啤酒行业涉氨环境风险特征、评估及防控对策

为了解和掌握啤酒行业涉氨环境风险状况,分析了啤酒行业液氨在运输、贮存和使用过程中的环境风险单元和特征。以典型啤酒厂为例,对其环境风险进行评估,确定环境风险等级,并利用环境风险评价系统(RiskSystem)模型对其在不同风速条件下发生液氨泄漏的环境风险进行了预测分析,进而提出有针对性的环境风险防控对策。研究结果表明:啤酒行业在液氨贮存和运输环节存在较大的环境风险,阀门、法兰、接口等连接部位腐蚀和操作不当是氨泄漏的主要原因。根据典型案例环境风险评估和模拟预测结果,在受体敏感区域环境风险较大,风速对氨泄漏事故的影响范围有较大作用,需要严格预防和加强风险控制。建议国家和地方尽快出台相应的环境风险防范技术规范;涉氨单位应以预防为主,加强环境风险单元和重点环节的隐患排查力度,严格落实风险防控措施和要求。     

基于虚拟治理成本法的生态环境损害量化评估

以某减水剂泄漏事件为例,采用模拟治理的方法,从小试模拟费用、电费、人工费、设备租用费、药剂费、场地租用费和污泥处置费等方面核算了泄漏混合废水的虚拟治理成本,并利用Tox Screen-II毒性分析仪对混合废水模拟治理前后急性毒性变化情况进行研究,验证了模拟治理方法的有效性,再根据受污染区域的环境功能敏感程度和事件具体情况,采用虚拟治理成本乘以相应的倍数得出了事件的生态环境损害量化数额。     

基于生命周期评价的选择性催化还原脱硝技术还原剂的选择研究

应用生命周期评价(LCA)方法,以燃煤电厂选择性催化还原(SCR)脱硝技术中还原剂的选择为研究对象,对液氨与尿素的生产、运输、存储与供应、脱硝及废液处理5个过程进行了清单分析,着重分析了液氨与尿素的生产、运输的能耗及其对环境的影响。计算结果表明,尿素对环境的负面影响大于液氨对环境的负面影响。因此,如果从对环境的影响看,燃煤电厂SCR脱硝技术在选择还原剂时,应采用对环境负面影响小的液氨。     

大气污染事故预测系统的研究

将地理信息系统应用于城市突发性的大气污染事故，对大气扩散模型的图形技术进行开发研究。介绍了设计的总体结构；详细叙述了数学模型的建立、编程语言及其关键技术。该技术能模拟显示化学品泄漏后的大气污染扩散范围，为应急反应科学决策服务。     

液体推进剂突发性泄漏事故的应急处置与污染控制

目前，国防和航天领域使用的液体推进剂主要是肼类燃料和硝基氧化剂，它们都具有强烈的腐蚀性、易燃、易爆、易挥发性及毒性大等特点。一旦发生泄漏，如果处置或控制不当，将会发生灾难性的后果。作者深入分析了液体推进剂发生泄漏事故的原因和特点，提出了液体推进剂泄漏等级判定的依据以及处置人员的安全防护，论述了各种不同的泄漏情况下应采取的应急处置措施，详细说明了污染现场、装备和人员的洗消方法，对液体推进剂突发性泄漏的应急处置与污染控制以及防止着火、爆炸、人员中毒和环境污染等有重要的现实意义。     

液氯意外泄漏的应急监测

为了迅速地处理京沪高速“3．29”液氯泄漏污染事故，启动了应急监测措施。介绍了应急监测中确立的气、土、水、植物等环境介质作为监测对象，氯、氯化氢作为监测因子，并因事制宜地选择监测方法，为事故处理指挥部迅速而正确地处理事故提供了优质快速的技术支持。     

中国土壤石油污染的危害及治理对策

近年来中国陆上石油泄漏事故频发,严重污染土壤,对生态环境和经济建设等造成很大的负面影响.在分析土壤石油污染危害的基础上,着重探讨了土壤石油污染治理的技术措施,提出了综合防治的政策性建议.     

液氨预处理强化复合菌系WSC-6降解稻秆的性能

高效、经济的预处理技术对提高稻秆的生物降解效率,实现稻秆资源的工业化利用具有重要意义。为确定液氨对稻秆生物降解性的影响,以复合菌系WSC-接种液氨预处理的稻秆,研究其生物降解性能。结果表明,用液氨预处理后的稻秆作为碳源,由于营养结构的改变,复合菌系WSC-6需要经过3d的适应期进入对数增长期,氮源利用率和微生物浓度均显著高于未处理的对照组。复合菌系WSC-6对其生物降解性得到明显提高,7d后的稻秆失重率达到62．7％,纤维素、半纤维素和木质素的降解率分别达到57．5％、85．6％和36．3％。液氨预处理对发酵系统的pH值影响不大,复合菌系WSC-对稻秆降解的pH值仍维持在6．5～8．6之间,有利于进行丁酸型发酵,这对后续利用乙酸高效生产沼气具有重要意义。     

有毒物质事故泄漏对河流污染的数学模拟

通过对有毒物质事故泄漏行为的数学模拟分析，提出了一种计算有毒物质河流断面超标风险率的方法，并通过实例模拟分析，探讨了在一定条件下，即为确保饮用水质的安全，把超标风险率控制在一定范围内，应采取的措施。     

法国核液体泄漏部分流入当地两条河流

法国核安全部门7月8日说,法南部一处核电站当天发生含有微量未浓缩铀的液体泄漏事件,部分液体流入当地两条河流。     

可用于水体污染控制的氨氮转化菌筛选及部分降解特性的实验研究

从南京禄口水产养殖基地淡水鱼塘取淤泥作为分离菌株的土源,采用选择性富集培养法,从中分离到能以硫酸铵为氮源的菌株7株,对7个菌株进行氨氮降解实验,它们氨氮转化率分别为14.8%、19.7%、53.4%、94.2%、29.1%、63.5%和41.7%,其中AN-4菌株的转化率最高且生长良好。通过AN-4菌株16S rRNA基因序列分析以及生理生化方法,鉴定此菌株为克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiellasp.)。对菌株AN-4转化氨氮的特性及温度、pH值、氨氮初始浓度和菌株接种量对其氨氮转化率的影响研究,结果表明,菌株AN-4降解氨氮的最适条件为:温度为30℃和pH值为8.0;当氨氮初始浓度为30mg/L时,AN-4菌株在24 h内的氨氮降解率可达85%以上,且能耐受高达200 mg/L的氨氮浓度;AN-4活化菌液浓度为108cfu/mL,当接种量为3×106cfu/mL时,AN-4菌株在24 h内的氨氮降解率为87.75%。综合上述结果,符合淡水养殖水环境条件,说明AN-4菌株适合在水产养殖中应用,为将菌株AN-4应用于水产养殖环境修复提供了理论依据。     

沸石曝气生物滤池预处理微污染水源水中氨氮的研究

利用沸石曝气生物滤池预处理微污染水源水中的氨氮,研究了沸石的静态吸附性能以及不同运行参数对处理效果的影响.结果表明:(1)沸石具有快速吸附,缓慢平衡的特点.采用氨氮质量浓度为5.00 mg/L的使用溶液进行静态吸附实验,当吸附时间为30 min时,氨氮质量浓度为0.66 mg/L,去除率为86.8%,之后氨氮浓度和去除率基本保持不变.(2)水力负荷对氨氮的去除率影响不大,随着水力负荷的升高,氨氮去除率总体呈小幅度下降趋势.当水力负荷由0.4 m~3/(m~2·h)提高到1.3m~3/(m~2·h)时,氨氮平均去除率降低了13.2%.(3)在实验范围内,随着气水比的增大,氨氮平均去除率略有上升.当气水比为0.5(体积比,下同)、1.0、1.5时,氨氮平均去除率分别为81.8%、85.3%、86.7%.(4)氨氮去除主要发生在填料层200～600 mm处,600mm处的氨氮去除率已经达到89.7%,占总去除率的96.9%,而600 mm处后的氨氮浓度趋于平缓,去除率变化很小.     

AMMONIA REMOVAL FROM COMPOST LACHATE USING ZEOLITE. II. A STUDY USING CONTINUOUS FLOW PACKED COLUMNS

Bench-scale packed zeolite columns were set up and operated to investigate the continuous removal of ammonium ions from compost leachate. The effects of hydraulic retention time (HRT), and particle size of the zeolite on the ammonia adsorption capacity were studied. For both the coarse particle and the powdered zeolite columns, higher ammonia removal efficiencies were achieved with longer HRT (i.e., lower influent flow rate) tests. At the same HRT, ammonia removal efficiencies from tests with powdered zeolite were generally 20% higher than tests with the coarse particle zeolite. A HRT of 6 hours was found appropriate for efficient ammonia removal, and an operating capacity of 1.31 mg N/g zeolite was obtained. Over 98% of the ammonia input from the influent was consistently removed for over 5 bed volumes (BV) of compost leachate flowing through the zeolite column. Zeolite proved to have a great potential as a medium for ammonia removal in treating composting leachate.     

Ammonia removal from compost leachate using zeolite. II. A study using continuous flow packed columns

Bench-scale packed zeolite columns were set up and operated to investigate the continuous removal of ammonium ions from compost leachate. The effects of hydraulic retention time (HRT), and particle size of the zeolite on the ammonia adsorption capacity were studied. For both the coarse particle and the powdered zeolite columns, higher ammonia removal efficiencies were achieved with longer HRT (i.e., lower influent flow rate) tests. At the same HRT, ammonia removal efficiencies from tests with powdered zeolite were generally 20% higher than tests with the coarse particle zeolite. A HRT of 6 hours was found appropriate for efficient ammonia removal, and an operating capacity of 1.31 mg N/g zeolite was obtained. Over 98% of the ammonia input from the influent was consistently removed for over 5 bed volumes (BV) of compost leachate flowing through the zeolite column. Zeolite proved to have a great potential as a medium for ammonia removal in treating composting leachate.     

Effects of ammonia on periphytic communities

Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the chronic effects of ammonia on periphytic communities. Species richness of the protozoan component of these communities was affected at un-ionized ammonia concentrations of 相似文献   

活性炭和沸石对氨氮的吸附特性及生物再生

采用活性炭和沸石作为吸附材料,分别考察了这两种吸附材料对水体中氨氮的吸附特性及其生物再生性能。实验结果表明,活性炭和沸石对水体中氨氮的等温吸附符合Freundlich等温式,其拟合度分别为0.9783和0.9303;静态吸附结果表明活性炭和沸石均具有较好的氨氮吸附性能,24 h内沸石对氨氮的吸附能力为1.27 mg/g,高于活性炭的0.53 mg/g;动态吸附中沸石达到吸附饱和的时间为96 h,较活性炭达到吸附饱和的时间长,沸石显示出作为氨氮吸附剂的优越性;活性炭和沸石经过96 h的生物再生后吸附性能获得一定程度的再生,出水中氨氮浓度比未进行生物再生前分别降低17.31 mg/L和8.32 mg/L,且都在表面形成了稳定的生物膜。     

A laboratory study of microalgae-based ammonia gas mitigation with potential application for improving air quality in animal production operations

Ammonia gas emission is a major concern in concentrated animal production operations. It not only reduces the manure value as fertilizer due to nitrogen loss, but also has considerable environmental consequences for both animals and ecosystem. In this work, a microalgae culture system was developed as an ammonia gas bioscrubber to reduce ammonia gas emission. The green algae Scenedesmus dimorphus was grown in a flat-panel photobioreactor aerated with ammonia-laden air. A continuous culture was performed at different operational conditions including dilution rate (D = 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 day^?1), ammonia gas loading rate (9.4, 19.3, 28.9, 39.9, 55.6 mg/L-day), and medium pH (5, 6, 7, and 8). The alga culture at 0.1 day^?1 dilution rate, 39.9 mg/L-day ammonia gas loading rate, and pH 7 resulted in the highest cell density and biomass productivity. In order to provide a wide spectrum evaluation of the algae-based ammonia mitigation system, four parameters were determined, including ammonia removal rate, overall ammonia gas removal efficiency, cellular ammonia consumption rate, and cell yield based on ammonia input. Depending on the operational conditions used, the maximum values of those four evaluative parameters were 50.92 ± 2.91 mg/L-day of ammonia removal rate, 94.90 ± 1.87% of ammonia removal efficiency, 0.0597 ± 0.0024 g NH₃/g cell-day of cellular ammonia consumption rate, and 19.40 ± 2.52 g cell/g NH₃ of cell yield based on ammonia. It was also found that the majority of nitrogen in the ammonia gas was assimilated by the algal cells. At D = 0.1 day^?1, 39.9 mg/L-day of ammonia gas loading rate and pH 7, algal biomass assimilated 98.6% of nitrogen contained in the ammonia gas input, with less than 5% of inlet ammonia gas was exhausted after the algal treatment.

Implications: This study demonstrated the effectiveness of using microalgae for mitigating ammonia gas emission from animal production operations. The results enabled us to better understand the mechanisms of ammonia assimilation by microalgae, the engineering design parameters for the process scale up, and the economic viability of the system. Eventually, it will lead to a novel, alternative method for mitigating ammonia gas emission from concentrated animal operations while producing biomass as high-quality feed ingredient.     

Effect of ammonia on the survival of Zacco platypus (Temminck and Schlegel) at each developmental stage

The survival rates were studied of fertilized eggs, larvae, fry, and adults of pale chub Zacco platypus (Temminck and Schlegel) exposed to various concentrations of ammonia. There was a decrease in hatching rate and an increase in deformed alevins at a concentration of 0.9 mg liter(-1) of ammonia. All alevins were deformed at a concentration of 1.6 mg liter(-1) of ammonia and no eggs hatched at a concentration of 3.1 mg liter(-1) of ammonia. No larvae survived for 84, 24 and 12 h at concentrations of 1.2, 2.0 and 4.7 mg liter(-1) of ammonia, respectively. Eighty percent of the fry died after 168 h and no fry survived for 24 h at concentrations of 1.6 and 2.1 mg liter(-1) of ammonia, respectively. Eighty percent of the adults died after 24 h and no adult survived for 12 h at concentrations of 1.0 and 1.9 mg liter(-1), respectively. Larger adults were the most susceptible to ammonia. The order of resistance to ammonia was eggs, fry, larvae, and adults.     

生物活性炭填料反应器处理含盐水体的硝化性能

以颗粒活性炭为填料,采用盐度梯度两步驯化法构建含盐水体生物滤器硝化功能,研究了生物滤器稳定后水力停留时间(hydraulic retention time,HRT)、进水氨氮负荷和CODMn/N等对反应器硝化性能的影响。结果表明,25～27℃,盐度30的含盐水体生物滤器硝化功能构建需73 d,其中淡水生物滤器硝化功能构建需28 d,淡水驯化为盐度15的生物滤器需19 d,盐度15驯化为盐度30的生物滤器需26 d;实验条件下生物活性炭填料反应器中生物量达到146～742.1 nmolP/g-BAC;调节进水氨氮浓度2 mg/L左右时,最佳HRT为1 h,氨氮去除率达到84.98%,相应的氨氧化菌和硝酸菌氧吸收速率(oxygen uptake rate,OUR)分别为2.091和1.948 mg O2/(g-BAC.h);HRT为1 h时,随着进水氨氮负荷的加大,氨氮去除率逐渐降低,当进水氨氮负荷由0.12增加到0.48 g-N/(kg-BAC.d)时,氨氮去除率由84.98%降低到41.68%,同时氨氧化菌OUR由2.091降低到0.625 mg O2/(g-BAC.h);随着CODMn/N的升高,氨氮去除率下降,CODMn/N从1～8时,氨氮去除率由84.98%降低到53.64%,CODMn去除率却逐渐增加,由40.86%增加到93.59%,异养菌OUR随着CODMn/N升高呈上升趋势,最大达到0.914 mg O2/(g-BAC.h)。     

利用生物曝气滤池修复受污染水源

利用生物曝气滤池(BAF)对微污染水源水去除氨氮及有机物进行了试验研究。试验表明,在进水氨氮为6mg／L左右时,BAF可在8m／h的滤速下运行,氨氮去除率大于88％;在氨氮进水为2mg／L时,BAF可在16m／h的滤速下运行,氨氮去除率大于84％。BAF对水中的三氯甲烷前体物去除率较低(16％),对AOC的去除率为58％。BAF中载体上的生物膜主要聚集在表面的凹陷和孔洞处,不能完全覆盖载体表面。