以辽宁省桓仁县华莱镇为例

为了更加合理的选择拆旧地块,以辽宁省桓仁县华莱镇为例,通过实际分析与特尔菲法选取14个评价指标,通过层次分析法确定指标的权重,采用加权指数和法计算评价得分,并运用累积曲线分级法将评价对象分为四类区域。结果表明最适宜拆旧区占居民点总面积的4.14%,适宜拆旧区占居民点总面积的6.16%,不适宜拆旧区占居民点总面积的31.91%,最不适宜拆旧区占居民点总面积的57.79%。     

Removal of synthetic dyes from wastewaters: a review

The more recent methods for the removal of synthetic dyes from waters and wastewater are complied. The various methods of removal such as adsorption on various sorbents, chemical decomposition by oxidation, photodegradation, and microbiological decoloration, employing activated sludge, pure cultures and microbe consortiums are described. The advantages and disadvantages of the various methods are discussed and their efficacies are compared.     

Analysis of climate trends in North Carolina (1949-1998)

North Carolina has one of the most complex climates in the United States (U.S.). Analysis of the climate in this state is critical for agricultural and planning purposes. Climate patterns and trends in North Carolina are analyzed for the period 1949-1998. Precipitation, minimum temperature, and maximum temperature are analyzed on seasonal and annual time scales using data collected from the National Weather Service Cooperative Observer Network. Additionally, changes in patterns of occurrence of the last spring freeze and first fall freeze are investigated. Linear time series slopes are analyzed to investigate the spatial and temporal trends of climate variability in North Carolina. Spatial analysis of climate variability across North Carolina is performed using a geographic information system.While most trends are local in nature, there are general statewide patterns. Precipitation in North Carolina has increased over the past 50 years during the fall and winter seasons, but decreased during the summer. Temperatures during the last 10 years are warmer than average, but are not warmer than those experienced during the 1950s. The warm season has become longer, as measured by the dates of the last spring freeze and first fall freeze. Generally, the last 10 years were the wettest of the study period.These conclusions are consistent with earlier studies that show that the difference between the maximum and minimum temperatures is decreasing, possibly due to increased cloud cover and precipitation. Similarly, these results show that temperature patterns are in phase with the North Atlantic Oscillation and precipitation patterns appear to be correlated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation.     

Revision and meta-analysis of selected biosphere parameter values for chlorine, iodine, neptunium, radium, radon and uranium

There is a continual supply of new experimental data that are relevant to the assessment of the potential impacts of nuclear fuel waste disposal. In the biosphere, the traditional assessment models are data intensive, and values are needed for several thousand parameters. This is augmented further when measures of central tendency, statistical dispersion, correlations and truncations are required for each parameter to allow probabilistic risk assessment. Recent reviews proposed values for 10-15 key element-specific parameters relevant to (36)Cl, (129)I, (222)Rn, (226)Ra, (237)Np and (238)U, and some highlights from this data update are summarized here. Several parameters for Np are revised downward by more than 10-fold, as is the fish/water concentration ratio for U. Soil solid/liquid partition coefficients, Kd, are revised downward by 10-770-fold for Ra. Specific parameters are discussed in detail, including degassing of I from soil; sorption of Cl in soil; categorization of plant/soil concentration ratios for U, Ra and Np; Rn transfer from soil to indoor air; Rn degassing from surface water; and the Ca dependence of Ra transfers.     

State of the art in high sea-state oil pollution response capabilities

This paper describes the state-of-the-art approaches to dealing with the two major types of open-water pollution incidents encountered in bad weather — a tanker stranding where the oil is still contained within the tanks, and an actual spillage from a damaged tanker or fixed source.In the stranding case, the cargo off-loading approach is compared with cargo jettisoning (pumping part of the cargo overboard) and stabilization approaches.In the spillage case, the basic approaches that are feasible are skimming and the use of dispersants. The advantages of each are discussed. Systems including large containment barriers are estimated to be less effective than direct-acting skimmers because of the operational control problems in high sea states. Effective direct-acting skimmers are not in wide-spread use at present, although several systems are under development. Dispersant systems are estimated to have the highest sea-state operating capability, particularly aircraft-application systems, which could be effective in conditions up to where a slick is rapidly dispersed through natural wave turbulence.     

中国城市CO_2排放数据集研究——基于中国高空间分辨率网格数据

城市CO_2排放数据的可获取性和质量直接影响了城市碳排放的科学研究、低碳战略制定及公众对于城市低碳发展的监督和参与。数据缺乏和多源数据的不确定性大是中国城市CO_2排放核算和低碳城市规划面临的重要问题和挑战,而这些问题同时也导致中国低碳城市研究水平参差不齐。本研究使用自下而上建立的中国高空间分辨率网格数据(空间分辨率为1km),采用统一数据源和规范化、标准化数据处理方法,建立中国城市CO_2排放数据集,供研究者和决策者参考。城市CO_2排放计算借鉴国际上较为成熟和应用广泛的核算方法,包括范围1和范围2排放。以北京、上海、天津、重庆和广州5个典型城市的能源统计数据自上而下计算其CO_2排放作为参考水平,检验数据集的数值质量,结果显示5个城市的数据差异均不超过10%。中国城市CO_2排放整体呈现北方大于南方,东部高于中部和西部的空间格局。CO_2排放量较高的城市大多处于华北、东北以及华东沿海地区,西部地区城市CO_2排放量则较低。城市CO_2排放8个部门(工业能源、工业过程、农业、服务业、城镇生活、农村生活、交通、范围2排放)之间的相关性中,城镇生活和交通排放的相关性最高,并且呈现显著性(p0.001),工业过程排放和服务业排放的相关性最弱且没有显著性。基于中国高空间分辨率网格数据的中国城市CO_2排放数据集的不断完善和发展,为中国城市CO_2排放研究奠定了重要的数据基础,为城市CO_2排放横向比较和对标工作提供了重要依据。     

基于SCS法模拟的上海郊区农田地表产流特征及原因

利用上海市近8 a的日降雨数据，采用修正的SCS模型模拟得出上海地区农田地表径流流量，分析出了上海地区农田地表产流的特征。主要结论：（1）旱地在土壤湿度为干燥、几乎饱和、饱和条件下产生地表径流临界降雨量分别为847、358、141 mm；水田的土壤湿度几乎一直为饱和状态，产生地表径流的降雨临界值为026 mm。（2）旱地和水田产流量分布形状都呈极度右偏状，旱地和水田产流最大值分别为13559和18570 mm，但是9811%的天数中旱地产流量小于10 mm，9540%的天数中水田产流量小于20 mm。年产流量在月份中分布比例大体上是以6月和8月为峰的双峰分布，这个峰有从8月向6月前移的趋势。旱地产流量相对于水田的更加集中在5～9月。（3）旱地年产流总天数在50 d左右波动，水田年产流天数在120 d上下波动。旱地连续产流的天数一般不会超过5 d，水田连续产流天数一般不会超过7 d     

Operational approach to the environmental problems in the developing countries

Environmental problems are basic to overall socio-economic development, including the health status of the population. Unfortunately, the importance of these problems is often neglected, mostly because they are very complex and difficult to manage. The situation in developing countries seems to be even worse as the problems are relatively greater compared with these in the developed countries, while the resources are very limited.An environmental analysis for Surabaya City, the second largest city in Indonesia, has been conducted. A method for environmental analysis and a mathematical model for an integrated environmental program are proposed.     

环境安全问题的工业设计观

从历史观和哲学观探讨环境安全问题的成因,将环境安全问题与工具的发明创造联系在一起,论述了环境安全问题就是工具的缺陷恶化了环境与人以及人类之间的和谐关系。环境安全问题不再是简单地针对环境的治理或对人的管理问题,而应该从工具的产生过程中寻找根本性的解决方案。工具的功能和性能设计,仅仅是完成工具设计的初步阶段。在投入社会之前,必须完成工具的人机环境设计与评估,用于平衡或消除工具所蕴含的潜在危险因素。因此,要解决环境安全问题,必须突破狭隘理念,以环境安全作为核心价值进行工业设计,创造与使用符合人机环境因素的优质工具。     

Dependent competing risks: Bounds for net survival functions with fixed crude survival functions

Using the formulation of latent failure times, the problem of inference on survival time in the presence of competing risks is discussed. Even for the simplified problem where dose and other covariates are fixed, it is not well known that the distributions of the latent failure times are not identifiable from the usual competing risks data. Bounds for the joint survival function and marginal survival functions for the latent failure times are given, and an example illustrates the determination of empirical bounds that estimate the true bounds. In general, the bounds are wide and therefore not very useful. Some alternate approaches are briefly mentioned.     

Identification and diversity assessment of cyanobacterial communities from some mine tailing sites in Benguet Province,Philippines using isolation-dependent and isolation-independent methods

Environment, Development and Sustainability - Cyanobacteria are a group of diverse prokaryotes that are capable of oxygenic photosynthesis. They are ubiquitous in nature and have been reported to...     

Attributable risk, probability of causation, assigned shares, and uncertainty

Calculations of attributable risks, probabilities of causation, and assigned shares attracted increasing interest recently, particularly since the enactment of the Orphan Drug Act. Although efforts have been limited mostly to radiation as the toxic agent, the concept is general to all toxicants. In this paper, the systematic and random uncertainties in calculations of assigned shares are reviewed globally, and possibilities for their reduction are discussed. In addition, an algebraic study is made of the influence of random uncertainties in the input parameters on the random error of the assigned shares. Three dose-effect functions, appropriate for the low-dose, low-effects regions that are of interest here, are chosen for this investigation, and the algebraic properties of the random errors of the assigned shares are discussed. For shares near 0 and 1, the errors are shown to be small and to depend linearly on the value of the shares; the errors are largest for values of the shares near 50%, that is, in the region of almost equal or equal shares.