密闭式堆肥反应器中复合微生物菌剂对堆肥效果的影响

通过一套自制密闭式堆肥反应器系统,研究在一定的堆肥条件下,接种复合微生物菌剂对堆肥腐熟度、环境影响控制和产品质量等方面的影响。通过对堆肥温度、含水率、碳氮比(C/N)、发芽指数(GI)、氨气(NH3)排放浓度和微生物数量等指标的检测分析发现,接种复合微生物菌剂的处理组提前3.5~4.5h到达高温期,高温期持续时长多于对照3.8~4.0 d,氧气消耗快,堆肥腐熟速度快,腐熟程度高,氨气排放浓度平均低于不接种处理39%,有效地控制了臭气排放和氮素损失。认为在堆肥中接种复合微生物菌剂是解决我国目前堆肥腐熟时间过长、养分损失大、恶臭气体排放严重、环境影响严重等问题的有效途径。     

复合微生物菌剂在剩余污泥堆肥中的作用研究

应用复合微生物菌剂对剩余污泥进行堆肥试验,通过测定堆肥过程中微生物总量、温度、C／N,系统地研究了复合微生物菌剂在剩余污泥堆肥系统中的作用。结果表明,利用复合微生物菌剂可以提高剩余污泥堆肥效率、加速堆肥反应过程,对剩余污泥处理及资源化具有重要作用。     

堆肥反应器中2种微生物接种剂的堆肥效果研究

在严格控制堆肥条件的情况下,以鸡粪为堆肥基本原料,选用单一微生物巨大芽孢杆菌和复合微生物VT菌为接种剂,通过研究堆肥过程中的温度、氧气浓度、C/N、WSC(水溶性碳)、发芽指数(GI)以及脱氢酶和纤维素酶的活性动态变化来反映这2种微生物接种剂对堆肥效果的影响.结果表明,接种复合微生物菌剂VT的处理在堆肥升温和保持高温效果明显,接种微生物菌剂的2个处理的堆体内氧气浓度都较CK低,其中最低的为接种复合微生物菌剂VT的处理.接种微生物菌剂,C/N下降速度快,WSC浓度相对高,GI值上升速度明显加快,有利于加快堆肥腐熟进程,其中接种复合微生物菌剂VT的效果较单一微生物菌剂巨大芽孢杆菌好.接种微生物菌剂有利于堆肥升温期脱氢酶和纤维素酶活性增加,促进堆肥的氧化还原反应和纤维素的分解,且接种复合微生物VT的效果明显.     

养殖场典型功能区恶臭气体处理工艺选择与工程实例

以北京市某规模化养殖场为研究对象,针对不同功能区恶臭气体产生的特点和排放特性,分别进行了不同的控制技术的选择研究,并针对养殖场典型功能区储粪间和运动场产生的恶臭气体,分别采用组合式生物技术和复合菌剂雾化喷淋技术对其进行处理,研究了这两处典型功能区恶臭气体处理工程的设计与运行效果。结果表明:两种除臭工程均取得了较好的稳定运行效果,其中组合式生物除臭工程对养殖场储粪间产生的氨的去除率为89.2%～94.1%,出气中氨浓度为0.14～3.17 mg/m~3,达到《恶臭污染物排放标准》(GB 14554—93)(排气筒高度为15 m)的要求;复合菌剂雾化喷淋除臭工程对养殖场运动场散发的氨的去除率为67.1%～83.16%,喷淋后氨浓度为0.15～0.81 mg/m~3,达到《恶臭污染物排放标准》(GB 14554—93)中一级排放标准的要求。该组合式生物技术和复合菌剂雾化喷淋技术具有工艺流程短、运行成本低、自动化程度高、恶臭物质处理效果好等优点,能有效控制规模化养殖场恶臭气体的污染和排放。     

环保菌剂应用于焦化废水处理中试

以河北省某煤化工企业污水处理车间缺氧池出水为处理对象,通过添加自行研发的环保菌剂,考察其对实际焦化废水COD去除效果;利用聚合酶链式反应和变性梯度凝胶电泳联合技术(PCR-DGGE)分析添加环保菌剂前后生化系统中污泥微生物群落的变化。研究表明:通过添加环保菌剂,中试系统出水COD平均去除率比活性污泥系统提高了18%;PCR-DGGE结果显示,经过菌剂强化后的生化系统中污泥微生物的种类更加丰富,优势微生物由原先的14种增加到了23种。     

生物强化技术处理某合成制药厂废水工程实例

针对性地对制药废水中重要污染物的高效降解微生物进行筛选、分离、驯化,把W1、W5、W7、W10和实验室混合菌株CQS进行复配并确定其投配比为1∶1∶1∶1∶1时降解效果最好,COD、NH3-N的降解率为83%,67%。并对组成高效菌剂的菌种进行了16S rRNA鉴定,菌株W1为阪崎肠杆菌Cronobacter sp.,菌株W5为多红球菌Rhodococcus sp.,菌株W7为假单胞菌Pseudomonas sp.,菌株W10为枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis.。将高效复合菌剂运用于重庆某合成制药厂的污水处理厂,结合工艺运行参数的调整,对其处理效果进行强化。结果表明:出水COD100 mg/L;出水氨氮浓度1 mg/L;出水色度50;SS50 mg/L。     

气浮-复合好氧反应器-BAF处理屠宰废水

活禽屠宰及禽肉加工生产废水有机物和悬浮颗粒物含量较高,可生化性较好。采用气浮-复合好氧反应器-BAF组合工艺处理该废水,运行结果表明:该工艺处理效果稳定,出水水质中COD、BOD5、SS、动植物油、NH3-N的平均浓度分别为50,11,30,10和2 mg/L,水质达到GB 13457—1992《肉类加工工业水污染物排放标准》(禽类屠宰加工)中的一级排放标准。     

微生物菌剂处理炼油废水的工程设计

炼油废水具有污染物浓度高、水质波动大、可生化性差等特点,采用常规生物处理,难以稳定达标。采用"高效微生物+生物模块"工艺路线,应用石油降解菌剂、硝化菌剂和与之匹配的工艺,处理炼油废水,出水水质稳定达到GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》一级标准,对COD和NH3-N的平均去除率分别为94.2%和93.1%。该工艺具有抗冲击负荷强、运行费用省、出水水质好等优点,有较好的应用价值。     

CLB-NTOD处理生活污水及中水回用的研究

首次建立了利用复合生物反应器(CLB)结合新型氧化消毒器(NTOD)处理污水的新方法,并对其进行了相关的应用研究。 CLB-NTOD联用技术处理生活污水及中水回用效果非常明显,出水水质不仅达到国家一级排放标准,而且优于杂用用水水质标准。     

分层填料土地毛管渗滤系统处理生活污水的研究

研究了煤渣与土壤分层装填的土地毛管渗滤系统处理生活污水的效果;该系统未种植物前的运行初期,进水溶解氧浓度的增加可促进好氧微生物的生长繁殖,使其较快处于稳定期;在系统运行稳定后,在装置表面种植了植物,进水溶解氧浓度的减少对系统去除污染物效果的影响不明显;在出水达到国家二级排放标准的情况下,该系统所能承受的最高水力负荷为0.2m/d,与常规的纯土壤地下渗滤系统运行水力负荷仅能<0.05m/d相比,提高了单位面积处理污水的能力,节省了占地面积。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.