基于多区域投入产出模型的长江经济带虚拟水流动格局研究

水资源是长江经济带生态文明建设和绿色发展的关键领域和核心要素之一,分析长江经济带虚拟水流动格局有利于把握区域社会经济发展进程中水资源利用的深层次规律,实现长江经济带水资源优化配置和区域协调发展。本文为揭示长江经济带内、外经济贸易隐含虚拟水流动关系,依据多区域投入产出核算原理,基于产业经济、贸易数据及产业部门用水量,设计2012年长江经济带多区域投入产出表,构建长江经济带多区域投入产出模型框架,计算分析了长江经济带虚拟水流动格局,并评价净输出省区虚拟水贸易状态与水资源承载力的协调性。研究结果表明:①在全国贸易中,长江经济带区域整体呈虚拟水净输出状态。上海、浙江和重庆为虚拟水净输入区,其余省区均为虚拟水净输出区,其中江苏、安徽、湖北和湖南虚拟水净输出状态与当地水资源承载力不协调。②长江经济带各省区主要虚拟水输入、输出产业部门存在明显的区域差异。下游区域和上游地区重庆主要虚拟水输出产业为制造业,中游区域和上游地区四川、贵州、云南主要输出水资源密集型产品,输入劳动密集型产品。③在长江经济带区域内部贸易中,各省区贸易联系呈现出沿长江流域地理分布的特征。上游地区间贸易交流频繁,与中下游区域贸易联系不强,而中下游区域间贸易交流频繁。上海、浙江是虚拟水主要流向地,江苏、湖南是各省区虚拟水主要来源地。因此,在全国范围内,应对水资源利用进行统筹规划,建立多区域协调发展机制,转变区域间贸易结构;在长江经济带区域内部,根据地区间资源禀赋差异性和水资源承载力,系统、合理制定产业和贸易政策。     

增加值视角下中国省域净碳转移权责分配

碳排放核算及碳排放权地区分配,是提升应对气候变化基础能力和建设生态文明社会的关键。利用中国多区域投入产出数据和MRIO模型,从价值链渠道层面揭示了省域净碳转移方向及根源;基于国家价值链理论,对国内省域产品流出增加值进行分解,以省内增加值占比为分担因子,提出了中国省域净碳转移责任分担标准。研究发现:(1)2015年中国各省份生产侧和消费侧碳排放存在显著差异,中间产品和最终需求调出、调入隐含碳是省域碳转移的主要原因。(2)中国通过对外贸易存在净碳转移,国内经济发达省份通过国内贸易对欠发达省份存在净碳转移;西北、东部沿海区域分别是国内最大净碳转入、转出地区。(3)省域间国内净碳转移应由碳转入地和转出地共同承担,净碳转出省份应增加碳排放责任,而净碳转入省份应减少碳排放责任;省域碳转入责任分担由流出贸易隐含碳及省域流出贸易本地获益能力决定,而碳转出责任分担由流入贸易隐含碳及省域贸易来源地获益能力决定。该研究对制定地区差异化碳减排政策、完善考虑碳转移的省域碳排放核算方案及全国性碳排放权交易体系构建等具有一定政策启示。     

中国八大区域间碳排放转移研究

我国国土幅员辽阔,各区域的经济发展水平和产业结构差异很大。在全国尺度上,发展低碳经济需要切实贯彻区域统筹原则,这就需要对中国区域间的碳排放转移问题进行深入分析。本研究利用EIO-LCA方法及1997年中国区域间投入产出表来核算中国八大区域间产品(服务)以及隐含的碳排放在区域之间流动和转移总量。研究发现,经济拉动作用收支方面,东北区域、京津区域、南部沿海区域、西北区域和西南区域对区域经济拉动作用总量大于其承接其他区域拉动作用的总量,北部沿海区域、东部沿海区域和中部区域反之。区域间隐含的碳排放转移收支方面,北部沿海区域和中部区域碳排放转入量大于转出量,承接了其他区域的高碳负荷产业转移,其他六个区域情况相反。另外,本研究还采用万元碳排放量表示区域间经济拉动的碳负荷系数,来衡量经济拉动作用的碳环境友好程度,即碳效率。区域承接的拉动作用的碳效率从大到小顺序是:京津,西南,东部沿海,北部沿海,西北,东北,南部沿海,中部区域。     

中国贸易隐含污染转移研究

本文基于WIOD、UNCTAD数据库,以8种污染物作为污染排放指标,构建了中国及其主要贸易伙伴国之间的环境多区域投入产出(MRIO)模型,并测算了中国贸易隐含污染净出口量及双边贸易污染转移量,继而引入贸易污染条件分析双边贸易对中国及其贸易伙伴国的不同影响。结果表明:中国在观察期(2000—2011年)内均为贸易隐含污染净出口国,且贸易隐含碳净出口量先升后降,而贸易隐含其他污染物净出口量却逐年递增。2011年中国基于生产端核算污染排放总量达685.69亿t,基于消费端核算污染排放量为635.50亿t,贸易隐含污染净出口总量达50.19亿t;双边贸易污染转移中中国成为了发达国家的"污染天堂"。2011年美国、欧盟、日本通过贸易向中国分别净转移污染物总量分别达到26 464.48万t、40 837.45万t、8 001.19万t,但中国与亚洲其他地区之间并不存在单向污染转移关系。中美、中欧、中日之间的贸易污染条件介于0.95~61.89之间,即双边贸易在恶化中国环境的同时对促进美国、欧盟、日本环境的改善作用明显,中国与亚洲其他地区之间的贸易污染条件介于0.40~6.41之间,因而双边贸易对中国和亚洲其他地区的环境影响并不确定。中国与任何伙伴国之间采掘业、电力煤气供应业等行业的贸易均严重增加了国内污染物排放。意味着:一方面,限制"两高一资"产品的出口等政策已改善了中国贸易隐含碳排放,但未对贸易隐含其他污染物排放产生作用;另一方面,中国不仅需要提高资源密集行业生产技术绿色化程度,更要严格控制这类行业的进出口贸易。     

基于碳排放权价值的中国省域绿色贸易利益测度北大核心CSCDCSSCI

作为碳排放大国和出口强国,中国获得贸易顺差的背后是生产出口产品所带来的巨量碳排放。科学测算碳排放导致的价值损失,对“双碳”目标下的绿色发展具有重要意义。该研究通过构建嵌入式多区域投入产出表,从双边贸易层面和行业层面,分析中国30个省份进出口贸易隐含碳的现状,并利用碳排放权价值测算各省份对外贸易的环境净损失;在增加值贸易利益的基础上,进一步考察中国省域绿色贸易利益。研究表明,从双边贸易层面看,中国省域出口贸易隐含碳主要由美国和欧盟转入,进口贸易隐含碳主要向巴西、俄罗斯、印度、印度尼西亚、墨西哥和土耳其转出。对东盟贸易隐含碳占比较大的省份主要位于西南地区,对BRIIMT贸易隐含碳占比较大的省份主要位于北部地区,对日韩贸易隐含碳占比较大的省份主要位于东部地区。从行业层面看,出口贸易隐含碳集中在制造业和电热生产供应业,占比之和超过70%,且各省份的行业结构具有一定差异性。进口贸易隐含碳集中在电热生产供应业和运输业,占比之和约63%。引入碳排放权价值后,中国30省份的绿色贸易利益相比于增加值贸易利益减少0.94%。作为隐含碳净出口国,中国有28个省份在对外贸易中承担环境净损失。其中新疆和甘肃环境净损失的比重最高,分别为69.29%和57.43%。天津、吉林等7个省份在损失增加值贸易利益的同时,还承担着净出口贸易隐含碳带来的环境污染。针对结论,该研究提出大力发展清洁能源、省域间差异化减排、优化对外贸易结构的建议。     

中国及“一带一路”沿线典型国家贸易隐含碳转移研究

贸易将生产和消费连接起来,商品消费地可通过产品的跨地区调入,将与生产相关的碳排放与实际消费相分离,产生贸易中隐含碳排放转移的问题。本文基于多区域投入产出方法(MRIO),采用投入产出链接技术,将中国降尺度到30个省份(含4个直辖市),建立了"区域-国家-全球"多级尺度嵌套模型及相应的环境卫星矩阵数据库,评估了中国各区域及中国对"一带一路"沿线典型国家商品和服务贸易中的碳排放,并对双边贸易隐含碳排放的区域和行业流向进行分析。研究发现,中国在与"一带一路"沿线典型国家进行贸易时,国内生产碳排放大于国内消费碳排放,是隐含碳净出口国,属于隐含碳的"国内承担、国外消费"模式。韩国、印度是中国隐含碳的主要出口国家,俄罗斯是主要隐含碳进口国。在中国内部,沿海、东北、内陆、西北及西南地区的进出口贸易隐含碳依次减少,隐含碳排放平衡性具有区域差异性。中国对"一带一路"沿线典型国家贸易隐含碳行业结构的分析结果显示,公用事业(电力、热力和燃气)是最大的隐含碳净出口部门,建筑业是最大的隐含碳净进口部门。研究结果识别了中国与"一带一路"沿线国家贸易隐含碳排放的关键地区和关键部门,可为宏观层面制定低碳策略提供定量决策和理论支持。     

世界水资源转移消耗及空间解构研究——基于国际水资源投入产出模型

产品的生产和消费各个环节中均要消耗数量不等的水资源,在产品贸易过程中,这些看不见的水消耗也伴随着贸易产生了空间转移,即为虚拟水贸易。世界各国通过虚拟水贸易调整着水资源在本国的配置,国际水资源转移消耗的空间格局是如何的?国际贸易对我国水资源配置产生了什么样的影响呢?本文基于国际水资源投入产出模型,测度了1995-2009年40个主要经济体之间虚拟水贸易量,研究了国际水资源转移消耗的结构特征与格局演变轨迹。结果显示,全球虚拟水贸易网络庞大且复杂,国际间水资源转移已占世界水资源消耗的很大份额,水资源的空间转移在部分国家产生了节水效益。中国、美国、印度、墨西哥以及其他西方工业化国家是国际虚拟水贸易中最主要的国家。本文发现,国际水资源转移的结构并不平衡,虚拟水主要由发展中经济体流向发达经济体,国际贸易和分工的现状导致发达工业化国家对以中国为代表的新兴经济体水资源占用,将进一步加剧新兴经济体水资源短缺的现状。因此,在水资源环境问题已十分严峻的背景下,我国应充分重视国际贸易中对我国水资源的消耗影响,通过政策工具优化水资源的配置。     

区域虚拟水贸易计算方法及实证

虚拟水、虚拟水贸易概念的提出为我国解决区域水安全问题提供了新思路。本文首先评析了传统的基于水足迹计算方法，并指出其存在的局限性。然后提出改进的水资源投入产出表的计算方法：将新鲜水资源使用量和废水排出量纳入国民经济行业价值型投入产出表中构造出“价值型－实物型”混合性投入产出表，把传统的价值型投入产出表和水资源在生产过程中的物质循环描述相结合，在投入产出模型之外构造单独的水资源分析模块。该方法更加直观、准确的得出各行业及区间区域贸易调水量，不仅计算了生产过程消耗的“虚拟新鲜水”，同时计算了“虚拟废水”对生产地或国家的环境带来的一些负面影响；充分考虑虚拟废水的机会成本。最后对华北地区的虚拟水贸易进行实证分析，指出目前我国实行区域虚拟水战略所迫切需要解决的瓣题。     

基于LMDI方法的中国国际贸易隐含碳分解

对国际贸易产生环境影响的定量研究正日益受到关注,特别是对隐含碳的研究.以中国2005年为例,对中国国际贸易隐含碳进行估算,应用对数平均D氏指数法(LMDI)对影响隐含碳净转移的因素进行分解分析.结果显示中国因生产排放碳量远大于其消费需要排放的碳量,从国外净转移到中国的隐含碳为395.66MtC;净转移隐含碳影响因素中强度效应(进出口商品完全碳排放系数差异)贡献率为60%,规模效应(进出额差异)贡献率为55%,结构效应(进出口结构差异)贡献率为-14%,此结果表明中国相比国外的高碳排放强度是造成目前碳转移额外增加的主要因素,分析结构效应发现中国主要净出口行业大部分不是高碳排放强度行业,而净进口行业却主要由高碳排放强度行业构成,特别是与碳排放密切相关的能源行业居净进口行业首位.     

基于省际间粮食贸易的虚拟水综合效益分析

虚拟水概念丰富水资源的形态与内涵，其价值不仅表现在人口-粮食-贸易为纽带的虚拟水贸易上,还表现在其社会属性上。基于虚拟水的双重价值，结合全国粮食各地产消平衡数据,构建线性优化模型,估算我国粮食省际间贸易的虚拟水流动格局，从资源、经济、环境3方面出发分析虚拟水流动引发的综合效益。结果发现：我国粮食省际间贸易的虚拟水流动格局表现为北水南运的特点，同实体水的南水北调形成互补，水资源南北互通；资源效益而言，我国省际间粮食贸易的虚拟水流动格局在全国范围内共节约了152.96亿m3的水资源，占总的虚拟水流动量的15.79%，表面的水资源节约现象背后隐藏着缺水区输水给丰水区的反常现象以及广大富水地区水资源利用效率低下的严重问题；经济效益总体上是增加的，工业增加值为6.77万亿元。经济效益增加分布较为集中，经济效益减损分布较为分散，效益减损需要构建地区补偿机制；环境效益结果不佳，农作物绿水占用指数高的地区在透支当地农业生态绿水情况下大量输出虚拟水，将会对其陆地自然生态系统造成严重威胁并制约当地社会经济发展。根据结果得出政策启示，为水资源管理、区域发展及生态安全提供新思考：引入实体水与虚拟水结合的水资源管理方式；构建协调区域发展的虚拟水补偿机制；维持绿水与蓝水结构平衡的生态安全。 关键词： 省际间粮食贸易；虚拟水流动；资源效益；经济效益；环境效益     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.