溪洛渡、向家坝水库建设运行对下游鱼类栖息地的影响研究

为科学评估水库建设运行对鱼类栖息地的影响，以向家坝、溪洛渡水库下游的长江朱沱段为研究区域、“四大家鱼”为目标鱼类，耦合二维水动力数学模型与鱼类栖息地适宜性指数方法，模拟水库建设运行前后“四大家鱼”产卵期4～7月长江朱沱段流速、水深空间分布，对比分析水库建设运行对栖息地流速、水深适宜性以及栖息地适宜性、可利用面积的影响。结果表明：溪洛渡、向家坝水库建设运行后的“调峰补枯”,有助于增加长江朱沱段“四大家鱼”产卵期4～7月的栖息地可利用面积；栖息地可利用面积随着流量增加而先增加、后减少，栖息地存在一个最适宜流量，该流量下栖息地可利用面积最大。研究成果为科学评估水电开发的环境影响、优化水库调度提供技术支撑。     

巴塘河段梯级电站联合调度对水温的影响

定量研究金沙江上游巴塘河段梯级电站的水温累积影响,掌握河段的水温变化规律对工程的生态管理和环境修复具有重要意义。利用宽度平均的立面二维水温模型对巴塘、拉哇及叶巴滩电站单独运行及不同联合运行条件下的水温进行了数值模拟。结果表明,梯级电站联合运行使得下游巴塘库区最低水温出现延迟效应,库区水体同温化效应随梯级电站增加而放大;两级联合运行促使4月双温跃层结构和1月的逆温分布现象消失,三级联合运行造成4、5月双温跃层结构和12~翌年1月的逆温分布现象消失。下泄水温的年变幅随梯级电站增加而减小;两级联合运行时,变幅为13.0℃;三级联合运行时,变幅为10.2℃。下泄水温随着梯级电站的增加,延迟效应更加明显。将计算结果和天然水温相比,结果表明,上游电站联合运行对下游水温过程存在较大影响,其中不同联合运行情况下巴塘电站对水温累积影响的贡献率都极小。     

江苏沿海平原拟建水库咸化趋势分析

为分析江苏沿海拟建平原水库建设后的咸化风险,于2013年4月,在江苏沿海1#、2#、3#、4#拟建水库取0~200cm原装土样,通过对样品氯离子含量和释放速率的测定,建立水质模型,预测不同初始蓄水水质条件下水库咸化风险,模拟结果表明:在模拟运行一年后,1#、2#拟建水库底泥盐分释放量小,来水水质较好,不会发生咸化,可作为生活用水水源地;3#拟建水库底泥盐分释放量较大,一年后各条件下氯离子浓度均高于250mg/L,平均氯离子浓度涨幅为173.20%,咸化风险较高,不适合作为生活用水水源地;4#拟建水库在各条件下氯离子浓度平均上升6.83mg/L,因此当蓄水水源良好时可以作为生活用水水源地。     

赠曲河流域开发规划的环境影响优化调整方案研究

针对四川省甘孜州白玉县赠曲河流域开发规划进行了分析,发现在该流域实施梯级电站建设,存在淹没实物指标较大、破坏保护鱼类栖息地和淹没尾矿库等问题。论文结合当地环境条件和防护要求,从环境保护角度提出了调整规划河段范围、放弃支沟引水、调整梯级正常蓄水位和枢纽布置以及搬迁尾矿库等优化调整方案,为规划的合理实施和规划环评的开展提供了可资借鉴的参考。     

新安江水库水环境主要问题及保护对策

新安江水库是钱塘江的重要水源,对保障钱塘江中下游的生态安全和水体功能起着举足轻重的作用。为阐明新安江水库在流域经济发展和人类活动的影响下水环境的主要问题及保护对策,促进饮用水安全保障及构建健康水域生态系统,本文对新安江水库历年的水环境指标、浮游生物群落结构及其变化及水域生态灾变事件资料进行了综合分析。目前新安江水库存在上游来水变差、局部水域藻类异常增殖、渔业生产不合理、营养程度加重等众多问题,但其突出问题是藻类生物量增长过快。新安江水库水环境保护工作要从关注水质向维持生态系统健康转变,并尽快开展生态保育工作,控制流域污染、降低藻类数量、减少藻类异常增殖影响、科学合理渔业生产是其下一步保护的关键。而关于新安江水库的研究,虽然有一定的研究基础和资料,但对水域生态系统缺乏系统认识。研究气候变化条件下新安江水库水域生态系统的结构和功能以及长期演变规律;水利调度导致水位调整对区域水动力学条件、营养物输送过程的影响及评价水利调度对水库重要环境因子和生态系统影响;渔业养殖对水环境的影响,特别是鲢、鳙鱼大水面积养殖对水库生态系统的影响应是今后新安江水库主要的研究领域和方向。     

河道泥沙对小干沟水库水环境的影响分析

小干沟水库是一座以蓄水发电为主的中型水库,建库4年来库区水环境由于受到河道来沙的影响,已形成库区淤积,导致水库库容减少,直接影响到水库正常效益的发挥。本文通过对水库来水来沙特性和淤积规律的分析,提出了利用壅水冲刷、滞洪排沙和异重流排沙等减淤措施,以保持一定库容长期使用。     

生态—水力学法在山区小型引水电站最小下泄流量计算中的应用

以川西某山区小型引水式电站为例,选择水深和流速为生境参数,以华鲮为生态保护目标,计算河道的最小生态需水量和对应的电站最小下泄流量,并与Tennant法、代表年法的计算结果对比。结果表明,生态水深0.12m对应的最小生态流量和Ten nant法的结果差异度为8.63%,较合理;生境参数标准值对计算结果影响显著;在选择合适的参数和参数标准值的前提下,生态—水力学法适用于山区小型河流。     

基于数学模型的感潮河网水环境改善方案研究——以上海市金山区浦南东片为例

平原感潮河网地区水环境改善方案制定是一个多目标、多变量的优化问题,以上海市金山区浦南东片为例,通过建立水动力数学模型,研究不同工程方案和调度方案组合下,区域中小河道水动力条件和水环境质量的改善效果。研究表明,通过增加南排杭州湾口门等工程方案,可扩大研究区域的引排水量,对南部、东部片区河道水动力条件改善效果明显;通过灵活运用水资源调度方案,可进一步实现不同片区中小河道水动力的显著提升。     

龙羊峡水库渔业资源开发初探

一、水库的环境条件: 龙羊峡水库地处青海省海南州共和县境内,位于东经100°23′—100°51′,北纬35°46′—36°13′之间,正常库水位海拔为2600米。是黄河流域最大的调蓄水库。龙羊峡水库最大水面积380平方公里,最大蓄水量247亿立方米,平均水深65米,最大水深160米。该库以发电为主,兼有调蓄、航运、渔业等综合功能的大型水库。装机容量130万千瓦,最小交换量为70立方米/秒,正常交换量280立方米/秒。平均日交换量为2419.2万立方米。该库水体深广,交换量大,水温较低,年平均水温7.5℃,最高月均水温为16.5℃,绝对最高水温为22℃(表层)。库岸曲折,多库湾。其中曲沟、沙沟两个库湾深长。适合于库湾围栏养鱼。水库冬季不封冰。龙羊峡水库水质良好,没有工业污染,水体含盐最低,pH值偏碱性,营养盐类含     

论黄河上游水库对周边环境的影响及对策

文章简要分析了黄河上游梯级水库主要环境影响因素,结合多年工程建设和运行实践,提出消除或减少其不利影响的对策,对今后水电开发建设中的环境评价具有参考价值。     

THE INFLUENCE OF ENGINEERING DESIGN AND OPERATION AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON RESERVOIR FISHERY RESOURCES1

The apparent effect of selected reservoir environmental variables-including surface area, mean depth, outlet depth, thermocline depth, water level fluctuation, storage ratio, shore development, total dissolved solids, growing season and age of reservoir–on fish standing crop in 140 large impoundments has been explored through partial correlation and multiple regression analyses. The sample was partitioned into 25 subsamples based on reservoir use type, water exchange rate, thermocline formation and water chemistry. Fish standing crops were estimated by summer rotenone sampling of coves or open water areas enclosed by blockoff net. Logarithmic partial correlation revealed highly significant (0.01 confidence shore development and dissolved solids on At the 0.20 confidence level, the crop of storage ratio and shore level) positive effects of outlet depth, total standing crop in the entire sample. all sport fishes is positively influenced by outlet depth, development and negatively by mean depth. In 54 hydropower reservoirs with a stable thermocline, positive effects of increased storage ratio and dissolved solids on t o t a l crop are evident at the 0.05 confidence interva. Increase in thermocline depth has a negative effect. In 25 hydropower reservoirs without a stable thermocline, clupeid (shad) crop is negatively correlated with surface area, mean depth and fluctuation. Reservoirs with a thermocline have higher standing crops than those without. At the species or species group level, partial correlation of nine environmental variables a t the 0.05 confidence interval reveals: Positive effect of surface area on pike and pickerel; buffalo-fishes, white crappie and total sport fish crop; positive effect of outlet depth on largemouth bass, catfishes, total sport fish crop and buffalofishes; a negative effect of water level fluctuation on pike and pickerel, redear sunfish and gizzard shad; a positive relationship between storage ratio and channel catfish and bull- heads and a negative one with flathead catfish and suckers; a positive effect of total dissolved solids on black and whit basses, catfishes, gizzard shad, carpsuckers and carp. A morphoedaphic expression, total dissolved solids divided by mean depth, provides a useful index t o reservoir fish production. The relationship is curvilinear, with maximum crops expected at index values of 5 t o 30.The index accounts for 62 percent of the variability in hydropower storage reservoir crops. Several multivariable regressions have been derived f o r predictive purposes. Examples are included, with R values of 35 t o 60.     

QUALITY OF 1995 SPRING TOTAL DISSOLVED GAS DATA: COLUMBIA AND SNAKE RWERS1

ABSTRACT: The quality of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' (Corps) total dissolved gas (TDG) data base for the 1995 spring spill season was reviewed to determine the value of this information in real-time management decisions regarding river operations. We concluded that problems in transmitting, archiving, correcting and interpreting the records constitute significant sources of data anomalies that affect the accuracy and reliability of information necessary to manage spill and TDG in the Columbia and Snake rivers. The data base that was reviewed covers 25 selected Columbia and Snake river stations, and includes real-time TDG data needed to regulate spill operations to maintain gas levels within state water quality standards and to monitor effects on fish and aquatic life during the salmon migration season. A wide range of anomalies (daily averages missing or in error or based on incomplete records) was detected in more than one-third (37 percent) of the Corps' gas data base. Extreme anomalies (daily averages including errors and discontinuities for more than eight hours in a day) were found in 16 percent of the data base. The Fish Passage Center, also reviewed the Corps' data and reported an overall 33 percent incidence of anomalous days. Despite arriving at similar findings about the Corps' data base, we detected a 28 percent discrepancy in the type of data anomalies between our analyses. Real. time improvements in the quality of the dissolved gas data base are necessary to provide managers with a reliable product from this monitoring effort.     

岷江上游水电开发对环境的影响

岷江上游水力资源十分丰富，随着西部大开发的进行，它已成为水电开发的重点区域，干流及支流的电站建设加速进行。自源头至汶川上游河段，实行六级梯级开发方案。但由于岷江水电工程主要是涵洞引水式，原来奔腾的河流变成了地下暗流，使得岷江的多处河段变得干涸，河谷的自然生境和景观发生了很大的变化，原来的干旱河谷气候变得更加干旱。也使河流生物系统受到严重影响。作者在对长江上游考察的基础上对岷江上游水电开发现状及其对环境的影响进行了分析，提出应该进行流域统一规划，强化执法监督，水电开发与环境保护建设并重；加强上中下游统一管理，注重流域综合开发等建议。     

闽江支流梯级电站开发对生态环境的影响及防治措施

采用现场调查监测，并结合收集的水电、渔业等方面资料，对闽江上游渔塘溪支流上的布上、碧州、马坪三级电站开发对植被、水土保持、水生植物、浮游生物、底栖动物、鱼类、水质的影响作了分析。结果表明，电站开发造成库区污染严重、富营养化、河段断流并产生一定的不利影响等。提出其环境减缓补救措施及今后闽江支流梯级电站开发生态环境保护的防治措施。     

乌江干流梯级电站生态调度现状分析

乌江是我国十三大水电基地之一,主要的开发任务为发电,其次为航运,兼顾防洪及其他。本研究在乌江干流上选取了4个具有代表性的断面,运用修正的Tennant法和综合法计算了维持乌江干流各代表性河段基本健康所需的生态需水量。研究表明,目前乌江干流梯级电站采取的调度措施能够满足各代表性河段所需的最小生态需水量。但目前的调度措施仍是建立在发电效益最大化基础上的,未能从干流生态环境系统的特殊要求进行调度,给干流生态环境造成了一定影响。本文最后提出了从多方面开展乌江干流梯级电站生态调度研究工作的建议。     

梯级电站开发对生态环境的影响及保护措施——以瓦岗河水电规划为例

采用现场调查及类比分析等方法,结合瓦岗河水电规划成果,本文围绕小型河流水电梯级开发对环境影响的特点,重点分析瓦岗河水电梯级开发对植被、水土保持、水生生物、水质的影响。针对不利的影响,本文提出适合小型河流水电开发的环境减缓和补救措施。通过对环境不利影响采取相应的保护措施后,如下泄生态流量、外购鱼苗放流等,规划实施带来的不利环境影响将得以有效控制和减缓。     

The Impact of Dynamic Environmental Flow Releases on Hydropower Production in the Zambezi River Basin

Incorporation of environmental flow releases from reservoirs has proven to be challenging due to fear of losses to existing water uses. Moreover environmental flow requirements (EFR) have not often been operationalized. This study compares the possibility of implementing dynamic EFR based on natural flows lagged against an upstream unregulated gauging point with static EFR. It simulates different scenarios with a high flow release in the wet season and analyses its impacts on hydropower production. This method accounts fully for the natural variability of environmental flows, implying less pressure on existing water uses during relatively dry years. Joint operation of two cascading dams vs. individual operation for EFR was also explored. These approaches were tested for the Zambezi River basin in Southern Africa using a water resources model, WAFLEX. Historic data on reservoir water levels, releases and power generation of the hydropower schemes were synthesized. Combining these yielded a validated series of monthly flow data for a 28 year period (1982‐2010). The results show that Kariba and Cahora Bassa reservoirs face a reduction in power produced when they would annually release an environmental flow. However, the dynamic EFR method entails smaller hydropower losses. Joint environmental flow operations will reduce overall basin power production more than if Cahora Bassa alone would release an environmental flow. However, such joint operation would be more beneficial to the ecosystem.     

岷江上游流域水电梯级开发的生态环境需水研究

本文通过分析岷江上游水电梯级开发对生态环境的主要影响,确定维持流域生态平衡的最小生态环境需水量测算方法。经测算,岷江上游的生态环境需水量占流域多年平均流量的6%～33%,越靠近源头,生态环境需水量所占比例越大。建议提高岷江上游生态环境需水量所占比例,将生态环境需水占比超过20%的茂县以上河段设为禁止开发区域,取消禁止开发区域内原规划的6级电站。同时在已建电站坝下和各县域出境断面设置生态流量监控断面,确保流域开发的环境生态平衡。     

REGRESSION MODELS OF HERBICIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN OUTFLOW FROM RESERVOIRS IN THE MIDWESTERN USA, 1992–19931

ABSTRACT: Reservoirs are used to store water for public water supply, flood control, irrigation, recreation, hydropower, and wildlife habitat, but also often store undesirable substances such as herbicides. The outflow from 76 reservoirs in the midwestern USA, was sampled four times in 1992 and four times in 1993. At least one herbicide was detected in 82.6 percent of all samples, and atrazine was detected in 82.1 percent of all samples. Herbicide properties; topography, land use, herbicide use, and soil type in the contributing drainage area; residence time of water in reservoirs; and timing of inflow, release, and rainfall all can affect the concentration of herbicides in reservoirs. A GIS was used to quantify characteristics of land use, agricultural chemical use, climatic conditions, topographic character, and soil type by reservoir drainage basins. Multiple linear and logistic regression equations were used to model mean herbicide concentrations in reservoir outflow as a function of these characteristics. Results demonstrate a strong association between mean herbicide concentrations in reservoir outflow and herbicide use rates within associated drainage basins. Results also demonstrate the importance of including soils and basin hydrologic characteristics in models used to estimate mean herbicide concentrations.