城市再生水回用现状及利用前景

中国面临着严重的水资源危机,城市生活污水经适当处理再生后回用,可在很大程度上缓解水资源紧缺的状况.介绍了国内外城市再生水回用状况和我国的再生水水质标准,阐述了城市再生水回用可能存在的主要问题,并在此基础上提出了城市再生水安全回用的对策建议.     

移动电商问答的信息性和规范性对消费者行为意愿的影响

首次以京东问答为例,探讨了移动电子商务问答功能影响消费者行为意愿的内在机制,整合精细加工理论和技术接受模型理论构建概念模型,通过问卷调查的方式,收集数据进行实证检验。结果表明:移动电商问答的"信息支持、信息质量、回答者专业性"三项社会化影响因素,通过消费者感知有用性和感知可信度的中介作用,对消费者的行为意愿产生影响。     

公众森林碳汇购买意愿影响因素研究——基于TPB—NAM整合模型

有效的碳普惠机制与森林碳汇产品的价值实现对中国生态文明的建设至关重要,理清公众森林碳汇购买意愿影响因素对森林碳汇政策的制定具有现实意义。基于计划行为理论、规范激活理论并融合生态文明思想内核,选用结构方程模型,利用515份社会公众问卷数据,实证检验了公众森林碳汇购买愿意影响因素及作用机理。结果表明：(1)公众森林碳汇购买意愿是理性和道德交互作用的结果,而非纯理性或纯道德驱动行为;(2)行为态度、感知规范和知觉行为控制都对公众森林碳汇购买意愿具有显著正向影响,但影响程度具有差异性,其中感知规范对购买意愿影响最大,因此公众环境道德素养是影响其森林碳汇购买行为的最重要因素;(3)社会公众森林碳汇购买意愿影响因素表征变量的具体作用表现不同：感知规范中,公众个体道德规范对其森林碳汇购买意愿影响最大;行为态度中,公众森林碳汇生态、政治效益认知对购买意愿影响最大;知觉行为控制中,森林碳汇信息量、森林碳汇价格等都是影响公众森林碳汇购买意愿的因素,但影响程度差异不大。     

浅议“再生水”

文章主要介绍城市污水深度处理的技术和再生回用类别，再生水回用时潜在的环境问题。     

基于结构方程模型的智慧社区购买意愿影响因素研究

房地产行业在物联网、移动互联网等新兴技术深入普及的背景下,与智慧社区结合打造"智慧型房产"成为必然趋势。充分发挥市场主体力量,建设满足消费者需求的智慧社区住宅产品成为发展重点。借鉴智慧社区、购买意愿等有关理论,结合智慧社区特点,构建了居民购买意愿影响因素的理论模型,开发设计了测量量表,并利用SPSS、AMOS软件对获取的数据进行了处理和分析。结果表明:产品知识、感知易用性、品牌知名度和参照群体与消费者对智慧社区的感知质量呈正相关关系,产品知识、感知易用性、参照群体与消费者对智慧社区住宅产品的感知风险呈负相关关系,这些因素通过感知风险和感知质量影响感知价值进而影响消费者的购买意愿。在此基础上,提出了智慧社区地产项目的开发策略,为智慧社区建设和运营者提供借鉴。     

我国城市污水回用的技术与经济和环境可行性分析

城市污水回用是指将城市污水加以处理再生后回用于可用再生水的地方，取代干净的优质原水，是缓解我国当前水资源紧张的有效措施之一。本文从技术、经济及环境三方面分析讨论了我国发展城市污水回用事业的可行性，结果表明我国城市污水回用不但技术上已经成熟，而且从经济效益和环境效益考虑也是可行的。本文建议我国应该积极、合理、因地制宜地发展城市污水回用事业。     

基于结构方程模型的环境风险接受度影响因素分析

随着社会经济的发展和城市化进程的推进,我国环境风险事故频发。与此同时,公众对于美好环境的需求日益提升,公众与专家和政府之间的风险判断差异是不同规模的群体性事件发生的主要诱因。为识别公众环境风险接受度的影响因素,本研究基于结构方程模型分析了11种环境风险的客观风险水平和公众感知到的风险影响度、场域了解度、政府信任度、社会经济水平等因素对公众风险接受度的影响。研究结果显示,社会经济水平、风险影响度、场域了解度、政府信任度均直接影响公众的风险接受度;客观风险水平则通过风险影响度的中介作用间接影响风险接受度。因此,为在经济发展过程中降低公众风险感知偏差对生产生活的影响,我国除了通过更严格的风险管控手段降低风险事故发生概率和影响范围外,还需要通过信息公开、公众参与和生态科普等方式增强公众对风险场域的了解度和对政府的信任度以提升风险接受能力。     

公众满意度调查理论、方法及实践研究——以“无废城市”建设成效评估为例

公众满意度越来越成为环境治理、城市管理、公共政策等绩效评估的重要参考之一。中国引入公众满意度时间较短,对其理论内涵认识不充分,在问卷设计、调查方法选择、数据分析等方面缺少科学指导。以中国“无废城市”建设成效评估为例,从理论、方法及实践视角对公众满意度调查进行系统梳理和总结。首先,基于公众参与理论及满意度理论阐述了公众满意度的理论基础,并从“预期—不一致”“对比标准”“让渡价值”“价值感知差距”等理论视角分析了公众满意度的形成机制;其次,总结了不同国家公众满意度的测评模型和方法;最后,阐释了公众满意度的调查策略和实践流程。基于本文研究结论,提出建议：一是深化公众满意度理论研究,形成适合中国的研究方法和技术体系;二是推动公众满意度定量和定性研究相结合,提高满意度评估的有效性;三是加强公众满意度影响因素的因果及机制分析,拓展相关研究领域、内容与方法。     

水再生回用的研究进展与对策

本文对城市生活污水和工业生产废水的再生回用技术进行了比较全面系统的评述，将物理化学方法和生物方法进行了对比介绍；对水再生回用技术的发展趋势进行了展望，提出了水再生回用的发展对策。     

HQMBR中水处理成套技术及设备

由北京汉青天朗水处理科技有限公司开发的HQMBR中水处理成套技术及设备,可广泛应用于城市污水处理及中水回用。     

Establishment of an economic evaluation model for urban recycled water

This study aimed at establishing an economic evaluation model to encourage continuing improvement in performance analysis and applying for any infrastructure system of urban recycled water. A thorough study towards characterization and economic performance assessment of urban water reuse scheme were carried out. An integrated evaluation technique was developed by synthesizing the quantitative and qualitative performance indicators related to the water recycled technology and urban water cycle system. Specific performance indicators and indexes were aggregated into an economic analytical modelling for effective evaluation of the water reuse scheme and technology using uniform economic performance standards. Detailed economic analyses were successfully applied to enable determination of economic lifetime of the technology and the whole water reuse scheme. This research confirmed that productivity, efficiency and reliability measurements and factors could be successfully deployed for determining the scheme performance during various life cycle stages (e.g. design development, operational and functional verification, or comparison with other reuse projects). The economic assessment model was applied to improve uniformity of analytical process and performance measure. This article demonstrates benefits associated with the application of a standardized methodology for performing economic assessment and by maintaining strong correlation between multi-parameter approach and adopted performance criteria in terms of productivity, efficiency and reliability. However, to ensure effectiveness of this assessment, the process would require systematic and perpetual inventory of the scheme performance data, consideration of variable factors such as capital and recurrent costs.     

Urban Australians using recycled water for domestic non-potable use--an evaluation of the attributes price, saltiness, colour and odour using conjoint analysis

Recycled water use in urban areas is viewed as one part of the solution to Australia's water shortage. The effectiveness of policies designed to promote recycled water systems depends on the acceptance by the community of the price, colour, odour and salt content of the recycled water. In Australia and other countries, limited research has been conducted that investigates community attitudes to and willingness to pay for recycled water, especially in urban settings. Community acceptance of recycled water and the economic feasibility of such projects have not been widely evaluated, even though the long-term feasibility of many projects is dependent on such information. This paper examines the attitudes of an urban Australian community living at Mawson Lakes in South Australia, to using recycled water for non-potable domestic purposes. Conjoint analysis (CA) was used to evaluate participant's (n=136) preferences for various attributes of recycled water (colour, odour, salt content and price) for various uses (garden watering, toilet flushing and clothes washing). The analysis was used to estimate the respondent's willingness to pay (WTP) for quality increases for each of the attributes. Differences in WTP were investigated according to various demographic variables including income and education. Results indicate that for garden watering having 'low salt levels' is the most important attribute of recycled water, for clothes washing 'colourless' is the most important attribute, and for toilet flushing a 'low price' was the most important attribute. Respondents were willing to pay for increases in the quality of recycled water. The amount they were willing to pay varied depending on applied use and the attribute in question. Respondents were most willing to pay for an increase in quality of recycled water when used for clothes washing (willing to pay Australian dollars (A$) 0.07/cubic meter (m(3)) for removal of colour, A$0.065 per cubic meter for an increase in quality of recycled water from 'salty' to 'low salt,' and A$ 0.06/m(3) for removal of odour (1A$=0.75 US $ and 0.62 euro, August 24, 2005)). Segmentation of the price attribute by demographic sectors reveals that those in the higher income bracket, higher education sector, middle age group, and who are male, had a higher marginal valuation on price. The results of this study provide important information for recycled water retailers and water policy developers, helping achieve greater economic feasibility for future recycled water projects, to the satisfaction of the communities involved.     

Public policy for the use of reclaimed water

This article documents the general need to reuse water reclaimed from sewage effluents for beneficial purposes and then considers in detail which specific uses will be most beneficial. The analysis begins by describing five levels of wastewater treatment: primary, secondary, tertiary, advanced, and advanced plus complete treatment. Next, five major uses for reclaimed water are identified: groundwater recharge, industrial use, irrigation, recreational lakes, and direct municipal reuse. Subcategories of reuse falling under each of the five major reuse categories are also identified and discussed. The analysis then proceeds to review significant literature available on health and environmental effects, treatment and distribution costs, and public opinion concerns in relation to each of the five major uses and their related subcategories. The paper concludes with a cumulative numerical analysis of the disbenefits associated with each specific type of reuse summed over the health effects, environmental effects, treatment costs, distribution costs, and public opinion concerns. Uses of reclaimed water for industrial purposes and for irrigation of fodder and fiber crops are found to be most beneficial by the analysis here employed, and use for aquifer recharge and direct municipal reuse are found to be least beneficial.     

沈阳市中水回用现状分析及展望

介绍了国内外中水回用概况,结合沈阳市的水资源、水污染、中水回用现状情况,分析沈阳市中水回用的制约因素,提出沈阳市中水回用的措施及建议。     

Contribution of Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluents to Nutrient Dynamics in Aquatic Systems: A Review

Excessive nutrient loading (considering nitrogen and phosphorus) is a major ongoing threat to water quality and here we review the impact of nutrient discharges from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to United States (U.S.) freshwater systems. While urban and agricultural land uses are significant nonpoint nutrient contributors, effluent from point sources such as WWTPs can overwhelm receiving waters, effectively dominating hydrological characteristics and regulating instream nutrient processes. Population growth, increased wastewater volumes, and sustainability of critical water resources have all been key factors influencing the extent of wastewater treatment. Reducing nutrient concentrations in wastewater is an important aspect of water quality management because excessive nutrient concentrations often prevent water bodies from meeting designated uses. WWTPs employ numerous physical, chemical, and biological methods to improve effluent water quality but nutrient removal requires advanced treatment and infrastructure that may be economically prohibitive. Therefore, effluent nutrient concentrations vary depending on the particular processes used to treat influent wastewater. Increasingly stringent regulations regarding nutrient concentrations in discharged effluent, along with greater freshwater demand in populous areas, have led to the development of extensive water recycling programs within many U.S. regions. Reuse programs provide an opportunity to reduce or eliminate direct nutrient discharges to receiving waters while allowing for the beneficial use of reclaimed water. However, nutrients in reclaimed water can still be a concern for reuse applications, such as agricultural and landscape irrigation.     

Study of urban population attitudes towards various wastewater reuse options: Israel as a case study

This paper summarizes the findings of a survey (256 participants) conducted to determine the attitude of the Israeli urban public towards various urban water reuse options. Israel is known for its long and successful agricultural water reuse scheme, but to date no large-scale urban reuse projects have been implemented. The survey included 21 reuse options, which were clustered into three reuse categories, namely: low, medium, and high contact levels. Results show that a high proportion of the participants supported medium contact reuse options such as sidewalk landscaping (95%), domestic WC flushing (85%) and firefighting (96%). Higher contact reuse options such as domestic laundry (38%), preserved food (13%), and potable aquifer recharge (11%) found much lesser support. Less than expected support was found for low contact reuse options with 86% for field crop irrigation, 62% for aquifer recharge for agricultural irrigation, and as low as 49% for orchard irrigation. This low support is surprising, since all three options have been practiced on a large scale for over three decades in Israel without any adverse effects to the public. No correlation was found between any biographical characteristic examined (education, gender, income, marital status, having young children, and age) and support for medium contact options. For the medium contact options, the results suggest that perceived financial gain (individual and/or communal) and positive public opinion enhances support, while perceived health effects negatively affects the degree of support. Technology, trust in authorities and awareness of water and environmental issues were found to not have a significant effect on support for medium contact reuse options. Analyzing the four possible reasons for support given by participants who identified themselves as supporters of wastewater reuse revealed that the most important reason for support was "water saving", followed by "minimization of importing water from abroad". These were followed by "infrastructure cost saving" together with "environmental improvement".     

Public acceptance potential for reuse applications in Turkey

The water reuse applications are becoming increasingly important in Turkey due to fresh water scarcity problems. However, the success of reuse practices depends on the public's acceptance. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the public awareness, and the potential for acceptance, of reuse applications in Turkey by way of a survey carried out for this purpose. 500 questionnaires were sent to different regions of Turkey and 375 of them were returned. The study indicated that both women and men have concerns about usage of wastewater, especially regarding the use of treated wastewater as drinking water. Results also showed that the area of greatest concern among the public is the health risks associated with recycled water. Respondents of both genders felt that treated wastewater reuse for applications not involving close personal contact was acceptable, due to reduced health risk concerns. On the other hand, the cost of reclamation is another major public concern.     

AN OPTIMIZATION MODEL FOR EFFICIENT MANAGEMENT OF URBAN WATER RESOURCES1

ABSTRACT: A mathematical programming model is proposed to determine economically efficient urban water resource allocation and pricing policy by maximizing the sum of the consumer and producer surplus. The optimization of this nonlinear problem is accomplished by the use of linear programming algorithm. The feasibility of using recycled water for municipal purposes is examined in a planning context. The impact of higher water quality discharge standards on pricing and allocation of water is analyzed and the attractiveness of water reuse option is demonstrated.     

RATIONAL INDUSTRIAL WATER REUSE RATIOS1

ABSTRACT: This work begins by defining rational water use, and then discusses important factors that most strongly influence it. A general model is then developed to enable factories to quantify the ratio of rational industrial water reuse based on the least cost method. The model is established to minimize the cost of water with reference to gross water use and three subsystems ‐ the intake, reuse, and discharge of industrial water. Discharge cost is determined using data from a 1997 survey of 38 factories, and reuse costs are ranked and expressed by a step function. The model is verified using data from a typical semiconductor factory in northern Taiwan's Hsinchu Science Based Industrial Park, whose effective rational water reuse ratio is about 38 percent. A sensitivity analysis shows that improving water reuse technology is the most important factor in determining the rational water reuse ratio, and the price of water is the second most important. When water costs over NT$30 (New Taiwan Dollar, US$1 = NT$34) per cubic meter, increasing reuse becomes significant. The model provides a step towards the scientific management of industrial water.     

膜生物反应器中水回用研究现状

膜生物反应器(MBR)在中水回用中具有无可比拟的优势。通过分析我国中水回用的现状,指出中水回用的必要性,介绍了MBR在污水处理中的研究及应用,对膜生物反应器的环境效益和经济效益做了分析,并指出了今后膜生物反应器中水处理的应用前景。