艾比湖表层沉积物重金属的来源、污染和潜在生态风险研究

以艾比湖为研究对象,通过采集表层沉积物样品,测定其中8种重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、As、Hg、Cr、Ni、Cd)的含量,然后结合多种方法分析了其来源、污染状况及潜在生态风险.结果表明:1从偏度上看艾比湖表层沉积物中8种重金属的大小顺序为:HgCdPbZnAsCuCrNi.2多元统计分析表明8种重金属元素可以辨识为2个主成分;PC1为人为源因子,包括Cd、Pb、Hg和Zn,主要来源于各种农业污染;PC2为自然源因子,包括Cu、Ni、Cr和As,主要受自然地质背景控制.3地积累指数评价表明8种重金属的污染程度由高到低为:CdHgPbZnAsCuNiCr,在所有采样点中Pb、Cd和Hg均属于轻度和偏中度污染,Zn、As、Cr、Ni和Cu在大多数样点为无污染水平.4潜在生态风险评估表明,沉积物中重金属的潜在生态风险主要由Cd、Hg和Pb引起,三者贡献分别为42.6%、28.6%和24.0%,Cd是最主要的生态风险因子,其次是Hg、Pb,各采样点中8种重金属的潜在生态风险指数(RI)均小于150,为低的生态风险.研究表明总体看艾比湖表层沉积物中重金属含量较少,生态风险较低,但重金属Cd、Pb的含量较高.     

海南岛北部海湾沉积物重金属来源、分布主控因素及生态风险评价

基于海南岛北部海口湾、铺前湾、东寨港和木兰湾海域159站位表层沉积物地球化学测试分析,查明沉积物中重金属元素As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Pb和Zn分布特征.运用数理统计方法研究重金属来源并明确其分布主控因素,建立主控因素与重金属含量间定性或半定量关系.评价各重金属元素及其总体污染状况和潜在生态风险.结果表明,研究区海域沉积物重金属中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Pb和Zn含量平均值分别为8.40、0.06、32.50、8.32、0.02、18.77和35.87μg·g-1.Cr、Cu、Hg、Pb和Zn含量高值区主要分布于近岸河流入海口及港湾内部,As由南向北其含量逐渐增加,Cd主要聚集于海口湾内.沉积物中Cu、Zn、Hg、Pb、Cr和Cd主要来自陆源输入,包括人为污染和母岩风化产物运移两方面因素,As或有海外物质来源.沉积物中Cu、Zn、Hg、Pb和Cr含量分布主控因素为沉积物粒度,即沉积物粒度越细,其所吸附并积累重金属含量越高;As高含量主要受控于自然地质背景;Cd含量分布则反映了城市发展进程对地区污染差异性影响.所调查159站位表层沉积物中As、Cr分别有3站位和6站位属Ⅱ类海洋沉积物,污染程度中等,其余各站位及重金属元素含量均为Ⅰ类沉积物,污染程度低,单因子污染影响程度依次为AsCrPbZnCuCdHg.沉积物重金属总体为低程度污染,总体潜在生态风险低,研究区海域底质生态环境优良.各重金属元素潜在生态危害程度低,生态危害影响依次为AsHgCdPbCuCrZn,As是最主要的生态风险因子.     

海南小海沉积物中的重金属分布特征及潜在生态风险评价

对小海沉积物进行采集,测定了沉积物中的Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Hg、As重金属的含量,用单因子指数法和Hakanson生态风险指数法评价了沉积物中重金属综合污染效应.研究结果表明:小海湾内沉积物中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Hg、As的平均含量分别为0.20 mg/kg、0.18 mg/kg、0.30 mg/kg、0.22 mg/kg、0.44 mg/kg、0.23 mg/kg.沉积物所监测的重金属中,Hg金属的空间波动程度最高,其他重金属的空间波动程度较低.沉积物质量评价结果表明:小海沉积物中主要的重金属污染因子是As,其重金属影响因子的顺序为As＞Hg＞Pb＞Cr＞Zn＞Cu＞Cd;各种重金属的潜在生态危害系数大小顺序为Hg＞As＞Cd＞Pb＞Cu＞Cr＞Zn;潜在生态风险指数 RI平均值为37.06,属于轻微潜在生态风险.     

杭州湾表层沉积物中重金属空间分布特征与污染状况评价

本文对杭州湾海域2018年8－9月25个沉积物样品中的7种重金属含量进行了研究,结果表明,该海域表层沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Hg和As含量平均值分别为22.50×10?6、21.93×10?6、63.39×10?6、0.10×10?6、48.32×10?6、0.05×10?6、5.45×10?6,所有评价因子的含量平均值均低于全国海岸带重金属的背景值。单因子污染指数法的评价结果显示,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Hg和As的平均含量均符合第一类海洋沉积物质量标准,7种重金属的污染程度依次为:Cu>Cr>Zn>Pb>As>Hg>Cd。重金属富集程度分析结果显示,Cd、Hg和As的富集程度较低,Pb和Zn的富集程度相对较高。潜在生态风险指数法评价结果显示,杭州湾海域潜在生态风险等级为“较低”,海洋生态环境状况较好。表层沉积物中重金属和TOC相关性分析结果显示,该海域表层沉积物TOC含量与重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd和Cr含量具有一定的正相关性。主成分分析法结果表明,前两个主成分的贡献率分别为64.42%和16.59 %;结合相关性分析表明,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd和Cr主要的来源为工业生产与生活污水。     

基于PCA-APCS-MLR模型的乌梁素海表层沉积物重金属时空分布及来源解析

为深度认识寒区湖泊表层沉积物重金属冰封与非冰封期时空分布差异特征、准确评估潜在生态风险程度和解析污染源,以寒区乌梁素海为研究对象,于2020~2021年对布设的20个采样点进行为期1a的样品采集工作,按照冰封和非冰封期收集120个表层沉积物样品.测定了As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn和Hg共8种重金属含量.采用相关性分析法、主成分分析法和绝对因子得分-多元线性回归（APCS-MLR）受体模型进行重金属污染溯源.结果表明：①表层沉积物重金属含量冰封与非冰封期分布规律具有差异性,冰封期重金属分布均呈现出中北部较高,南部较低的特点;非冰封期Cd和Hg主要分布于湖区中部和南部.②湖泊表层沉积物重金属Hg为偏重度污染,Cd和As为偏中度污染水平,Ni为轻度污染.整体表现为高风险水平,非冰封期污染水平高于冰封期,主要环境风险因子分别为Hg和Cd,分别表现为极高风险和中等风险.③湖泊表层沉积物重金属来源主要为采矿和交通的综合工业源、农业源和自然源,工业源对As、Ni、Pb和Hg的贡献率分别为62.67%、75.31%、77.47%和80.11%,Cu和Zn主要来源为自然源,Cd受农业源影响较大,贡献率为81.57%,Cr的来源主要除受自然因素的影响外,人类活动和未知来源的影响也不可忽视.     

中国主要湖泊表层沉积物重金属污染特征与评价分析

为了解我国主要湖泊沉积物中重金属的污染特征,通过搜集整理已公开发表的文献资料数据,分析了我国31个主要湖泊表层沉积物中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn 8种重金属含量的平均值及其分布特征,并运用地累积指数法、潜在生态风险指数法对其污染程度进行评价。结果显示:我国31个湖泊的沉积物中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn平均含量分别为16.39,0.497,6.29,36.89,0.076,35.37,99.52 mg/kg,大部分元素含量平均值的最大值分布区域较为分散。地累积指数评价结果表明:8种重金属的平均污染程度由高到低依次为Cd>Hg>Cu>Zn>As>Ni>Zn>Cr,Cd和Hg在多个湖泊沉积物中达中度到重污染。潜在生态风险指数评价结果表明:8种重金属的潜在生态风险系数从高到低依次为Cd>Hg>As>Cu>Pb>Ni>Cr>Zn。8种重金属的总地累积指数和综合潜在生态风险具有显著的地域差异(P0.05),表明我国主要湖泊具有各自不同的重金属污染特征。     

滇黔桂岩溶区河漫滩土壤重金属含量、来源及潜在生态风险

利用全国地球化学基准计划在滇黔桂岩溶区35个点位采集的70件河漫滩表、深层土壤样品,分析了As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn 8种重金属元素含量特征,探究了重金属来源、污染状况及潜在生态风险.结果表明,8种重金属元素含量大部分均高于全国土壤背景值,在滇东南地区含量最高,桂西北地区最低.表层土壤Cd、Hg明显富集,As、Cr、Cu、Ni与深层土壤含量相当;As、Cd、Hg、Pb、Zn在农田、菜地中明显高于深层土壤,Cr、Cu和Ni在各类土地中与深层土壤相当.因子分析结果显示,表层土壤中Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni受地质背景控制,As、Pb、Zn既与地质背景有关,也受人为活动影响,Hg受人为活动影响较严重;深层土壤中Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Cr、Zn继承了区域母岩特征,As、Hg和Pb受地质背景和人为活动双重影响.地累积指数法和富集因子法污染评价结果表明,研究区河漫滩表层土壤中Cd、Hg污染较重,As、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn大部分为轻度污染或无污染.各重金属潜在生态风险指数高低顺序依次为Hg > Cd > As > Cu > Ni > Pb > Cr > Zn,Cd和Hg的生态风险指数之和占综合指数的82.43%,生态风险最高;滇东南地区重金属潜在风险综合指数最高,具重度生态风险.     

辽东湾西北部海域表层沉积物重金属含量的空间分布特征与污染状况评价

对2013年秋季和2014年春季两季辽东湾西北部海域共26个采样站位7种重金属含量的分布特征进行了研究。结果表明:该海域表层沉积物中Hg、Zn和Cd含量的平均值均高于渤海工业化前沉积物重金属背景值。单因子污染指数和重金属地质累积指数评价结果显示,Cd属于"轻度"污染,Hg、Cu、Pb、Zn、As和Cr属于无污染程度。重金属潜在生态风险评价结果表明,研究区的综合潜在生态风险"较低"。单金属潜在危害系数程度较高的是Cd、Hg。表层沉积物中重金属和TOC相关性分析表明:TOC含量与重金属Hg、Cu、Cd、Cr和As含量具有一定的正相关性。进一步通过主成分分析表明该海域沉积物重金属有3个来源,即有机质降解;工业废水、城市排污及养殖自身污染;岩石的自然风化和侵蚀过程。本研究结果揭示了辽东湾西北部海域沉积物中重金属的分布特征,初步推断了重金属污染来源,可为辽东湾海洋生态环境保护、修复提供依据。     

太湖流域河流沉积物重金属分布及污染评估

为阐明经济发达地区河流表层沉积物重金属的污染特征,本研究分析了太湖流域典型水系94个样点沉积物中8种重金属(Zn、Cr、Ni、Cu、Pb、As、Cd和Hg)含量,评估了重金属的生态风险以及辨析了污染来源.结果表明,太湖流域河流表层沉积物中Zn、Cr、Ni、Cu、Pb、As、Cd和Hg的平均含量分别为163. 62、102. 46、45. 50、44. 71、37. 00、13. 34、0. 479和0. 109 mg·kg~(-1),均高于其对应的背景值(Hg除外).地累积指数评价中,Pb、Ni、Zn、Cu和Cd整体上处于低污染状态;在污染负荷指数评价中,Pb、Ni、Zn和Cu整体上处于中度污染状态,Cd、Cr、As处于低污染状态;在潜在生态风险评价中,Cd和Hg处于中等潜在生态风险,其余重金属均处于低潜在生态风险.多元统计分析表明,Pb主要来自于生活污水、农业废水排放;除受自然因素影响外,Cr、Ni和Zn还受到电镀及合金制造行业的影响; Cu和As主要来自于农药、工业废水; Cd主要来自于冶炼工业; Hg主要来源于化石燃料和石油产品的燃烧.     

雷州半岛近海表层沉积物重金属污染评价

本文测定了雷州半岛近海43个表层沉积物中重金属元素（Hg、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb和Cr）和类金属元素（As）的含量,并分析其空间分布特征,采用潜在生态风险指数法对重金属的污染风险等级进行评价。结果表明:各站位中Hg、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、Cr和As的平均含量分别为0.037×10?6、15.62×10?6、66.33×10?6、0.13×10?6、26.71×10?6、59.54×10?6和11.20×10?6,均超过南海北部陆架区沉积物背景值;研究区综合潜在生态风险指数RI平均值为130,属于低生态风险,但雷州半岛东侧鉴江入海口海域和西侧流沙湾近海海域达到中等生态风险程度,Hg是主要的污染因子;与前人2010年结果比较,雷州半岛近海沉积物中Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、Cr、As含量呈现逐渐增加的趋势,反映了人类活动对该海域的影响。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.