油罐扬沸火灾热辐射危害研究

针对油罐扬沸火灾热辐射强度难以计算的问题,采用分阶段法计算油罐扬沸火灾热辐射强度.采用圆柱火焰模型计算油罐扬沸火灾中准稳态燃烧阶段的热辐射强度,结果与试验值一致.建立油罐扬沸阶段的油品沸溢半径计算模型,并结合点源模型计算扬沸阶段的热辐射强度,计算结果与试验结果吻合较好.计算油罐扬沸火灾油品沸溢半径和热辐射强度,特别是扬沸阶段的热辐射强度,可为降低油罐扬沸火灾的热辐射危害提供理论依据.     

原油储罐火灾扬沸形成时间预测模型研究

扬沸火灾是一种突变性火害现象，其发生能导致巨大的人员伤亡和财产损失，其形成时间预测问题一直备受关注。根据能量守恒定律，把原油层内的热量传递看作无内热源、常物性的非稳态传热问题，建晓热量传递模型，通过预测油层内的温度分布，结合小尺度油罐扬沸火灾实验结果，推导出扬沸形成时间预测模型。并对其可靠性进行了案例验证，结果表明模型准确，误筹较小。实验发现随着罐径的增大，水层厚度对扬沸形成时间的影响逐渐减小。通过预测模型计算得到：扬沸形成时间与初始油层厚度和罐径的比值存在正比例关系。     

小尺度油品扬沸火灾火行为的实验研究

扬沸火灾作为原油油罐火灾中的一种特殊火灾现象,一旦发生将会造成巨大的灾害.扬沸时的火行为,特别是火焰的突变是造成危害的主要原因之一.采用红外热像仪对小尺度油罐油品扬沸火灾火焰温度场和火焰高度突变现象进行了实时研究,分析了火焰温度场突变的原因和火焰突变高度与油罐直径的关系.结果表明,油品扬沸时火焰的突变程度随油品黏度的增大而增大,扬沸时无量纲火焰高度随着油罐直径的增大而减小.可为研究大尺度的油罐扬沸火灾火行为提供一定的理论基础.     

油罐扬沸火灾防治模拟实验研究

分析扬沸火灾形成的3个基本物理条件,给出扬沸三角形的概念,提出通过破坏3个基本条件中任一条件来抑制扬沸火灾发生的构想。为解决其防治问题建立小尺度油罐扬沸火灾防治模拟实验台,用沸石和双列盘管式冷却法对扬沸火灾防治进行了实验研究;通过对比两种方法施加前后的油层、油水界面、水层温度和火焰辐射,发现双列盘管式冷却法和沸石能有效地抑制扬沸的形成和降低扬沸的危害程度。从机理上分析,小尺度油罐扬沸火灾的防治方法可为扬沸火灾的防治提供一定的理论依据。     

油品火灾扬沸前兆现象的实验研究

本文研究典型油品扬沸前兆期的火行为。应用火焰显示技术观察扬沸前兆期的火焰结构；测量扬沸过程中油、水层的温度——时间历程；在时域、频域上分析扬沸前兆的微爆噪声特性；并在原理上提出诊断，预报油品火灾扬沸发生的新途径。     

改变垫水层沸点的薄层扬沸实验研究

扬沸是油池火灾的一种特殊现象,燃料和垫水层交界面的过热温度和沸腾状态是决定扬沸是否发生以及发生时间的最主要因素,过热温度由沸点决定。在垫水层中添加氯化钠能够改变垫水层的沸点,从而改变交界面的过热温度。在垫水层添加氯化钠使其成为饱和氯化钠水溶液,对此条件下的油池火燃烧进行实验探究,以验证前人关于扬沸临界条件的研究结果,并为扬沸防治提供思路。垫水层改变为饱和氯化钠溶液后,柴油实验组均没有发生扬沸,且观察到火焰温度和热辐射强度的下降。表明此方法可以有效抑制扬沸的发生。     

油罐火灾沸溢发生时间预测模型

油罐火灾发生沸溢具有很大的危险性,而沸溢时间的准确预测是目前的一个技术难题。笔者结合宽沸程油品油罐火灾沸溢实验,对油层内部传热过程进行详细分析,认为油罐火灾沸溢事故可近似地看作一无内热源、常物性的非稳态传热问题,其过程包含油水界面不参与换热和参与换热的两个阶段。建立了油罐火灾沸溢发生时间预测模型,对两个不同阶段,分别进行理论分析和数值方法进行求解,并同实验数据对比。结论可信,误差较小,为沸溢机理探讨研究和油罐沸溢火灾的扑救提供了参考依据。计算表明:燃烧速度和油罐底部水层厚度对沸溢时间的影响很大,而降低罐壁温度并不能有效地延迟沸溢的发生。     

不同垫水层厚度下薄层扬沸现象燃烧特性研究

利用自行研发的小尺寸薄层扬沸燃烧特性测量平台,开展了不同垫水层厚度下薄层扬沸燃烧特性的实验研究。测试油料的品种为:柴油(0)和航空煤油(Jet A);油盆尺寸为15cm,18cm,30cm和40cm;实验工况中油层厚度为1.0cm,水层厚度选取了与油层厚度数量级相同的三种厚度:1.0cm,1.5cm和2.0cm。结果表明:随着油盆尺寸增大或垫水层厚度上升,扬沸阶段特性从突变型向持续型转变,首次扬沸发生时间缩短,扬沸强度降低。     

化工储罐区池火灾多米诺效应风险评估

化工储罐区储罐数量较多且集中,一旦发生事故很可能诱发多米诺效应造成灾难性的后果。在分析池火灾多米诺效应作用模式的基础上,建立了池火灾多米诺效应风险评估模型,并对某化工储罐区进行了实例计算,分析了单一储罐池火灾事故引发其他储罐池火灾的风险。分析结果表明,池火灾是诱发化工储罐多米诺事故的重要因素,且会造成风险的显著增加,但并非所有的池火灾事故都会诱发多米诺效应。此外,将多米诺效应评价方法应用于化工储罐池火灾事故风险评估中可有效地预测次生事故的发生概率和后果,从而提出针对性措施。     

原油罐沸溢火灾发展阶段及沸溢发生时间试验研究

为观察原油储罐沸溢火灾燃烧过程,探究影响沸溢发生时间的因素及规律,利用小尺寸模拟储罐开展原油罐火灾模拟试验研究。根据火焰图像与质量燃烧速率变化,原油罐火灾可以划分为扩展、稳定燃烧、沸溢燃烧、火焰熄灭4个阶段。在考虑油罐尺寸与初始油层厚度的基础上,建立原油罐火灾沸溢发生时间预测模型。结果表明,沸溢发生时间与初始油层厚度和油罐直径的比值呈正比关系。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失，提高滑坡预测的准确性，通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据，在获得多组模拟实验数据后，分析各变量的特性。首先，通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process，AHP)算法，对滑坡进行危险度划分；然后，通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine，SVM)建立模型，遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数，提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据，通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好，实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合，与单一SVM相比，精度更高，结果更好，更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

一起有机过氧化物爆炸事故的调查和分析

阐述一起重大爆炸伤亡事故的现场调查和原因分析，介绍如何通过人证物证材料，用鱼刺图法找出可能引起事故的诸原因，逐项加以分析，将与人证或物证材料相矛盾的原因子以排除，最后剩下无法排除亦即能与人证物证相符的那个原因，就是事故的真正原因。笔者是这起事故调查专家组组长，取证和数据可靠。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

我国与主要国家温石棉安全使用政策和法规对比研究

我国作为温石棉的生产和使用大国，在温石棉及其制品的危害及防控方面开展了较为系统的研究，但对于其他主要国家在温石棉安全使用政策和法规方面的研究则相对较少。本文简要介绍温石棉安全使用的理论基础，对美国、加拿大等主要国家在温石棉安全生产和使用方面的主要政策和法规进行研究，并对我国温石棉产业政策以及相关法规进行梳理，通过对比发现，我国与美国、加拿大等国家在温石棉及其制品的安全使用法规、标准建设等方面存在一定差距。最后，基于相关对比分析结果，对我国温石棉产业职业病防治、环境保护以及温石棉制品等方面的法规标准的建设提出建议。