河套凌汛时期气温演变特征

利用49a（1955—2003年）河套封冻期日气温资料。采用小波分析等方法，研究了该区域在近47a的气温、气温差、负积温的变化。结果表明：黄河甘肃内蒙古段冬季气温存在明显线形上升趋势，平均速度在0．42℃／10a～1．06℃／10a之间；兰州-银川段气温差减小。银川-包头段气温差加大；负积温时间变化呈明显下降趋势，线性变化率为-8．88℃／a。负积温演变在1986年附近发生了突变，负积温量突变性减少；稳定低于0℃的开始日期和结束日期存在明显的线性变化趋势，开始日期平均以1．6d／10a速度推迟。结束日期平均以2．2d／10a速度提前，负积温时段长度呈明显线性减少；负积温变化存在2a～4a、5a左右的年际振荡，1986年突变前振幅较大，突变后振幅减弱，5a周期消失。     

安徽省近50年雷暴的时空变化特征及影响因素

利用安徽省78个气象台站1961～2009年逐日雷暴资料，统计出历年各站雷暴日数并建立时间序列，通过趋势分析、EOF分析、小波分析、MK突变检验等方法对安徽省近50年雷暴的时空变化特征及影响因素进行分析。结果表明：安徽省雷暴日数存在显著的减少趋势；空间分布为南部多于北部，山区多于平原；季节分布为夏季最多，春季次之，秋季相对较少，冬季很少出现雷暴；初雷日期推迟而终雷日期提早，雷暴期有缩短趋势；安徽省所有台站的雷暴日数均在减少，其中江淮之间西南部及皖南南部减少的幅度最大；雷暴日数EOF展开前3个模态累积方差贡献达987%，第一模态为全省一致型，第二模态为南北相反型；雷暴日数存在10~12年和2~3年左右的周期，在1976年存在一次显著突变；雷暴的时空变化与大气环流、纬度、地形、季节等因素有关     

荆州主要界限温度初终日、持续天数和积温的变化

根据荆州1954～2008年逐日气温资料，运用线性倾向估计、M K突变检验等方法计算分析了≥10℃积温和≥20℃积温的时间变化特征。结果表明：（1）55 a来年平均气温呈增加趋势，线性增温率为0.26℃/10 a,突变点为1986年，1988年后气温显著增加。（2）≥10℃和≥20℃初始日期呈显著提前趋势，终止日期呈延迟趋势,持续天数显著增加。（3）≥10℃积温呈显著增加趋势，增温率为85.9℃/10 a，突变点为1990年，1994年后积温显著增加；≥20℃积温呈显著增加趋势，增温率为75.6℃/10 a,突变点为1995年，2004年后积温显著增加。（4）≥10℃、≥20℃初始日期提前程度大于终止日期延迟程度，≥10℃积温增加幅度大于≥20℃积温增加幅度，≥10℃积温突变点和显著增加点出现年份均早于≥20℃积温。〖     

近52a西南地区潜在蒸散发时空变化特征

潜在蒸散发对水资源评价和气候变化均具有重要意义。采用Penman-Monteith公式和气象观测资料计算了中国西南地区90个气象站的潜在蒸散发,并采用多种统计方法分析了潜在蒸散发的时空变化特征。结果表明:(1)西南地区近52a的平均潜在蒸散发为3 209.8 mm,其中云南省潜在蒸散发最高(3 664.7 mm),其次为四川省(3 015.0 mm)、重庆市(2 972.4 mm)、贵州省(2 958.0 mm)。四季潜在蒸散发空间分布特征与年不同,从大到小排序为夏季,春季,秋季,冬季。(2)西南地区整体呈增加趋势(0.9 mm/10 a),其中31个站点呈减少趋势(p0.1),17个站点呈增加趋势(p0.1),其余站点变化趋势不显著。大部分站点春季(55.6%)和夏季(63.3%)呈减少趋势,秋季(62.2%)和冬季(58.9%)则呈增加趋势。(3)经MannKendall突变检验,该区整体潜在蒸散发的突变时间为1995年(p0.05);单个站点突变检验显示,76个站点发生突变,突变年份集中于1980s,未发生突变的站点主要分布于青藏高原东缘。整体上看,近52a来西南地区潜在蒸散发略呈增加趋势,并存在突变点,但部分站点存在相反的变化趋势,这和复杂的地形环境和气候特征有较大关系,体现出西南地区水文气象变化的独特性。     

近50年安徽省双季稻安全生产期变化特征

为进一步了解安徽省双季稻安全生产界限温度日期变化特征，以安徽省22个双季稻生产市(县)气象观测站1961～2017年日平均气温为基础，采用线性趋势法和Mann-Kendall非参数检验法，分析了安徽省沿江双季稻区早稻安全播种期、移栽期和晚稻安全齐穗期、成熟期及双季稻安全生长期日数、积温变化特征。结果表明:近50年安徽省沿江地区早稻安全播种期呈显著提前趋势(P<0.05)，其中薄膜育秧平均提前1.8 d/10 a，露天育秧提前1.5 d/10 a；早稻安全移栽期呈极显著提前趋势(P<0.01)，平均提前2.5 d/10 a；晚稻安全齐穗期、成熟期推迟趋势不显著(P>0.05)；安全生产期日数和积温增加显著(P<0.01)，平均增幅分别为2.6和62.7℃·d/10 a。安全生产期日数和积温增加对双季稻种植和品种选择具有积极作用，但晚稻采用直播、机插等栽种方式有遭遇低温冷害的风险。     

合肥城市发展对热岛强度的影响

城市热岛强度与城市发展关系密切.以合肥市为研究对象,利用趋势分析、主成分分析等方法系统分析了合肥城市热岛变化及与城市发展的关系,结果表明:合肥城市热岛显著,年际变化总体呈上升趋势,平均值为0.58℃,变化速率为0.194℃/10 a;季节变化表现为冬季最强,夏季最弱,春、秋介于两者之间,热岛强度增长速率大小顺序依次是:冬季>秋季>春季>夏季,分别为0.1、0.081、0.068和0.049℃/10 a;同时选出9个城市发展指标,计算得出合肥城市发展的综合指标LU,并在此基础上建立合肥城市发展与城市热岛强度之间的最佳回归模型为:y=0.563-0.027x+0.001x2-1.1E-05x3(相关系数R=0.8405,F=22.387).     

湖北省60年代以来气温日较差的变化趋势

利用湖北省７２站１９６１￣１９９５年逐月最高、最低气温资料,计算并详细分析了湖北省年、四季及逐月气温日较差的线性变化趋势。结果表明：（１）年最低气温呈明显上升趋势,而最高气温为下降趋势,因此气温日较差呈显著减少趋势。（２）就四季来看,最高气温在春、夏、冬季均呈下降趋势,但只有夏季的下降趋势是显著的,秋季呈弱上升趋势;最低气温在四季均呈上升趋势,但只有冬季的上升趋势是显著的;气温日较差在冬季与夏季均     

长江中下游地区连阴雨变化特征分析

利用长江中下游地区86站1961~2011年逐日降水量资料,采用线性倾向估计法和M-K突变检验法,分析该地区年连阴雨日数、过程次数、总降水量及降水强度的时空变化特征。结果显示:长江中下游地区大部连阴雨日数有70~130 d/a、连阴雨过程次数有7~12次/a、连阴雨总雨量为500~1 300 mm/a、年均连阴雨强度为8~10 mm/d,连阴雨过程持续时间多在8~11 d/次左右。其中连阴雨日数和频次总体呈现出南多北少、连阴雨总雨量呈东南多西北少、雨强呈东强西弱的分布态势;近50 a来,长江中下游地区平均年连阴雨日数、连阴雨过程频次、连阴雨总雨量均呈减少趋势,减少速率分别为3.8 d/10 a、0.3次/10 a、18.5 mm/10 a,其中连阴雨日数、频次减少趋势显著;降水强度呈显著增加趋势,增加速率为0.2 mm/(d·10 a)。空间上,西部连阴雨日数、过程次数均呈显著减少趋势,东部呈微弱的减少趋势;大部地区连阴雨总量均呈显著减少趋势,其中西部尤为突出。突变分析发现,长江中下游连阴雨存在突变年份,各统计因子突变主要集中在1991~2011年,连阴雨日数减少突变发生在2003年,2006年起减少趋势超过显著性水平;连阴雨频次突变发生在2004年,2010年起减少趋势超过显著性水平;连阴雨总雨量突变发生在2006年,但这种突变不显著;连阴雨降水强度于1992~1994年发生突变,2010年起增加趋势超过显著性水平。     

1961～2010年华中区域降水变化特征分析

收集1961～2010年华中区域239个气象站点,选择通过均一化检验的233个站点作为研究对象,系统分析了近50a华中区域降水变化特征。结果表明:1961～2010年华中区域年降水量无明显的增减趋势,20世纪60年代降水接近常年,90年代降水偏多,70～80年代、21世纪初降水偏少。降水纬向分布特征比较显著,由南向北逐渐递减,且空间分布不均匀。年降水日数减少趋势显著,减少速率为3.4d/10a。1989年以后区域降水量增加明显,2006年以后降水减少,同时存在2a左右周期振荡;降水日数在1986年以后减少明显。春、秋季降水总体减少,减少速率分别为5.4、12.2mm/10a;夏、冬季降水总体增加,增加速率为15.9、6.3mm/10a。四季降水日数的变化速率分别为-1.4、0.2、-2.1、-0.1d/10a。     

雅鲁藏布江中游河谷气温时序变化的小波分析

通过对雅鲁藏布江中游河谷地区拉萨、日喀则、江孜和泽当等4个气象站1957～2007年逐日气温资料进行等权平均取值，采用气候倾向率和小波分析法，研究了不同时间尺度下近51 a气温变化趋势及周期特征。结果表明：近50 a年平均气温倾向率为0.27℃/10 a，高于西藏地区平均值。气温变化以秋、冬季较显著，夏季气温增长最不明显。年与各季气温变化均存在15～20 a时间尺度上的周期性震荡，突变点在1987年左右，总体表现为1987年前气温偏低，1987年后处于偏高期。春、秋、冬季在1975年左右存在一个升温期，但夏季较明显的升温期却在20世纪80年代中期。
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Perfluorosulfonates and perfluorocarboxylates in snow and rain in Dalian,China

Samples of precipitation events (snow and rain) in Dalian, a typical coastal town in China, were analyzed for perfluorosulfonates (PFSAs) and perfluorocarboxylates (PFCAs) to investigate atmospheric contamination by these compounds. In the snow event on December 16, 2006, samples were collected from 21 different sites and in another 6 precipitation events, samples were collected from a single location. Four PFSAs (C4, C6, C8, C10) and seven PFCAs (C6–12) were analyzed. Among the homologues, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) concentrations were the highest with a geometric mean (GM) of 145 ng/L (n = 21) during the snow event on December 16, 2006, followed by perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) with a GM of 24.7 ng/L (n = 21). Concentrations of perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) and perfluoroheptanoate (PFHpA) were more than two orders of magnitude lower than that of PFOS. Other PFSAs and PFCAs were found to be below the limit of detection in all the samples. In other 6 precipitation events, PFSAs and PFCAs were detected approximately in the same order of magnitude in both snow and rain. The results indicate that wet deposition may be a potential transport mechanism of perfluorinated chemicals in the environment.     

Concentration and characteristics of depleted uranium in biological and water samples collected in Bosnia and Herzegovina

During Balkan conflicts in 1994-1995, depleted uranium (DU) ordnance was employed and was left in the battlefield. Health concern is related to the risk arising from contamination of the environment with DU penetrators and dust. In order to evaluate the impact of DU on the environment and population in Bosnia and Herzegovina, radiological survey of DU in biological and water samples were carried out over the period 12-24 October 2002. The uranium isotopic concentrations in biological samples collected in Bosnia and Herzegovina, mainly lichens, mosses and barks, were found to be in the range of 0.27-35.7 Bq kg(-1) for (238)U, 0.24-16.8 Bq kg(-1) for (234)U, and 0.02-1.11 Bq kg(-1) for (235)U, showing uranium levels to be higher than in the samples collected at the control site. Moreover, the (236)U in some of the samples was detectable. The isotopic ratios of (234)U/(238)U showed DU to be detectable in many biological samples at most sites examined, but in very low levels. The presence of DU in the biological samples was as a result of DU contamination in air. The uranium concentrations in water samples collected in Bosnia and Herzegovina were found to be in the range of 0.27-16.2 m Bq l(-1) for (238)U, 0.41-15.6 m Bq l(-1) for (234)U and 0.012-0.695 m Bq l(-1) for (235)U, and two water samples were observed to be DU positive; these values are much lower than those in mineral water found in central Italy and below the WHO guideline for public drinking water. From radiotoxicological point of view, at this moment there is no significant radiological risk related to these investigated sites in terms of possible DU contamination of water and/or plants.     

Institutional traps and vulnerability to changes in climate and flood regimes in Thailand

Vulnerabilities to floods in Thailand are changing as a result of many factors. Formal and informal institutions help shape exposure, sensitivity and capacities to respond of individuals, social groups and social-ecological systems. In this paper we draw on several case studies of flood events and flood-affected communities to first assess how current practices reflect various laws, procedures, programs and policies for managing floods and disasters and then explore the implications for dealing with additional challenges posed by climate change. Our analysis identifies several institutional traps which need to be overcome if vulnerability is to be reduced, namely capture of agendas by technical elites, single-level or centralized concentration of capacities, organizational fragmentation and overemphasis on reactive crisis management. Possible responses are to expand public participation in managing risks, build adaptive capacities at multiple levels and link them, integrate flood disaster management and climate change adaptation into development planning, prioritize risk reduction for socially vulnerable groups and strengthen links between knowledge and practice. Responses like these could help reduce vulnerabilities under current climate and flood regimes, while also improving capacities to handle the future which every way that unfolds.     

Variation and Interrelation of Characters in Brunnera sibirica in Natural and Disturbed Habitats

Russian Journal of Ecology -     

110mAg root and foliar uptake in vegetables and its migration in soil

110mAg, as a radionuclide of corrosion products in water-cooled nuclear reactors, was detected in the liquid effluents of Guangdong Daya Bay Nuclear Power Station (GNPS) of Daya Bay under normal operation conditions. Experiments on a simulated terrestrial agricultural ecosystem were carried out using the pot experiment approach. The most common plants in Hong Kong and the South China vegetable gardens such as lettuce, Chinese spinach, kale, carrot, pepper, eggplant, bean, flowering cabbage, celery, European onion and cucumber were selected for (110m)Ag root and foliar uptake tests. The results show that carrot, kale and flowering cabbage have the greatest values of soil to plant transfer factor among the vegetables, while(110m)Ag can be transferred to Chinese spinach via foliar uptake. Flowering cabbage, the most popular leafy vegetable locally, could be used as a biomonitor for the radioisotope contamination in vegetables. Soil column and adsorption tests were also carried out to study the leaching ability and distribution coefficient (K(d)) of (110m)Ag in the soil. The results show that most of the radionuclide was adsorbed in the top 1 cm of soil regardless of the pH value. The K(d) was also determined.     

Distribution Characteristics and Implication of n-alkanes in Soils and Plants in Alpine Meadow

Russian Journal of Ecology - The present study was conducted to investigate the n-alkane composition of typical alpine meadows. Plant and soil samples were collected and analyzed to characterize...     

4-Nonylphenol and bisphenol A in Swedish food and exposure in Swedish nursing women

4-Nonylphenol (NP) and bisphenol A (BPA) are phenolic substances used in high volumes by the industry. Studies on cells and in experimental animals have shown that both these compounds can be classified as estrogenic hormone disrupters. Information about the exposure of humans to NP and BPA is still scarce, especially regarding levels in human blood. The first aim of this study was to investigate possible sources of NP and BPA exposure from food, by analyzing the levels of NP and BPA from a Swedish food market basket, based on the Swedish per capita food consumption. A second aim was to investigate blood serum levels of NP and BPA, as well as NP-ethoxylates, among young women in Sweden (n = 100). Moreover, associations between food consumption and blood NP and BPA levels were studied. In food, NP was to some extent found at levels above limit of quantification (LOQ 20 ng/g fresh weight) in fruits, cereal products, vegetables, and potatoes. BPA levels above LOQ (2 ng/g fresh weight) were found in fish, meats, potatoes, and dairy products. The estimated mean intakes per capita were (medium bound) 27 μg NP/day and 3.9 μg BPA/day, showing that food is a source of BPA and NP in the general Swedish population. In blood serum, free NP above limit of detection (LOD 0.5 ng/g) was detected in 46% of the study participants while detectable levels of total NP (LOD 0.8 ng/g) were observed in 43%. The corresponding percentages for BPA were 25% and 22%, respectively. The results indicate that there is a continuous source of exposure to NP and BPA that is high enough for free NP and BPA to be detected in some consumers. Among the participants with quantifiable levels of free and total NP (n = 38), 85% (median, range: 38–112%) of the NP was present as free NP. For BPA 76% (49–109%) was detected as free BPA (n = 15). All women had levels of ethoxylates of NP below LOD (0.1–0.7 ng/g). A significantly higher total consumption of fruits and vegetables was reported in questionnaires by participants with NP levels at or above LOD than among women with levels below LOD. This result is supporting the market basket results of relatively high NP levels in these types of food.     

90Sr, 210Po and 210Pb in lichen and reindeer in Norway

Concentrations of ⁹⁰Sr, ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb in lichen and reindeer were studied in central (Østre Namdal) and southern Norway (Vågå) during 2000–2003. The study focussed on potential differences in concentrations of these nuclides in reindeer of different ages. Concentrations of ⁹⁰Sr in bones of ∼10 year old adult females were about 40% higher than those in calves' antlers (⁹⁰Sr concentrations in antlers and bones of calves are similar), while the available data from Vågå suggest that ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in reindeer calves decreased with an effective ecological half-time of 9.03 ± 0.06 years during 1988–2002. Furthermore, ⁹⁰Sr concentrations were 50–80% higher in bone of reindeer of a similar age from Vågå compared to those from Østre Namdal. Concentrations of ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb in muscle and liver tissues were comparable to those reported for reindeer in other Nordic areas, with no significant difference in ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb concentrations between adults and calves or between reindeer from the two different study areas.     

Associations between grab sample and integrated radon measurements in dwellings in Maine and Texas

Radon concentrations were measured in several locations in each of approximately 100 dwellings in central Maine and in Houston, TX. Integrated samples were taken during the heating (or cooling) seasons with commercially available passive alpha track devices, while grab samples were taken at the time of integrated sampler deployment. It was found that both indoor and outdoor measurements in both areas were distributed log normally, and that the geometric mean of indoor measurements in Maine was three times higher than that of corresponding measurements in the Houston area. It was also noted that the mean of the indoor grab sample measurements was not significantly different from the mean of the indoor integrated measurements, and that the degree of correlation between the grab samples and a given indoor integrated sample was nearly as good as between integrated samples taken at different living area locations.     

Antibiotics detected in urines and adipogenesis in school children

BackgroundAlthough antibiotic use during early life has been demonstrated to be related to the altered adipogenesis in later life, limited data are available for the effect of antibiotic exposure in school children on adiposity from various sources, including from the use or contaminated food or drinking water.ObjectiveTo explore the association between the internal exposure of antibiotics from various sources and adipogenesis in school children using the biomonitoring of urinary antibiotics.MethodsAfter 586 school children aged 8–11 years were selected from Shanghai in 2013, total urinary concentrations (free and conjugated) of 21 common antibiotics from six categories (macrolides, β-lactams, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides, and phenicols), including five human antibiotics (HAs), two antibiotics preferred as HA, four veterinary antibiotics (VAs), and ten antibiotics preferred as VA, were measured by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Creatinine-corrected urinary concentrations of antibiotics were used to assess their exposure. Overweight or obesity was determined by the body mass index or waist circumference-based criteria deriving from national data.ResultsAll 21 antibiotics were found in urines with the overall detection frequency of 79.6%. The multinomial logistic regression analyses showed the significant associations of overweight and obesity with the exposure to VAs and antibiotics preferred as VA, but not with HAs or antibiotics preferred as HA. After adjusted for a number of obesity-relevant variables, the odds ratios (95% confidence interval) of BMI-based obesity risk of tertiles 2 and 3 of urinary concentrations relative to tertile 1 were respectively 2.54 (1.27, 5.07) and 2.92 (1.45, 5.87) for florfenicol, 0.57 (0.12, 2.63) and 3.63 (1.41, 9.32) for trimethoprim, and 3.00 (1.56, 5.76) and 1.99 (0.99, 4.01) for sum of veterinary antibiotics. Similar results were found when the outcome used WC-based obesity risk. The associations were sex related and mainly observed in boys.ConclusionsSome types of antibiotic exposure, which were mainly from food or drinking water, were associated with an increased risk of obesity in school children. Due to the cross-sectional design, more longitudinal and experimental studies are warranted to further test these findings.