含大规模风电电网综合安全评估模型研究

基于多层次模糊综合评价方法提出了一种含大规模风电电网综合安全评估模型。首先研究了多层次模糊综合评价方法，在充分分析大规模风电注入功率对电网的影响后，综合考虑风电送出水平、电网静态安全性、暂态稳定性和运行经济性多个指标建立大规模风电注入功率对电网影响的评估模型；最后以甘肃酒泉大规模风电基地为实例，仿真分析大规模风电注入对电网的影响，提出适应该风电基地的模糊评价指标、隶属度函数和评语集，对大规模风电注入功率对电网影响的评估模型计算求解，量化评估该风电送出方案，验证了所提出的评估方法的可行性和有效性。     

电絮凝-过硫酸盐氧化协同工艺处理页岩气压裂返排废水

采用电絮凝-过硫酸盐氧化协同工艺处理页岩气压裂返排废水,通过电解过程产生的Fe2+活化过硫酸盐产生强氧化性的硫酸根自由基氧化废水中的有机物,同时Fe2+被氧化成Fe3+进而水解起到絮凝作用。实验结果表明,在电解时间25 min、电流密度41.7 m A/cm~2、电极间距4 cm、搅拌转速100 r/min、废水pH 7.0、过硫酸盐添加量0.006 mol/L的条件下,COD去除率达94.5%,出水BOD_5/COD从0.13增至0.56,电导率从104 mS/m降至71 mS/m,矿化度从16 704 mg/L降至4 065 mg/L,不可滤残渣含量从554 mg/L降至59 mg/L。电絮凝-过硫酸盐氧化协同处理的效果明显优于单独电絮凝和硫酸亚铁活化过硫酸盐氧化工艺,循环伏安测试结果表明其原因是硫酸根自由基的产生,同时溶液的导电性增强,强化了絮凝效果。     

电场烟气流速过高对电除尘器的影响及其解决办法

论述了电场烟气流速过高对电除尘器的影响,并从电除尘器电场断面加高或加宽、降低排烟温度、电袋复合式除尘器三个方面分析了改造方案及典型工程的应用实例.阐述了具体工况下选择不同的解决办法来降低电场烟气流速,提高除尘效率.     

基于“两网融合”视角的生活类再生资源规范管理研究

改革开放以来,生活类再生资源回收以市场化的回收方式为主,形成了多种所有制充分竞争的格局。同时,利益导向型的社会回收体系发展壮大,又成为城市管理的痛点和难点。在普遍推行生活垃圾分类制度的背景下,系统分析"两网融合"工作中生活类再生资源规范管理存在的问题,并从制度、体系、平台等方面提出针对性意见和建议。     

林业产业循环经济指标体系的构建与量化

伴随着科学发展观和生态文明理念的提出,发展循环经济成为改变经济增长方式的必然选择。林业产业作为一项重要的公益事业和基础产业,在实践循环经济的过程中,有必要通过建立一套行之有效的指标体系以评价发展成果,这也是林业产业实现可持续发展的关键环节。在设计林业产业循环经济指标体系时,应当从循环经济的本质要求和林业产业自身特色出发,准确把握具体指标及其权重,挑选切实可行的计算方法,以使该指标体系成为客观、准确评价林业产业循环经济发展的标准。     

居民区地下配电房通风降噪仿真与分析

为了合理控制居民区地下配电房的室内温度，降低机械通风带来的环境噪声，建立了配电房风速场的仿真模型并对其进行分析计算。以佛山鸿翔小区一个位于某住宅楼地下的配电房为例，使用ANSYS13.0软件对其中主要热源———变压器周围的风速场进行仿真分析。结果表明：在保证室内电气设备工作温度的前提下，优化计算通风量，通过电缆沟辅助进行机械排风，使电房噪声由之前的平均79dB( A)降低到71dB( A)。通过修改模型中的相关参数，可用于其它地下配电房温度场的模拟与预测，为设计提供前期参考。     

PbO2电极的制备及电催化氧化降解水中间甲酚

以钛网为基体,锡锑氧化层为底层,采用电沉积法制备了不同的PbO₂电极,探索了制备条件对电极的影响。实验结果表明：在电流密度75 mA/cm²、电沉积温度85 ℃、电沉积时间30 min的条件下,制备的电极表面晶粒大小适中并呈现出较好的“金字塔”形貌和结晶度,具有最好的电催化氧化降解效果（间甲酚转化率85.65%、TOC去除率16.51%）和最低的能耗（0.97 kW·h/g,以TOC计）,并在重复降解实验中表现出较好的稳定性。自制PbO₂电极的各项指标均优于商品化PbO₂电极,且TOC去除率是商品化电极的2.9倍,而能耗仅为其1/3.6。     

基于参数化模型优化的喷氨格栅设计方法研究

从喷氨格栅工程设计要求出发,结合数值模拟分析、代理模型技术以及优化设计方法,提出了一套基于参数化模型优化的喷氨格栅设计方法和流程。该方法从工程设计要求的分析入手,根据喷氨格栅几何参数对喷氨特性的影响特点和规律,建立参数化设计数学模型,并通过优化计算最终获得喷氨格栅的最优设计。另外,通过实例计算验证了该设计方法在SCR脱硝系统喷氨格栅设计中的适用性。     

氨法脱硫工艺物料平衡模型的研究

建立了氨法脱硫工艺的物料衡算模型,描述了物料计算软件的计算框图和开发过程,介绍了计算模型在实际脱硫工程中的应用,表明该模型对工程设计和设备选型具有一定的指导意义。     

湿式静电除尘器流场的数值模拟与优化设计

湿式静电除尘器流场的分布对烟气深度净化具有重要意义，采用CFD数值模拟方法对某项目600MW燃煤发电机组湿式静电除尘器的内部流场设计进行了研究分析。结果表明，流量分配和气流整流是内部流场的两个关键设计要点。有关流量分配的设计需在确保各电场流量分配均匀的同时不明显增加烟风系统阻力，而气流整流的设计方案可同时运用气流均布板和整流格栅，此设计方案不仅可降低整套整流方案的压损，还有利于整流方案的标准化设计和现场优化调整，提高装置可靠性。     

石化企业储罐大呼吸损耗影响因素的分析

储罐是石化行业挥发性有机物(VOCs)无组织排放源的重要组成部分。采用美国环保署推荐的储罐VOCs排放量计算公式,以云南某炼化企业的典型热渣油立式固定顶罐以及北京某石化企业的汽油外浮顶罐和甲苯内浮顶罐为基准案例进行储罐大呼吸损耗量的计算,考察了其影响因素,总结出影响储罐大呼吸损耗的关键参数,并有针对性地提出降耗措施。结果表明:影响固定顶罐大呼吸损耗的关键参数为气相分子摩尔质量、日平均液体表面温度和年周转量;影响外浮顶罐大呼吸损耗的首要关键参数为罐壁黏附系数,其次为年周转量和有机液体的密度;影响内浮顶罐大呼吸损耗的首要关键参数为罐壁黏附系数,其次为年周转量和固定顶支撑柱数量。     

油田联合站沉降罐小呼吸损耗核算

利用美国石油协会(API)小呼吸损耗核算新公式对国内某油田4个联合站的采出液沉降罐进行了小呼吸损耗核算,并与实测数据进行了对比分析。分析结果表明,API的核算值与实测值的差别较大,相对误差可达90%以上,原因是国内油田采出液沉降罐的现场工况与API公式的模拟条件差别较大。在数据分析的基础上引入平均液体表面温度和平均气体流速两个影响因子对上述公式进行了修正,并利用修正后的公式对另外两个联合站的沉降罐进行了小呼吸损耗核算,核算结果的相对误差降至10%以下。     

Food loss rates at the food retail,influencing factors and reasons as a basis for waste prevention measures

This paper quantifies food loss rates for fruit & vegetables, dairy products and bread & pastry as well as donations to social services. In addition potential influencing factors and reasons for food losses are investigated in order to provide a basis for the development of waste prevention measures. Detailed data from 612 retail outlets all over Austria, which covered the period of one year, were analysed and sorting analyses of discarded food were carried out in a small sample of retail outlets. Food loss amounts to 1.3% of the sales of dairy products, 2.8% for bread & pastry and 4.2% for fruit & vegetables. Returned bread amounts to additional 9.7% of the sales of bread & pastry. The food loss rates are similar to the results of previous publications. At present, 7% of the food loss is donated to social services, 38% of retail outlets do not donate any articles at all. Food loss rates are declining with increasing sales areas, increasing numbers of purchases per year and increasing sales of the retail outlet, but explain only 33% or less of the variation of food loss rates. Large differences between retail outlets of comparable structure indicate potential for reduction. More than a quarter of discarded food articles did not show any flaws besides the expiration of the best before or sell-by date. Waste prevention approaches should focus on avoiding returns, transfer of best practices, information and education of employees and customers as well as strengthening the donation to social services.     

石化企业固定顶储罐挥发性有机物排放量影响因素的分析

采用美国国家环保局推荐的储罐挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放量定量计算方法,以北京某石化企业轻柴油固定顶储罐为案例对象,计算了固定顶储罐的总损失。通过对不同参数进行调节,比较分析了各变量对损失量的影响程度,得出了影响固定顶储罐静置储藏损失和工作损失的关键参数和次要参数。并在此基础上,提出了降低固定顶储罐VOCs排放量的对应措施。实验结果表明:影响固定顶储罐静置储藏损失的关键参数为油品蒸气相对分子质量、日平均液体表面温度和液体存储高度,次要参数为日环境温差和罐漆太阳能吸收率;影响工作损失的关键参数为油品蒸气相对分子质量、日平均液体表面温度和年净周转量。     

Base Cation Losses from a Coniferous Catchment in Central Ontario,Canada

Long-term monitoring of a predominantlyconiferous catchment (PC-1) in central Ontario has enabledmass budgets of base cations to be estimated between 1983and 1998. During this period, sulphur deposition decreasedby approximately 30%, although this region still receivesacid deposition that exceeds the critical load with respectto acidity for forest soils. Between 1983 and 1998 therewas a net loss of 76.3 kg ha^-1 Ca and 13.7 kg ha^-1Mg from PC-1, and a net retention of K of 55.7 kg ha^-1. A net loss of Ca and Mg occurred every year during the studyperiod (except 1986/87 for Mg), although annual losses of Caand Mg have been generally lower in recent years. On anannual basis, net losses of Ca and Mg were extremelyvariable and were strongly related to export of SO₄,which in turn appeared to be strongly influenced by climatefactors. Measured losses of Ca and Mg over the 16-yearperiod represented 37% and 59% of their respectiveexchangeable pools measured in the upland soils in 1983.These values probably overestimate base cation losses fromthe upland however, because losses from organic soils in thecatchment were proportionately greater during yearsfollowing El Niño events. There was no change in basal areabetween 1983 and 1998, although there was a shift towardless nutrient-demanding species (white pine, hemlock). Pools of Ca and Mg in tree biomass are approximately doubletheir exchangeable pools in podzols, and so losses from soilmay be offset by changes in forest structure (size,composition) in the short-term (decades). If net losses ofCa and Mg continue due to harvesting and/or acid depositionand estimates of weathering and exchangeable pools arecorrect, then the long-term sustainability of the uplandforest at PC-1 must be in doubt.     

Determination of the remediability score for remediation liability allocation among polluters

When a pollution incident occurs, there can be impact liability and/or remediation liability on the polluter. The impact liability pays for the loss of life and property due to pollution. The remediation liability is to pay for remediating the environment in accordance with applicable laws and regulations. If there is only one polluter in a pollution incident, the entire liability can be placed on the sole polluter. However, liability allocation becomes complex when there are multiple polluters. To allocate the fractional remediation liability among multiple polluters, it is important to identify the factors that determine the cost of remediation so that a just distribution of liability can be made based on the contribution of each polluting party to the factors identified. Along with factors such as “quantity of the chemical released by the polluter,” “distribution of the chemical in the environmental medium,” “persistence of the chemical in the environmental medium,” and so forth, the ease with which the chemical pollutant can be separated from the contaminated medium, which we name as “remediability,” is important in deciding the remediation liability. The “remediability” of a chemical is critical in selecting the remediation technologies to be adopted and, consequently, in deciding the cost of remediation. Determination of a remediability score (RS) for each “chemical–environment medium” pair will help in quantifying the ease with which the site can be remediated. The score is envisaged on a 0–100 scale. The higher the score, the more difficult it is to remediate the chemical in the environmental medium under consideration. The score is estimated based on a set of predetermined factors that are characteristic to the technologies available for remediation. The factors are then subjected to a Delphi process to arrive at the weights. The overall RS is determined by determining the weighted impact of the identified factors after the normalization of the magnitudes of factors.     

变频器故障波形预处理方法研究

电力电子设备在电力系统中的运用越来越广泛,其故障后对电力系统的运行影响也越来越大,从运行设备中提取波形用于诊断其相关故障的诊断方法的研究正在深入开展。由于现场采集波形的数据往往过于庞杂,不利于切中关键的故障特征,在研究用现场录波进行故障诊断前,首先要研究如何对实际采集的波形数据进行简化的方法。本文通过编制C＋＋程序,对故障录波简化过程进行了研究,并通过故障波形不同简化效果的对比说明了提高数据处理效率与减少波形特征损失的结合点的选取。     

Prediction of Soil and Nutrient Losses in A Highland Catchment

Highland catchments in tropical regions are frequently subjected to soil erosion and the transport of chemicals downstream. Any drastic changes in land use will increase the severity of these processes of land degradation. A simulation study using GLEAMS (Groundwater Loading Effects of Agricultural Management Systems) was conducted at a catchment presently under tea farming in Cameron Highlands, Malaysia. Soil, water and nutrient transport associated with several alternative land uses was studied. In addition, the effect of a disruptive form of land clearing on soil, water and nutrient losses was also investigated. Modelling with GLEAMS required information from field measurements and observations, laboratory analyses, guide tables, industry records, maps and reports published by soil survey and meteorological departments. The most critical step in simulating soil and water movement using GLEAMS is the identification of a representative flow sequence. In the catchment under study, the representative flow sequence was overland flow–channel 1–channel 2. Input data on soil erodibility, porosity and surface roughness were manipulated to represent various degrees and forms of disturbance to the surface soil layer. For all land uses studied, the highest soil loss was predicted for the overland flow area where slope gradient is high and the soil friable. The variations in soil loss, runoff and nutrient loss between landscape elements and between land uses were consistent with soil erosion features observed in the field. Soil and nutrient losses were substantial for crops such as cabbage that required land shaping activities and frequent ploughing of the soil. Predicted data on enrichment ratio of specific surface (ERSS) are consistent with nutrient enrichment processes in the field and could prove to be useful in studies on chemical transport in highland catchments.     

中国电力规划环评的发展与建议

从中国电力工业及电力环境保护现状出发,结合中国能源资源的特征,分析得出中国电网的特点.系统介绍了中国电力规划环评的发展与演变,结合一些典型的电力规划环评实践,分析规划环评的作用及目前电力规划环评中存在的问题,并提出相应的建议.     

国外光伏发电并入智能电网发展探讨

智能电网是未来电网发展的主要趋势。随着人们对环境保护的重视,如何将风能、太阳能等可再生能源大规模接入电网已经成为智能电网下一阶段的研究方向。介绍了国外光伏发电技术发展,概述了国外对光伏发电并入智能电网的最新研究,提出了光伏并网发电面临的问题以及相关建议,为我国未来光伏并网发电的实施提供参考。