CHEMTREC~:化学品制造商协会化学品运输应急中心

ＣＨＥＭＴＲＥＣＲ○,即化学品制造商协会（ＣＭＡ）于１９７１年成立的化学品运输应急中心,是一种私有工业／政府伙伴关系,向消防队员、执法机构、政府实体及其它人员提供缓解与危险材料运输有关的紧急状况所需要的信息和忠告．这种志愿公共服务已经在化学品制造商协会的“责任关怀”Ｒ○计划之下扩大,以提供一个连接有关环境、健康和化学品安全的信息的公开沟通环节．化学品制造商协会承诺要为各有关协会、政府机构、化学品载体及其它单位的这种伙伴关系网络的增长提供便利,以期成为世界上最有成效的化学品信息服务机构     

CHEMTREC:化学品制造商协会化学品运输应急中心

CHEMTREC,即化学品制造商协会(CMA)于1971年成立的化学品运输应急中心,是一种私有工业/政府伙伴关系,向消防队员、执法机构、政府实体及其它人员提供缓解与危险材料运输有关的紧急状况所需要的信息和忠告.这种志愿公共服务已经在化学品制造商协会的"责任关怀"计划之下扩大,以提供一个连接有关环境、健康和化学品安全的信息的公开沟通环节.化学品制造商协会承诺要为各有关协会、政府机构、化学品载体及其它单位的这种伙伴关系网络的增长提供便利,以期成为世界上最有成效的化学品信息服务机构.     

透明度与公众知情权：为更有效OECD灾害管理而努力

在化学安全信息分享问题上，政府和工业界正在付出更多的努力．有许多国家和国际的法律手段，保障公众知情权．在这一点上，OECD已经开发出指导方针并且采用了一批关于化学安全的决定和建议．与公众的沟通，是政府、工业界和社会的共同责任，而公私合作是基础．当化学作业风险信息被广泛了解的时候，社会通常是受益的．然而，有一种忧虑认为，把某些类特定信息公诸于众，会危及安全．     

SERVQUAL在饭店外包项目服务质量测量中的应用——以某接待宾馆餐厅为例

饭店通过服务项目外包实现控制成本（reducecosts）,降低经营风险,加速企业专业化进程的目的．在外包模式给饭店企业带来种种利益的同时,越来越多的服务质量问题浮出水面,如何对外包项目服务质量加以控制,保障饭店服务质量的统一性已成为行业内普遍关注的问题．通过以某接待宾馆餐厅为例,应用SERVQUAL从顾客满意度角度对外包项目服务质量进行了测量,具体论述了饭店如何对外包项目的服务质量进行测量和管理,以期为外包项目服务质量控制提供有价值的方法．图2,表2,参5．     

CHEMTREC：化学制造商协会化学品运输应急中心

ＣＨＥＭＴＲＥＣ,即化学品制造商协会于１９７１年成立的化学品运输应急中心,是一种私有工业／政府伙伴关系,向消防队员,执法机构,政府实体及 员提供缓解与危险材料运输有关的紧急状况所需要的信息和忠告。这种志愿公共服务已经在化学品制造商协会的“责任关怀”计划之下扩大,以提供一个连接有关环境,健康和吕安的信息的公开沟通环节。化学品制造商协会承诺要为各有关协会,政府机构,化学品载主其它单位的这种伙们关系网的     

美国可持续的建筑服务:承包商在绿色建筑中的作用

成功的可持续建筑设计和建造过程的特点是合作的和跨科学的,然而在很多情况下,实现建设服务并未被看作是可持续的建筑项目的设计和交工的一个必要步骤,承包商常常仅仅被看作是建筑服务的经纪人,他们只是简单地遵循图纸和技术要求,并且只是通过建筑现场再循环环计划对可持续的建筑工程做出贡献,宾夕法尼亚州立大学和实现优秀建筑的合作伙伴(PACE)正在联合进行关于在成功地交付高性能的可持续建筑物过程中建筑管理伙伴作用的研究,其目的是确定对可持续的建筑项目起决定性作用的过程和决策中建造服务工作的价值,和为参与可持续的设计和建筑过程的合作单位开发先进的技术.     

美国可持续的建筑服务:承包商在绿色建筑中的作用

成功的可持续建筑设计和建造过程的特点是合作的和跨科学的,然而在很多情况下,实现建设服务并未被看作是可持续的建筑项目的设计和交工的一个必要步骤,承包商常常仅仅被看作是建筑服务的经纪人,他们只是简单地遵循图纸和技术要求,并且只是通过建筑现场再循环环计划对可持续的建筑工程做出贡献,宾夕法尼亚州立大学和实现优秀建筑的合作伙伴(PACE)正在联合进行关于在成功地交付高性能的可持续建筑物过程中建筑管理伙伴作用的研究,其目的是确定对可持续的建筑项目起决定性作用的过程和决策中建造服务工作的价值,和为参与可持续的设计和建筑过程的合作单位开发先进的技术.     

美国可持续的建筑服务:承包商在绿色建筑中的作用

成功的可持续建筑设计和建造过程的特点是合作的和跨科学的,然而在很多情况下,实现建设服务并未被看作是可持续的建筑项目的设计和交工的一个必要步骤.承包商常常仅仅被看作是建筑服务的经纪人,他们只是简单地遵循图纸和技术要求,并且只是通过建筑现场再循环计划对可持续的建筑工程做出贡献.宾夕法尼亚州立大学和实现优秀建筑的合作伙伴(PACE)正在联合进行关于在成功地交付高性能的可持续建筑物过程中建筑管理伙伴作用的研究,其目的是确定对可持续的建筑项目起决定性作用的过程和决策中建造服务工作的价值,和为参与可持续的设计和建筑过程的合作单位开发先进的技术.     

高水平教学团队建设模式研究与实践

围绕高等职业教育如何建立一支高水平教学团队是一个重要课题,笔者采取“高新项目引领、重点项目驱动、一般项目辅佐”建设模式,通过近十年的建设,成效显著.     

企业自行监测工作中常见的问题及对策建议

企业自行监测及信息公开工作的规范开展,是提升环境管理和满足社会公众知情权的重要手段.根据国家生态环境部的相关要求,环境管理部门需加强对排污单位自行监测的帮扶指导,进一步压实排污单位主体责任,提高自行监测数据质量,为环境管理提供精准、可靠的监测数据.通过重点介绍企业自行监测的帮扶检查的主要内容、检查中发现的问题,针对这些...     

Potential mechanisms for the communication of height and distance by a stingless bee, Melipona panamica

This study investigates the recruitment communication mechanisms of a stingless bee, Melipona panamica, whose foragers can evidently communicate the three-dimensional location of a good food source. To determine if the bees communicate location information inside or outside the nest, we conducted removal experiments by training marked foragers to one of two identical feeders and then separating these experienced foragers from potential recruits as they left the nest. The feeders were positioned to test the communication of each dimension. The results show that recruits do not simply follow experienced foragers to the food source. Height and distance are communicated within the nest, while direction is communicated outside the nest. We then examined the pulsed sounds produced by recruiting foragers. While unloading food, recruiting foragers produced several short pulses and one or more very long pulses. On average, the longest unloading pulse per performance was 31–50% longer (P ≤ 0.018) for bees foraging on the forest floor than for bees foraging at the top of the forest canopy (40 m high). While dancing, recruiting foragers produced sound pulses whose duration was positively correlated with the distance to the food source (P < 0.001). Dancing recruiters also produced several short sound pulses followed by one or more long pulses. The longest dance pulse per performance was 291 ± 194 ms for a feeder 25 m from the nest and 1858 ± 923 ms for a feeder 360 m away from the nest. The mechanism of directional communication remains a mystery. However, the direction removal experiment demonstrates that newcomers cannot use forager-deposited scent marks for long-distance orientation (>100 m from the nest). Received: 25 September 1997 / Accepted after revision: 31 May 1998     

The neglected scent: on the marking function of urine in Lemur catta

In ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) urine deposition can be combined with two different tail configurations: (i) tail held up in an evident display (urinate tail-up, UT-up); (ii) tail slightly raised to avoid its impregnation with urine (urinate tail-down, UT-down). We used both signaller- and receiver-based approaches to search for functional differences between these two kinds of urine deposition. We predicted that UT-up might be a complex signal combining olfactory and visual cues. We carried out observations and scent tests on four captive groups of ring-tailed lemurs. Group members sniffed/licked UT-up scents more frequently than UT-down ones. Moreover, UT-up showed peak levels during the mating season whereas UT-down did not. These findings suggest that urine can play a role in intra-group reproductive communication. Lemurs more frequently performed UT-up in a few drops and UT-down in streams. Recognition experiments clearly showed that individuals can discriminate between urine of their own group and urine from a foreign group (a necessary prerequisite for the use of urine in inter-group communication). The possible function of UT-up in inter-troop communication was supported by the higher frequency of this pattern along a fence separating two of the study groups. Moreover, in the presence of a dummy, the frequency of UT-up increased significantly. In conclusion, UT-up is a complex signal with multiple characteristics. By using different sensory channels, UT-up provides different types of information (location and signaller quality) and contains multiple messages directed both at group-members and neighbouring groups....to conceal this letter, the Minister had resorted to the comprehensive and sagacious expedient of not attempting to conceal it at all (from the Purloined letter E. A. Poe, 1845)     

浅论语境在言语交际中的作用

语境是言语交际中生成、实现并制约言语行为的相关因素的总和．本文通过分析语境诸因素中两大重要因素即交际对象、时空因素对于言语交际活动的影响，阐明言语交际过程中注重语境的重要性．     

Ecosystem Services as a Common Language for Coastal Ecosystem-Based Management

Abstract:  Ecosystem-based management is logistically and politically challenging because ecosystems are inherently complex and management decisions affect a multitude of groups. Coastal ecosystems, which lie at the interface between marine and terrestrial ecosystems and provide an array of ecosystem services to different groups, aptly illustrate these challenges. Successful ecosystem-based management of coastal ecosystems requires incorporating scientific information and the knowledge and views of interested parties into the decision-making process. Estimating the provision of ecosystem services under alternative management schemes offers a systematic way to incorporate biogeophysical and socioeconomic information and the views of individuals and groups in the policy and management process. Employing ecosystem services as a common language to improve the process of ecosystem-based management presents both benefits and difficulties. Benefits include a transparent method for assessing trade-offs associated with management alternatives, a common set of facts and common currency on which to base negotiations, and improved communication among groups with competing interests or differing worldviews. Yet challenges to this approach remain, including predicting how human interventions will affect ecosystems, how such changes will affect the provision of ecosystem services, and how changes in service provision will affect the welfare of different groups in society. In a case study from Puget Sound, Washington, we illustrate the potential of applying ecosystem services as a common language for ecosystem-based management.     

Heterospecific song matching in two closely related songbirds (Parus major and P. caeruleus): great tits match blue tits but not vice versa

To date, song research has focused primarily on the interactions of conspecifics. However, frequent interactions of songbirds with heterospecifics may necessitate adequate communication outside the species boundary. In this study, we focus on heterospecific communication behaviour of two small sympatric congeneric passerines, great and blue tits (Parus major and Parus caeruleus), which breed in overlapping territories and compete for food and nesting cavities. By means of a first playback experiment, we show that (1) heterospecific matching (imitating songs of the other species) is a strategy frequently used by great tits but not by blue tits, (2) both blue tit trilled and untrilled song can be accurately matched by great tits and that (3) almost half of the great tits in our study population match at least one blue tit song across all studied breeding stages, indicating that this heterospecific matching behaviour is a common feature in this population. A second playback experiment showed that these great tit imitations of blue tit songs do not function in intraspecific communication between male great tits. Hence, these heterospecific imitations appear to be designed for interspecific communication with blue tits. These findings suggest a strong heterospecific influence on the vocal learning process, repertoire composition and repertoire use in great tits and provide a possible mechanism that can drive song convergence in songbirds.     

A stingless bee (Melipona panamica) indicates food location without using a scent trail

The study of location specification in recruitment communication by bees has focused on two dimensions: direction and distance from the nest. Yet the third dimension, height above ground, may be significant in the tall and dense forest habitats of stingless bees. Foragers of the stingless bee Scaptotrigona postica recruit to a specific three-dimensional location by laying a scent trail. Stingless bees in the genus Melipona are thought to have a more sophisticated recruitment system that communicates distance through sounds inside the nest and direction through pointing zig-zag flights outside the nest. However, prior research on Melipona has not examined height communication or even established that foragers can recruit newcomers to a specific location. We used identical paired feeders to investigate recruitment to food in M panamica on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. We trained foragers from an observation hive to one feeder and monitored both feeders for the subsequent arrival of newcomers. We changed the relative positions of the feeders to test for correct direction, distance, and canopy-level communication. A 40-m canopy tower located inside the forest enabled us to examine canopy-level communication. We found that M. panamica foragers can recruit to a specific (1) direction, (2) distance, and (3) canopy level. To test the possibility that foragers accomplish this by means of a scent trail, we placed the colony on one shore of a small cove and trained bees over 116 m of open water to a feeder located on the opposite shore. We also placed a second feeder on this shore, equidistant from the colony but 20 m from the first feeder. Significantly more newcomers consistently arrived at the feeder visited by the foragers. Thus foragers evidently do not need a scent trail to communicate direction. Inside the nest, a forager produces pulsed sounds while visibly vibrating her wings after returning from a good food source. She is attended by other bees who cluster and hold their antennae around her, following her as she rapidly spins clockwise and counterclockwise. Locational information may be encoded in this behavior. However, foragers may also directly lead newcomers to the food source. Further experiments are planned to test for such piloting and other communication mechanisms.     

Wild elephant (Loxodonta africana) breeding herds respond to artificially transmitted seismic stimuli

Seismic communication is known to be utilized in insects, amphibians, reptiles, and small mammals, but its use has not yet been documented in large mammals. Elephants produce low-frequency vocalizations, and these vocalizations have seismic components that propagate in the ground, but it has not yet been demonstrated that elephants can detect or interpret these seismic signals. In this study, we played back seismic replicates of elephant alarm vocalizations to herds of wild African elephants in their natural environment and observed significant behavioral changes indicating that they had detected these signals. Seismic communication may provide an important complement to existing communication modes used by elephants. Seismic sensitivity may also provide elephants with an additional modality for sensing important environmental cues such as changes in weather patterns or seismic disturbances.     

Invasive Species Research to Meet the Needs of Resource Management and Planning

Abstract: As zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) continue to spread among inland lakes of the United States and Canada, there is growing interest from professionals, citizens, and other stakeholders to know which lakes are likely to be colonized by zebra mussels. Thus, we developed a classification of lake suitability for zebra mussels on the basis of measured or estimated concentrations of dissolved calcium in lake water and applied the classification to >11,500 lakes in Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The majority of lakes (58%) were classified as unsuitable (<10 mg/L Ca) for survival and reproduction of zebra mussels, 27% were identified as suitable (≥21 mg/L Ca), and 15% were classified as borderline suitable (≥10 and <21 mg/L Ca). Of the 77 inland lakes with confirmed zebra mussel records for which data on dissolved calcium were available, our method classified 74 as suitable and 3 as borderline suitable. To communicate this lake‐specific suitability information and to help prioritize regional efforts to monitor and prevent the expansion of zebra mussels and other invasive species, we developed a web‐based interface (available from http://www.aissmartprevention.wisc.edu/ ). Although we are still uncertain of how access to suitability information ultimately affects decision making, we believe this is a useful case study of building communication channels among researchers, practitioners, and the public.     

Sexual selection,male morphology,and the efficacy of courtship signalling in two wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae)

Males of the brush-legged wolf spider, Schizocosa ocreata (Araneae: Lycosidae), possess a conspicuous male secondary sexual character: dark pigmentation and tufts of bristles on the tibiae of their forelegs. We tested several hypotheses relating to the role of this conspicuous trait in sexual selection. Triad mating experiments suggest that the tufts do not play an obvious role in the operation of sexual selection by either male competition or female choice, as there were no significant differences in the mating success of intact and experimentally shaved males. However, females mated more often with males that initiated courtship first, suggesting that capture of a female’s attention by male signalling may play a critical role. In behavioral experiments that paired a single male with a female in arenas that allowed both visual and vibratory signal transmission during courtship, female receptivity did not vary significantly with the presence or absence of tufts. However, experiments that isolated the visual component of communication (by eliminating vibratory communication) revealed a significant effect of the presence of tufts: females showed receptivity less often to males with tufts removed. Female response to visual signals was much greater in S. ocreata than in its sibling congener, Schizocosa rovneri, which lacks male tufts. We hypothesize that the tufts serve to increase the efficacy of visual displays of S. ocreata, as vibratory communication is constrained by the complex leaf litter habitat of some populations. Such environmental constraints may make visual signalling over distance a critical factor for effective courtship communication, which may in turn strongly influence male fitness. Received: 30 September 1994/Accepted after revision: 4 August 1995