中国西部地区环境承载力多情景模拟分析

随着西部大开发战略的实施,受气候变化和人类活动影响,西部地区生态环境急剧恶化,生态环境承载能力不断降低,制约了经济社会的可持续发展。对中国西部地区环境承载力进行研究有利于西部地区可持续发展,可为西部地区今后发展提供一定的科学依据。本文以全国各省(市、自治区)2010年的GDP数据和污染物排放数据,以及国家"十二五"污染物排放总量控制数据为基础,选取了大气环境中的二氧化硫排放量和氮氧化物排放量,水环境中的化学需氧量排放量和氨氮排放量为指标,对西部地区不同省市的环境承载力进行评价,并设定了四种不同的排放水平情景,在不同情景下核定了西部各省市的GDP潜在增长率。通过分析,西部地区的环境承载力在经济社会可持续发展基础上可分为三类:一类省市包括重庆、陕西、四川三省市,该区环境承载力接近超载,需按2010年东部较为发达地区的污染物排放水平排放才可支持其经济高速发展,达到其规划的GDP增长率;二类省市包括西藏、贵州、云南、内蒙古、广西等五省市,环境承载力有一定空间,能够支持该区到"十二五"、"十三五"的经济发展目标;三类省市包括新疆、青海、甘肃、宁夏等四省市,环境承载力空间较大,能够支持该区较高的GDP发展速率。针对不同省市,在今后的发展过程中,四川、重庆、陕西三省市应以东部先进省市污染物排放水平或发达国家污染物排放水平为目标调整产业结构,提高节能减排技术,降低污染物排放量,提高污染物处理水平,在今后承接各类产业时,提高环境污染物排放要求。广西、云南、西藏、贵州、内蒙古五省市在今后发展中,应以全国平均或东部平均污染物排放水平为目标,适当降低污染物排放水平,在满足国家对各省份环境要求下,稳步进行经济发展。新疆、青海、甘肃和宁夏四省市由于目前环境容量较大,可以在现有水平下,稳步进行经济发展。     

经济发达城市人口承载力预测及其经济合理性评价——以无锡市区为例

在经济发达地区资源环境约束趋紧和经济发展转型背景下,开展人口规模预测研究对协调人口、资源、经济之间的关系具有积极意义。以无锡市区为例,核算土地资源人口承载力与不同时间阶段经济合理人口规模,分析土地资源人口承载量与经济合理人口规模之间的关系,解析未来人口发展趋势和影响因素。结果表明：无锡市区人口仍将稳步增加,外来人口仍将是常住人口增量的主体,但增速趋缓;2015、2020年经济合理人口分别约为404万和434万人,逐渐超出土地资源承载力所确定的402万人的合理人口规模;经济增长引起的就业人口的需求增长是导致人口总量增长的主要因素。未来需要通过产业结构调整、劳动生产率提升、公共服务设施完善等手段调控人口发展,以减轻资源环境压力和保障经济发展     

基于STIRPAT模型的武汉市环境影响驱动力分析

面对日益严重的环境问题,不仅要了解导致环境问题的各种驱动力,更应建立模型来精确描述环境影响与驱动力之间的关系。以武汉市为例,应用SPSS软件、以STIRPAT模型为依据,建立了描述环境影响与各驱动力之间精确关系的数个模型。模型计算结果表明:人口总量的增长和人类发展指数的上升是最主要的环境影响驱动力,城市化率、人均GDP等因素对环境也有影响;第三产业比重的上升有助于减小环境影响;基尼系数对环境几乎没有影响。以此为据,就如何改变这些影响因素,以减小环境影响提出了建议。除了人口总量等常规指标,还分析了人类发展指数、城市化率、基尼系数等指标,充实了环境影响驱动力指标体系,更客观反映了造成武汉市环境问题的原因。     

基于相对资源承载力新疆可持续发展研究

本文采用相对资源承载力的研究思路和分析方法,计算了1978-2007年29年间新疆相对土地资源承载力、相对经济资源承载力和相对综合资源承载力状态及其演化过程.研究表明:①土地资源是新疆人口的主要承载资源;②1990年以后,新疆实际承载人口数量出现"低-高-低"的波动;③新疆目前仍处于人口承载相对富裕的状态,但有趋向临界值发展的趋势;④新疆经济资源承载力能力脆弱.研究认为:新疆可持续发展的关键制约因素:一是长期处于两位数高出生、高增长的人口发展状态;二是自然资源开发与利用的转换效率低.资源浪费和环境损坏的代价大;三是经济基础薄弱,难以支撑新疆社会的可持续发展.建议:新疆应制定新时期人口发展战略;创新人口管理机制;制定控制人口、提高素质与强力有效的激励措施并举的政策;将人口自然增长率控制在10%以内;充分利用资源优势,提高资源转换效率,促进经济发展,实现新疆人口、资源与环境经济的可持续发展.     

北京市水资源人口承载力的动态模拟与分析

水资源是一个城市人口发展和经济社会发展最重要的不可或缺的资源,而且是难以在短期内改变的资源,因此常常成为决定一个地区或者城市承载力的最"短板因素"而受到极大重视。北京市作为北方干旱缺水城市,随着人口的增长和社会经济的发展,水资源紧张的问题日益显得突出。本文选择系统动力学方法对首都北京的水资源人口承载力进行了定量的动态的分析。模型中考虑了地表水、地下水、再生水以及南水北调水量等供水因素,同时考虑了工农业发展用水、生态用水和生活用水量的变动及其用水结构等变量以及它们的变化核相互作用对人口承载力的影响,并对上述因素未来的各种变化进行了模拟仿真。结果显示,如果按照目前的供水和用水标准以及用水结构,北京市水资源承载力将会随着时间推移而出现下降;南水北调水量的进入虽然能够缓解水资源承载压力,并较大幅度提高北京市人口承载力,但是随着人口规模扩张和工农业生产的发展,北京市的水资源人口承载力会再次出现下降,因此南水北调不能从根本上解决人口承载压力过大的问题。而提高水的综合利用率和改善用水结构将对北京市人口承载力的提高具有重大意义。     

芜湖市土地资源人口承载力与可持续发展研究

作为人类赖以生存和发展物质基础的土地资源有限性与人口的增长加剧了人地间的矛盾 ,土地资源人口承载力问题日益引起社会关注。在总结芜湖市土地资源利用现状、特点和当前人口食物消费水平的基础上分析了土地现实生产能力 ,同时为预测芜湖市 2 0 0 0、2 0 0 5、2 0 10年人口数量、复种指数、耕地面积及粮食单产发展趋势而分别建立了一元线性回归模型与灰色系统 GM(1,1)模型 ,通过取其平均值以提高其精度 ;并结合温饱型、宽裕型、小康型与富裕型四种消费水平分别探讨了预测期内芜湖市土地资源人口承载力状况 ,最后从耕地总量动态平衡、提高粮食单产与质量及控制人口增长等方面提出了可持续发展对策 ,为芜湖市建立稳定、协调、持续发展的人地关系提供科学的理论依据     

芜湖市土地资源人口承载力与可持续发展研究

作为人类赖以生存和发展物质基础的土地资源有限性与人口的增长加剧了人地间的矛盾,土地资源人口承载力问题日益引起社会关注。在总结芜湖市土地资源利用现状、特点和当前人口食物消费水平的基础上分析了土地现实生产能力,同时为预测芜湖市2000、2005、2010年人口数量、复种指数、耕地面积及粮食单产发展趋势而分别建立了一元线性回归模型与灰色系统GM（1,1）模型,通过取其平均值以提高其精度;并结合温饱型、宽裕型、小康型与富裕型四种消费水平分别探讨了预测期内芜湖市土地资源人口承载力状况,最后从耕地总量动态平衡、提高粮食单产与质量及控制人口增长等方面提出了可持续发展对策,为芜湖市建立稳定、协调、持续发展的人地关系提供科学的理论依据。     

长江上游山丘区土地承载力研究与评价——以四川省宜宾市为例

我国是一个以山地为主的国家，耕地有限且以山丘坡耕地为主，协调人地关系非常重要。以四川省宜宾市为例，通过土地资源生产潜力和人口数量预测模型的建立，采用环境容量等级系数计算和等级划分方法，对基于水土流失和生态工程建设作用下的长江上游流域山丘区土地利用类型与格局的变化及其它人类活动对土地承载力的影响进行了研究与评价。研究结果表明，宜宾市土地资源的生产潜力在2010、2015、2020年时总体上都能承载3种生活类型条件下的人口数量，3种生活类型下的容量等级基本都在“3”以上，即达到“满足”水平，并呈现出向“富余”水平提高的趋势，这表明尚具有较大潜力和空间的土地承载力是宜宾区域经济发展的有利驱动因素，人类活动对土地承载力产生的影响在可承受的生态阈值之内，为长江上游流域及我国广大山丘地区的生态环境建设和区域发展提供了可靠依据。     

东营市海岸带区域综合承载力评估

随着人类对海岸带开发强度的不断提高,海岸带资源、环境问题日益突出,海岸带可持续发展成为人类共识,海岸带区域综合承载力研究作为该区域可持续发展的基础性研究,可以为海岸带区域合理开发与管理提供重要理论支撑。本文选取东营市海岸带为研究区域,以海岸带湿地遥感解译数据、浅海水质监测数据及社会经济统计数据为数据源,运用状态空间法计算了研究区2010—2014年海岸带区域的综合承载力;对东营市与潍坊市、滨州市的海岸带区域综合承载力进行了比较分析;预测了2016—2020年东营市海岸带区域综合承载力;依据研究结果探讨了海岸带可持续利用的未来途径。结果表明:在过去的2010—2014年和预测的2016—2020年东营市海岸带区域综合承载力均处于超载状态,但总趋势是向好的;同时,2010—2014年东营市海岸带在吸引外资、港口发展、海岸带生态系统服务价值、浅海海域水环境方面具有明显优势,但社会公共服务投入不平衡、不稳定。与2016—2020年东营市海岸带区域综合承载力预测结果相比较而言,2011年东营市海岸带区域综合承载力超载最明显,与该年环境压力大和社会投入不足有关。2014年东营市各县区海岸带区域综合承载力均处于超载状态,广饶县超载最明显;同时各县区自然、社会、经济发展水平差异较大,市辖区社会经济指标优于各县区。东营市海岸带区域综合承载力相比潍坊市、滨州市在资源、环境、生态方面具有明显优势,但在社会支撑方面投入不足,因此可以通过保持资源、生态优势,弥补社会投入不足等措施提高东营市海岸带可持续利用水平。     

基于经济文化强省建设目标的山东综合人口承载力预测

作为全国第二人口大省,山东正处于全面建设小康社会、实现富民强省新跨越的关键时期。本文以广义资源供给为立论基础、人的全面发展为最终目的,构建基于经济文化强省建设目标的山东综合人口承载力框架结构和指标体系,分别预测对山东人口发展具有显著制约作用的15项要素人口承载力;接着利用专家咨询法确定指标和子系统权重,测算资源、环境、经济、社会4个子系统和综合人口承载力。结果表明,2020年山东实现全面小康社会时,预期人口将处于综合承载力之内;2050年实现基本现代化时,预期人口将超出综合承载力阈值;自然资源和生态环境始终是制约人口承载力的主要瓶颈,经济发展子系统承载力的略有盈余难以弥补资源环境承载力的不足。上述研究一方面完善省域层面综合人口承载力的理论与实证研究,另一方面为山东经济文化强省建设和人口合理调控提供重要决策咨询。     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

A general approach to transform a lake model for one radionuclide (radiocesium) to another (radiostrontium) and critical model tests using data for four Ural lakes contaminated by the fallout from the Kyshtym accident in 1957

This paper presents results of a model test carried out within the framework of the COMETES project (EU). The aim of the work was to change the structure of the MOIRA lake model for radiocesium so that it can be applied more generally for, in principle, all types of radionuclides and heavy metals. This general lake model is used within the MOIRA decision support system (DSS; MOIRA and COMETES are acronyms for EU-projects). The model is based on a set of differential equations and a specific modelling structure. It incorporates all important fluxes to, from and within lakes in a general manner. Yet the model is driven by a minimum of variables accessible from standard maps and monitoring programs. The model can be separated into two parts, a general part with equations applicable for all types of water pollutants and a substance-specific part. This model has previously been validated for 137Cs from many lakes covering a wide domain and yielded excellent predictive power. The alterations discussed in this work are meant to be general and radiostrontium is used as a typical element. Radiostrontium is known to be more mobile than radiocesium and all abiotic parts of the model handling fixation and mobility have been altered. The new model for 90Sr has been critically tested using data from four lakes heavily contaminated with 90Sr from the Kyshtym accident in the Southern Urals, Russia, using empirical data from a period from 1958 to 1995 for 90Sr in fish (here goldfish), water and sediments.