海上石油设施溢油风险管理与防控研究

对海上溢油风险进行了分析,介绍了海上石油设施溢油风险管理方法与溢油防控技术。提出综合考虑设施本身情况、海域特点、天气海况以及人员素质等多方面因素及其各因素之间的相互关系,建立溢油风险源数据库和风险评价体系,加强溢油风险分析和管理,是预防海上石油设施溢油事故的有效措施;提高溢油监控技术、溢油预测预警技术和溢油清除技术是降低溢油污染损害的关键。     

基于SOA的三峡库区水环境安全预警平台集成

从三峡库区水环境安全预警平台背景作用与意义,提出基于SOA的B/S与C/S相结合的技术架构设计及数据库层、组件服务层和集成应用层3层架构体系,探索GIS多源数据标准、GIS与模型库以及基于WebService接口的应用服务的平台集成技术实现;指出研究成果在水环境管理应用中不断完善。     

海上溢油数值模拟研究进展

为了更好地处置溢油事故对海洋环境造成的污染,运用数值模拟预测溢油流散规律对有效围控油品泄漏后的扩散范围意义重大。文章分析了溢油模拟研究面临的难题,分别从油膜扩展、动力漂移、油膜粒子化和风化作用4个方面综述了溢油基础模型的发展。结合最新研究成果阐明了溢油数值模拟发展现状,对比分析了当前国内外广泛应用的溢油模型及软件的原理、适用条件及优缺点。在此基础上,指出目前溢油数值模拟存在的问题及今后的研究重点,指出一种运用欧拉-欧拉法建立溢油模型的新思路。     

溢油应急综合研究进展

从溢油应急管理体系、溢油应急物资、溢油应急处置技术、溢油综合评估、溢油预测预警和应急决策支持系统等方面,系统梳理了国内外海上溢油应急处置的研究现状,并对溢油应急管理作出展望。提出未来我国应在溢油风险防控、溢油综合应急平台、溢油应急处置和溢油生物修复等方面加强管理和技术研发工作,不断提升我国溢油应急综合能力。     

内陆河流水体跨越管道溢油模拟及应急对策

介绍了内陆河流水体跨越管道溢油模拟技术与基本流程,以西北地区某河段油品跨越管道为研究对象,分析发生管道泄漏突发溢油事故的风险,考虑丰/枯水期、强/静风、泄漏位置等影响因素,设计构建了12种溢油突发事件情景,应用MIKE21模拟软件建立水动力模型,并分析不同情景下的溢油漂移扩散规律。根据模拟计算结果并考虑河流自身特点,确定了高风险水域多个应急处置关键断面,给出了不同应急处置关键断面的有效应急时间,为溢油突发事件应急准备工作提供了技术支持。     

溢油应急处理措施技术评估

1989年,英国阿拉斯加威廉王子海湾发生了“瓦尔迪兹号”溢油事故。Exxon公司在这次除油工作中获得了大量有关溢油处理技术的经验,并将其作为评价技术优缺点的基准。尽管这些经验没有在不同条件下得以验证,但在油的控制与清除、受污染海岸带的处理以及溢油处理的海上作业与后勤补给等方面均具有一定的指导意义,堪称海上溢油处理措施技术评估的典范。     

溢油对地表水体影响预测模型的搭建

以M原油管道在穿越N江处发生溢油事故为例,探讨了溢油对地表水体的影响、以及预测该影响所使用的预测模型。通过对石油类物质与水动力条件的作用分析,分析了一维水动力模型、污染物对流扩散模型的原理,探讨了两种模型的搭建。使用MIKE 11软件在河流水动力与污染物迁移两方面建立了预测模型,为后续模拟预测工作奠定了理论与模型基础。     

海上溢油风险分析及处置技术研究

文章以大型溢油事故为切入点,对海上石油勘探开发溢油风险进行了分析,研究概述了发生溢油事故后溢油的快速定位、溢油飘逸轨迹模拟、溢油面积及溢油量确定方法。根据以上信息重点研究论述了溢油围控及回收方法。溢油围控技术需要根据不同的海洋环境选择相适应的围油栏及围控方法,尤其是水流较急时发生溢油逃逸的现象,需要通过改变围油栏与水流的夹角以确保围控效果。影响溢油回收效果的主要因素是油品的类型及油膜的厚度,文章通过对油品类型的分析,提出了不同油品类型和不同厚度油膜所对应的回收方法。     

涉水油田储罐溢油风险量化评估技术研究

文章分析了储罐溢油发生的事故原因、影响机制,通过细化影响因子,整合数据模型,从涉水油田储罐溢油频率、环境受体影响、溢油泄漏后果、溢油风险等级等方面构建了储罐溢油风险模型,通过实际运算案例对方法进行验证,提出熟练运用模型,夯实基础信息强化体系管理,加强人员培训提升安全意识等强化储罐 溢油风险管理的建议。通过评估潜在风险,有助于各涉水油田企业、港口码头、海事部门、应急部门采取相应风险管控措施,减少事故发生的可能性,提升安全生产管理水平、保护生态环境。     

溢油事故中水质石油类检测技术研究进展

水体溢油事故会造成严重的环境污染,快速、准确、完整的水质石油类检测技术成为科学处置突发性水体溢油事故的关键。文章从石油类检测前处理技术和定量检测技术两个方面,系统地论述了国内外水质石油类检测技术研究进展,并进行分析与展望,为溢油事故中水质石油类检测技术的进一步探索研究提供参考。     

浅谈突发溢油事件应急处置技术及装置的应用

概述了海洋溢油应急处置的技术方法,分析了溢油应急处置装置设备的应用特点,为海洋溢油应急处置工作提供理论依据。     

海上溢油回收技术研究及发展

论述了厌氧-好氧(A/O)工艺的基本原理及工艺参数。该工艺在冀东油田两座废水处理站的应用结果表明,对废水中石油类物质、COD、硫化物去除效果明显。高一联合站及柳一联合站污水经处理后,石油类物质去除率分别为90.6%和96.0%;COD去除率分别为86.0%和91.6%;硫化物去除率分别为94.8%和98.2%,处理后的污水均达到一级排放标准。另外,采用厌氧-好氧工艺的成本相对较低,处理费用低于0.5元/m3。处理后的污水若回注地下,平均费用为4.7元/m3。     

海上溢油回收技术研究

论述了厌氧-好氧(A/O)工艺的基本原理及工艺参数。该工艺在冀东油田两座废水处理站的应用结果表明,对废水中石油类物质、COD、硫化物去除效果明显。高一联合站及柳一联合站污水经处理后,石油类物质去除率分别为90.6%和96.0%;COD去除率分别为86.0%和91.6%;硫化物去除率分别为94.8%和98.2%,处理后的污水均达到一级排放标准。另外,采用厌氧-好氧工艺的成本相对较低,处理费用低于0.5元/m3。处理后的污水若回注地下,平均费用为4.7元/m3。     

钱塘江突发水污染事故应急系统开发与应用

采用网络信息平台和水环境模型相结合的技术手段,构建了钱塘江突发水污染事故应急系统。该系统旨在帮助应急管理部门快速应对钱塘江流域突发性水污染事故,以及保障G20峰会期间钱塘江流域的饮用水源地安全。该系统以水动力模型、溢油和化学品泄漏模型为核心,采用空间关系型中央数据库作为数据管理系统,基于网络GIS技术开发而成。通过对钱塘江流域历史事故的反演,验证了该系统的准确度和可靠性。在该系统的基础上,构建了钱塘江流域典型流场库和典型突发水污染事故情景库,以实现快速应对G20峰会期间钱塘江流域突发水污染事故风险。     

海洋石油污染处理方法优化配置

溢油是石油进入海洋的主要方式之一,如何对溢油事故进行有效的预防和处理成为有效预防海洋污染、保护海洋环境的重要举措。文章从三个方面介绍了如何进行溢油防治,并对溢油处理措施进行了详细说明,论证了不同海面状况下各种处理方法的优化组合,并以辽河油田浅海石油开发公司导管架平台溢油事故为例进行了说明。     

Decision Support System for Managing Oil Spill Events

The Mediterranean environment is exposed to various hazards, including oil spills, forest fires, and floods, making the development of a decision support system (DSS) for emergency management an objective of utmost importance. The present work presents a complete DSS for managing marine pollution events caused by oil spills. The system provides all the necessary tools for early detection of oil-spills from satellite images, monitoring of their evolution, estimation of the accident consequences and provision of support to responsible Public Authorities during clean-up operations. The heart of the system is an image processing–geographic information system and other assistant individual software tools that perform oil spill evolution simulation and all other necessary numerical calculations as well as cartographic and reporting tasks related to a specific management of the oil spill event. The cartographic information is derived from the extant general maps representing detailed information concerning several regional environmental and land-cover characteristics as well as financial activities of the application area. Early notification of the authorities with up-to-date accurate information on the position and evolution of the oil spill, combined with the detailed coastal maps, is of paramount importance for emergency assessment and effective clean-up operations that would prevent environmental hazard. An application was developed for the Region of Crete, an area particularly vulnerable to oil spills due to its location, ecological characteristics, and local economic activities.     

A conceptual model for response to Arctic oil spills

The potential for oil spills in Arctic regions has increased significantly because of the development of petroleum resources. Response to an oil spill in the Arctic is likely to be much slower than that in the temperate region because of the remoteness of the area and its severe climate. In the face of these unique problems, accurate prediction of the extent and subsequent movement of an oil spill is vital to any cleanup effort. Presented is the framework of a program to study the movement of oil spills in the Arctic. Existing models of oil spreading and polar ice dynamics are reviewed and areas where new model development is required are defined. A system design is developed that may be used for developing a plan to act in the event of a major spill.     

A港区海上溢油事故数值模拟预测

为研究A港区溢油事故的影响,通过MIKE21软件建模、并综合考虑风向、风速和潮流等因素设定6种不同情景进行模拟预测。结果显示,在不利风条件下,72 h油膜扩散距离为0.7~39.50 km,扫海面积可达0.03~142.97 km²,风场对油粒子的漂移和扩散起决定性作用,潮流场次之。通过模拟预测,为加强区域溢油应急联动、充分利用周边溢油应急资源,做好溢油应急防范提供参考。     

Planning for the Human Dimensions of Oil Spills and Spill Response

Oil spill contingency planners need an improved approach to understanding and planning for the human dimensions of oil spills. Drawing on existing literature in social impact assessment, natural hazards, human ecology, adaptive management, global change and sustainability, we develop an integrative approach to understanding and portraying the human dimensions impacts of stressors associated with oil spill events. Our approach is based on three fundamental conclusions that are drawn from this literature review. First, it is productive to acknowledge that, while stressors can produce human impacts directly, they mainly affect intermediary processes and changes to these processes produce human impacts. Second, causal chain modeling taken from hazard management literature provides a means to document how oil spill stressors change processes and produce human impacts. Third, concepts from the global change literature on vulnerability enrich causal models in ways that make more obvious how management interventions lessen hazards and mitigate associated harm. Using examples from recent spill events, we illustrate how these conclusions can be used to diagrammatically portray the human dimensions of oil spills.