Distribution Characteristics and Implication of n-alkanes in Soils and Plants in Alpine Meadow

Russian Journal of Ecology - The present study was conducted to investigate the n-alkane composition of typical alpine meadows. Plant and soil samples were collected and analyzed to characterize...     

Cornmeal-induced resistance to ciprofloxacin and erythromycin in enterococci

Triclosan is used as an antibacterial agent in household items and personal care products. Since this compound is found in maternal milk of humans and bodies of wild animals, there is growing concern among some consumer groups and scientific community that triclosan is adverse for humans and wild animals. In order to estimate adverse actions of triclosan, the effects of triclosan on intracellular Zn²⁺ concentration and cellular thiol content were studied in rat thymocytes by the use of flow cytometer with appropriate fluorescent probes. Triclosan at 1-3 μM (sublethal concentrations) increased the intensity of FluoZin-3 fluorescence (intracellular Zn²⁺ concentration) and decreased the intensity of 5-chloromethylfluorescein (5-CMF) fluorescence (cellular thiol content). Negative correlation (r = −0.985) between triclosan-induced changes in FluoZin-3 and 5-CMF fluorescences was found. Removal of external Zn²⁺ did not significantly affect the triclosan-induced augmentation of FluoZin-3 fluorescence, suggesting an intracellular Zn²⁺ release by triclosan. These actions of triclosan were similar to those of H₂O₂ and triclosan significantly potentiated the cytotoxicity of H₂O₂. Therefore, the results may suggest that triclosan at sublethal concentrations induces oxidative stress that decreases cellular thiol content, resulting in an increase in intracellular Zn²⁺ concentration by Zn²⁺ release from intracellular store(s). Since recent studies show many physiological roles of intracellular Zn²⁺ in cellular functions, the triclosan-induced disturbance of cellular Zn²⁺ homeostasis may induce adverse actions on the cells.     

热分析-质谱联用分析生物垃圾热解机理

采用热分析-质谱联用技术研究了城市生活垃圾中三种生物质成分的热解过程,并采用Freeman-Carroll法定量分析了三种生物质热重动力学参数。结果表明木屑、落叶和菜叶这类生物质热解过程分为三个阶段,先是水分析出的微小失重阶段,之后是因纤维素等大分子进行交联缩聚的快速热解阶段,表现为放热效应,逸出的气体主要有H2O、CO2、C2H6/C2H4和CH4,最后是吸热脱链解聚的缓慢热解过程,逸出的小分子气体主要有CO2。     

氯代烃污染场地生物自然衰减修复研究进展

随着监测自然衰减技术的不断发展和日趋成熟,其在氯代烃污染场地修复领域中的应用越来越广泛和深入。本文在简要回顾监测自然衰减技术来源和发展的基础上,围绕主导氯代烃去除的生物自然衰减过程,综合探究了影响监测自然衰减效率的污染物、生物和环境因素,概述了评估氯代烃污染场地自然衰减能力的实地监测和数值模拟手段,并基于室内模拟实验和场地实际应用现状,分析了其与强化衰减技术联合应用的发展趋势。今后需要在复合污染体系的自然衰减特征、生物降解调控机理研究、数值模拟及同位素分析等手段的应用等方面进一步深入研究,以期为氯代烃污染场地的绿色修复提供参考。     

Growth responses of in vitro Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum to external supply of tannic acid

Allelochemicals released from root exudates or decaying residues of plants play diversified roles in ecological interactions of plant-pathogen. The objective of this work was to evaluate the allelopathic effect of an externally supplied tannic acid on soil-borne in vitro Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum. Results showed that the tannic acid decreased the growth of the fungus up to 9.5% at 800 mg l(-1). Conidial germination was reduced by 52.3% in comparison with the control. However, sporulation and mycotoxin production by the fungus were stimulated. The activity of pectinase and proteinase were initially increased and finally decreased with increase in concentrations of tannic acid. Tannic acid served as an ecological allelochemical, repressing the growth of the pathogen.     

微电解/Fenton法预处理炼油碱渣的实验

采用铁碳微电解/Fenton试剂组合工艺对炼油碱渣废水混凝沉淀处理后出水,进行降解研究。实验结果表明:pH值为3,废水与铁碳填料的体积比为2∶1,微电解反应时间2 h,曝气的条件下,废水的处理效果最好,COD的去除率超过42.5%。Fenton试剂处理微电解反应出水的最佳操作条件是:pH值在2～3之间、反应时间2.5 h、Fe2+浓度为800 mg/L左右、H2O2浓度为0.25 mol/L,在此条件下,Fenton试剂处理微电解处理后的炼油碱渣废水COD平均去除率为63.8%以上,微电解/Fenton工艺对COD的总去除率在79.2%左右,可生化性由0.16提高到0.56。     

土壤中铜生态阈值的影响因素及其预测模型

利用中国土壤的铜毒理学数据通过物种敏感性分布法推导了土壤中铜的不同风险水平(P%)的毒害浓度值(P% Hazardous concentration, HCp),并利用淋洗―老化因子校正HCp获得不同土地类型土壤中铜的生态阈值,探讨了土壤性质对铜生态阈值的影响并建立了两者之间的量化关系.结果表明,土壤性质对铜的生态阈值有显著影响,土壤pH值和阳离子交换量(CEC)是影响土壤铜生态阈值的最主要因子,可达铜生态阈值变异的80%以上.基于土壤pH值和CEC的两因子回归模型能较好地预测铜生态阈值,其决定系数R2为0.820~0.913;增加土壤有机碳含量(OC)的三因子模型具有更高的准确性,其决定系数R2为0.852~0.988.研究结果可为科学合理地进行土壤中铜的生态风险评价和建立土壤环境质量标准提供依据.     

铜尾矿库重金属Cu、Zn对细菌群落结构的影响

以湖北某铜矿尾矿库为主要研究对象,采集库内尾矿样品11个、对照样某小型废弃尾矿库尾矿样品2个和附近耕地土壤样品1个,采用变性梯度凝胶电泳方法对上述样品中细菌的16S rRNA V3~V6可变区扩增片段进行分析,利用分析得到的图谱数据与所测得样品的理化性质及重金属Cu、Zn含量进行相关性及冗余度(RDA)分析.结果表明,尾矿库内Cu、Zn污染严重并波及周边,与尾矿样品的理化性质存在不同的相关性,其中Zn的污染程度与有机质存在极显著正相关[R=0.668(P<0.01)].DGGE图谱分析结果发现,样品细菌多样性较低,相似性较高(最低相似度53.1%),优势菌群相对稳定,PCA分析表明,Cu和Zn对细菌多样性具有抑制作用.RDA分析结果说明Cu和Zn的含量对细菌种群分布影响很大,Cu对大部分种群具有抑制作用,而Zn一方面能促进某些种属数量,另一方面又能抑制其他种群的结构变化,这种影响并不是实验室研究的简单线性关系.     

Enhanced reductive dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyl-contaminated soil by in-vessel anaerobic composting with zero-valent iron

Anaerobic dechlorination is an effective degradation pathway for higher chlorinated polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The enhanced reductive dechlorination of PCB-contaminated soil by anaerobic composting with zero-valent iron (ZVI) was studied, and preliminary reasons for the enhanced reductive dechlorination with ZVI were investigated. The results show that the addition of nanoscale ZVI can enhance dechlorination during in-vessel anaerobic composting. After 140 days, the average number of removed Cl per biphenyl with 10 mg g^?1 of added nanoscale ZVI was 0.63, enhancing the dechlorination by 34 % and improving the initial dechlorination speed. The ZVI enhances dechlorination by providing a suitable acid base environment, reducing volatile fatty acid inhibition and stimulating the microorganisms. The C/N ratios for treatments with the highest rate of ZVI addition were smaller than for the control, indicating that ZVI addition can promote compost maturity.     

大渡河上游沙耳沟泥石流震后特征及其发展趋势

沙耳沟是一条老泥石流沟，处于“5.12”地震的严重波及区。为了研究地震对严重波及区泥石流沟的影响，通过详细的野外调查和勘查，对沙耳沟泥石流震后基本特征和发展趋势进行了探讨。沙耳沟泥石流的性质可判定为“中频率 中~大规模 较高粘度泥石质泥石流”，具有暴雨激发、成灾速度快、危害严重等特点，其危害作用主要为冲毁和淤埋。泥石流物源主要以沟床质起动、沟源侵蚀和沟岸崩滑补给为主，沟内固体物源方量约1300×104 m3，其中可能参与泥石流活动的固体物源动储量约300×104 m3，已经具备暴发中 大规模泥石流的可能性。根据计算，在50 a一遇的暴雨作用下，一次泥石流总量超过9×104 m3；在100 a一遇及更低频率的暴雨作用下，一次泥石流总量超过13×104 m3。通过研究发现，“5.12”地震对地震严重波及区的泥石流沟有一定的影响，但影响不十分明显，其发展趋势仍按自身规律进行演化。