风蚀对窟野河流域产沙贡献的时间尺度特征

风蚀在黄土高原风水蚀复合区的侵蚀产沙中扮演着重要的角色。利用窟野河流域神木水文站水沙资料及有关气象资料,分析了风蚀对窟野河神木水文站以上流域产沙贡献的时间尺度特征。结果表明,风力的侵蚀搬运对窟野河流域产沙起着重要的作用。月时间尺度上,风沙入河量存在"存储-释放"的过程;风蚀产沙贡献在3月和11-12月出现高峰值,4-9月风蚀贡献率逐渐降低;冬春季节淤积的泥沙,在夏季逐渐被冲走,到了9月,把淤积的泥沙最大限度冲走而开始新的淤积过程;月时间尺度上风蚀贡献率与风蚀气候因子分布趋势一致;7、8两月的风沙贡献量占年风蚀贡献总量的80.5%,风沙贡献量的峰值出现在7月,约7.75×10⁶ t。季尺度上,夏季风蚀贡献率最低,仅7.8%。秋、冬季逐渐升高,春季达到最高,风蚀贡献率为28.6%。年尺度上,风力作用对神木水文站以上流域的产沙贡献为17.2%,风蚀贡献量为12.7×10⁶ t/a。     

岩溶区峰丛洼地植被指数的克里格分析

为了全面掌握岩溶区峰丛洼地植被指数(NDVI)的空间分布状况,解决岩溶区峰丛洼地遥感影像山体阴影区域NDVI信息"缺失"的问题,对广西平果县果化生态重建示范区内的典型峰丛洼地非阴影区域NDVI进行了提取.利用地统计学的方法对NDVI的空间结构特征进行了分析,并对山体阴影区的NDVI进行了预测与验证.结果表明,研究区域NDVI主要受到内在因子的作用,具有强烈的空间自相关性,自相关距离为300 m;Kriging插值结果表明,研究区域NDVI的均值为0.196,在空间分布上表现为条带状和斑块状分布,NDVI高值区域主要分布在峰丛坡度>25°的山体区域,低值区域主要分布在峰丛坡度<25°的山脚和洼地等区域;Kriging插值验证结果表明,研究区域NDVI具有非常高的预测精度,能很好地估计山体阴影区NDVI,为岩溶区生态环境监控、石漠化评估提供了新的思路与方法.     

基于灰关联的坝地分层淤积量与侵蚀性降雨响应研究

论文在全面调查陕北黄土高原淤地坝的基础上,选取典型淤地坝挖取剖面,进行分层测量取样,利用库容曲线和实测各淤积层的厚度求得各层泥沙淤积量,根据黄土高原暴雨产沙过程原理及淤积过程降雨资料,反演各淤积层所对应的侵蚀性降雨。运用灰色关联分析法,分析计算了坝地泥沙淤积量和侵蚀性降雨的4个指标(降雨侵蚀力R、降雨量P、最大30分钟降雨强度I30、平均降雨强度I)之间的关联度。研究结果表明:侵蚀性降雨4个指标中,降雨侵蚀力R和坝地泥沙淤积量的关系最为密切,降雨量P对淤积量的影响次之,最大30分钟降雨强度I30和平均降雨强度I对淤积量的影响最小;并且建立了坝地泥沙淤积量与降雨侵蚀力R和降雨量P的二元线性回归方程。     

人工模拟降雨条件下坡面侵蚀特性的模型试验研究

工程斜坡体水土流失主要由水力侵蚀的导致,为研究土壤侵蚀的水动力过程,通过足尺模型试验,人工模拟降雨条件下不同降雨强度和坡度对坡面侵蚀特征的影响。试验结果表明,坡度由15°增大至53°、降雨强度由50 mm/h上升至100 mm/h时:①坡面初始产流时间减小,径流强度曲线以指数型增长,坡度与径流强度成负相关,这是由于雨滴打击作用致使降雨初期径流强度缓慢增长,后快速增大至峰值;②由于径流作用,径流含沙量前阶段出现短时间减小,随后恢复增大趋势,且降雨强度和坡度增幅越明显,径流含沙量越大,两者交互作用大于单指标对径流含沙量的影响程度,这是由于雨滴击溅作用加强了水流对泥沙的迁移能力,进而增大了径流含沙量,且产沙量与径流量的关系密切,径流强度直接影响产沙量的大小,两者的增长趋势成正相关;③坡面侵蚀最先产生细沟,细沟侵蚀导致产沙量快速增加,随着降雨历时的推移,侵蚀类型最终发展为浅沟、切沟,并成为侵蚀产沙的主要方式,这是由于雨滴打击作用促进了侵蚀沟的发育,增强了径流对颗粒的分选能力,从而增加了细粒土的流失。     

横断山区产水量时空分布格局及影响因素研究

运用InVEST模型产水模块开展横断山区1990-2015年产水的量化评估,并开展相应的时空特征及影响因素分析。结果表明：（1）空间分布上,横断山区产水量均表现为南高北低的空间格局,垂直方向上,产水能力随着海拔的增加呈减小趋势。（2）1990-2015年产水深度表现为先小幅增大后明显减小再小幅增大的波动变化趋势。（3）不同土地利用类型的平均产水能力差异较大。其中以建设用地产水能力最强,约为550~920 mm;林地、草地居中,分别为438~650 mm和412~580 mm;未利用地和水域产水能力最弱,分别为273~457 mm和56~237 mm。（4）产水量空间分布与海拔及草地比例呈现显著的负相关,与降水量及林地比例呈显著正相关;时间变化上产水量与降水量呈显著正相关关系。该研究有助于推进山区生态系统服务研究的发展,其结果可为横断山区流域水资源管理、维持区域可持续发展提供科学支撑。     

SVR与BP神经网络对小流域次降雨侵蚀产沙预测结果的比较

运用支持向量回归机(Support Vector Regression Machine)与BP神经网络对小流域次降雨侵蚀产沙进行预测.侵蚀产沙输入变量选取降雨量、降雨强度、径流深和洪峰流量模数,流域次降雨侵蚀输沙量为输出变量.以SVR、BP神经网络的预测值与实际值的绝对误差和相对误差作为评价指标.实验表明,SVR的预测精度和稳定性优于BP神经网络.     

延河流域降雨侵蚀力时空分布特征

降雨侵蚀力(R)反映了降水引起土壤水蚀的潜在能力,其时空分布规律定量研究是进行土壤侵蚀预报的基础.利用延河流域22个雨量站24a逐日降雨资料,分析了该区降雨侵蚀力的时空分布特征.结果表明,降雨侵蚀力与降雨量、侵蚀性降雨量具有一致的年内年际变化趋势.降雨侵蚀力年内变化为单峰型,集中分布在5～9月,占全年R值的91.61%.降雨侵蚀力多年平均值为1580.58MJ.mm.(hm2.h.a)-1,最高值(1981年)为2417.70MJ.mm.(hm2.h.a)-1,最低值(1999年)仅585.29MJ.mm.(hm2.h.a)-1,年际间变化为中等变异,变异系数为0.32.烧房砭站多年平均R值最大,为2190.33MJ.mm.(hm2.h.a)-1,镰刀湾和杨山站多年平均R值最小,分别为1151.37MJ.mm.(hm2.h.a)-1和1146.87MJ.mm.(hm2.h.a)-1.R值与侵蚀性降雨量具有一致的空间分布格局,北部雨量站R值年际变化呈现轻微的增加趋势,其它站点R值年际变化相对呈现出轻微的减少趋势,总体上延河流域降雨侵蚀力呈现下降趋势,趋势系数为-0.004.     

2000~2014年黄土高原植被覆盖时空变化特征及其归因

基于MODIS-NDVI数据,辅以一元线性回归分析、Mann-Kendall检验、Hurst指数等方法,分析了2000~2014年黄土高原植被覆盖时空演变特征及其驱动因素.研究表明:近15年黄土高原NDVI呈显著增加趋势,增速为6.93%/10a(P<0.01);空间上,植被归一化指数,或归一化值被指数Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI)呈由东南向西北递减的分布格局,高值区主要分布在东南部的土石山区、河谷平原区;同时,500m以下和3500米左右的NDVI值最高;在趋势上,NDVI呈现增加和减小趋势的面积比重分别为88.24%和11.76%;Hurst指数表明研究区未来NDVI变化趋势呈持续性和反持续的比重分别为50.07%和49.93%,其中持续改善和由改善变为退化的面积分别占43.98%和44.28%;降水是影响NDVI变化的主要驱动因子,表现为NDVI随降水的增加而增加;人类活动也是影响NDVI的重要因素,且对NDVI有双重影响.     

陕北无定河流域土壤侵蚀时空演变

为了深入认识陕北无定河流域土壤侵蚀时空演变过程及其与降雨和植被NDVI变化的关系,采用基于RUSLE(修正通用土壤流失方程)的土壤侵蚀评估方法,开展流域土壤侵蚀时空分布及其与降雨、植被NDVI的关系研究.结果表明:① 2000—2014年无定河流域多年均土壤侵蚀模数为457.90 t/(km2·a),呈波动增加过程.流域土壤侵蚀以微度侵蚀为主,占流域总面积的88.35%,其他土壤侵蚀等级面积比例随等级升高而减少.研究时段内除微度侵蚀面积比例减少外,其他土壤侵蚀等级面积比例均呈增加过程,并且侵蚀面积年变化速率也由微度侵蚀的0.52%降至剧烈侵蚀的0.01%. ② 无定河流域西北部土壤侵蚀程度最低,西南部其次,东南部最高,与其地貌类型及降水量沿东南—西北方向递减有关,但均反映出流域2000—2014年土壤侵蚀的增加过程.研究时段内流域不同土壤侵蚀等级间面积及比例转移主要由低等级土壤侵蚀类型转为相邻高等级土壤侵蚀类型. ③ 无定河流域土壤侵蚀与降水量、侵蚀性降雨量、降雨侵蚀力呈显著正相关(P < 0.01),相关系数分别为0.90、0.95和0.98,而与植被NDVI的关系不显著.研究显示,降雨变化尤其是侵蚀性降雨(≥12 mm/d)增加是陕北无定河流域土壤侵蚀增强的主要原因.      

2000～2017年贵州省植被覆盖时空变化特征及其对气候变化的响应

利用MODIS/NDVI数据、近18年来贵州省气象站点数据，辅以时间序列、变化趋势和空间动态变化分析等方法，研究贵州省植被覆盖的时空变化特征；探讨植被覆盖变化对气象因子在地域、变化速率和变化方向方面的时空响应规律。研究结果显示：（1）2000~2017年贵州省植被覆盖呈现显著增加的趋势，增速为0.004/a，夏季NDVI值最高，冬季增加趋势最大；空间上，贵州省植被覆盖格局呈现"南高北低、东高西低"的空间分布特征。在变化趋势上，贵州省植被覆盖呈改善和退化趋势的面积分别占贵州省总面积的94.97%和5.03%。（2）2000~2017年，贵州省气候变化特征是降雨量在年内分布不均，且主要分布在5月至8月；温度在各个季节变化趋势不明显，但是总体呈上升的趋势。气温和降水变化趋势大于零的面积分别占贵州省总面积的98.4%和60.46%，说明在全球暖湿化的大背景下，贵州省大部分地区亦呈温度升高、降水增加的态势。（3）贵州省NDVI与气温的相关性大于降水，但其对降水的滞后性却高于气温。其中，秋季植被受降水影响滞后性最强，其次是夏季。（4）不同气候要素对贵州省植被生长影响具有空间差异性，98.4%的地区NDVI与同期温度均达到正相关水平；NDVI与同期降水并未表现出良好的相关性，但82.63%的地区植被与前一年降水呈正相关水平。植被与降水呈负相关的地区，建设用地、裸地占更大比率，且人类活动在植被变化中的作用不容忽视。     

三峡库区黑沟小流域非点源污染物输出的动态变化

农业施肥水平和耕作方式等流域管理措施影响非点源污染物的输出.选择三峡库区黑沟小流域60种管理措施组合,即5种化肥施用水平(FL1-现用量、FL2-70%现用量、FL3-推荐用量、FL4-70%推荐用量、FL5-30%推荐用量)、4类耕作方式(CT-传统耕作、NT-免中耕、CS-等高种植、RC-留茬覆盖)和3种年降雨模式...     

A distributed non-point source pollution model: calibration and validation in the Yellow River Basin

The applicability of a non-point source pollution model-SWAT(soil and water assessment tools) in a large river basin with high sediment runoff modulus(770 t/km^2 in the Yellow River) was examined. The basic database,which includes DEM, soil and landuse map, weather data, and land management data, was established for the study area using GIS. A two-stage “Brute Force” optimization method was used to calibrate the parameters with the observed monthly flow and sediment data from 1992 to 1997. In the process of calibration automated digital filter technique was used to separate direct runoff and base flow. The direct runoff was firstly calibrated, and the base flow, then the total runoff was matched. The sediment yield was calibrated to match well. Keeping input parameters set during the calibration process unchanged, the model was validated with 1998-1999‘s observed monthly flow and sediment. The evaluation coefficients for simulated and observed flow and sediment showed that SWAT was successfully applied in the study area: relative error was within 20%, coefficient of determination and Nash-Suttcliffe simulation efficiency were all equal to or above 0.70 during calibration and validation period.     

基于Copula函数的泾河流域水沙关系演变特征分析

为了掌握泾河流域水沙演变规律,基于张家山水文站1956-2010 年径流与输沙量数据,采用滑动平均法分析流域水沙变化,提出应用滑动相关系数法诊断水沙关系变异,与双累积曲线法相互验证,选取皮尔逊III 型分布拟合变异前后水沙分布,基于Copula 函数建立水沙联合分布,对比分析泾河流域水沙变化特征,研究不同时段水沙丰枯遭遇情况.结果表明:① 水沙关系于20 世纪80 年代发生变异;② 以1982 年为分割点,相比于1956-1982 年,1983-2010 年水沙均值减小,设计频率P≤90%时水沙值均减小,P >90%时,径流减小,输沙量增加;③ 两阶段水沙丰枯同步频率大于丰枯异步频率,“水丰沙枯或水枯沙丰”遭遇组合概率最小,变异后时段(1983-2010 年)各种遭遇组合频率分布更为均匀,水沙丰枯异步频率变大.     

极端暴雨洪水及侵蚀产沙对延河流域植被恢复响应的比较研究

黄河支流延河在2013及1977年7月发生极端暴雨事件,但由于所处时间流域下垫面的差异,暴雨的灾害表现迥异。论文比较分析延河流域2013和1977年7月暴雨的降雨量、强度、频率及其水沙变化特征,讨论了产生灾害不同的主要原因。结果表明：2013年7月延河流域降雨总量、笼罩面积、降雨强度、暴雨频率均大于1977年,而日最大径流量、最大输沙量、最大含沙量、洪峰流量、峰值沙量、高含沙量历时却低于1977年。2013年延河流域暴雨灾害以地质灾害为主,1977年则以河道洪水灾害为主。退耕还林（草）工程实施后流域内植被大面积恢复,导致降雨产流产沙关系发生变化是产生上述现象的主要原因。     

Effects of alfalfa coverage on runoff, erosion and hydraulic characteristics of overland flow on loess slope plots

An evaluation of the interactions between vegetation, overland and soil erosion can provide valuable insight for the conservation of soil and water. An experiment was conducted to study water infiltration, runoff generation process, rate of sediment erosion, and hydrodynamic characteristics of overland flow from a sloping hillside with different draw-off discharges from alfalfa and control plots with 20° slope. The effect of alfalfa on runoff and sediment transport reduction was quantitatively analyzed. Alfalfa was discussed for its ability to reduce the overland flow scouring force or change the runoff movement. Compared to the bare-soil plots, alfalfa plots generated a 1.77 times increase in infiltration rate. Furthermore, the down-slope water infiltration rate for the bare soil plots was higher than in the up-slope, while the opposite was found in the alfalfa plots. In addition, alfalfa had a significant effect on runoff and sediment yield. In comparison to the control, the runoff coefficient and sediment transportation rate decreased by 28.3% and 78.4% in the grass slope, respectively. The runoff generated from the alfalfa and bare-soil plots had similar trends with an initial increase and subsequent leveling to a steady-state rate. The transport of sediment reduced with time as a consequence of the depletion of loose surface materials. The maximum sediment concentration was recorded within the first few minutes of each event. The alfalfa plots had subcritical flow while the baresoil plots had supercritical flow, which indicate that the capability of the alfalfa slope for resisting soil erosion and sediment movement was greater than for bare soil plots. Moreover, the flow resistance coefficient and roughness coefficient for the alfalfa plots were both higher than for the bare-soil plots, which indicate that overland flow in alfalfa plots had retarded and was blocked, and the flow energy along the runoff path had gradually dissipated. Finally, the ability to erode and transport sediment had decreased.     

滨江城市水体污染的典型特征及保护对策

为保护和改善滨江城市水环境,以镇江为例调查了滨江城市水体污染的现状,认为滨江城市水在生活污染比重不断加重的情况下,存在着水质、水动力和泥沙交互作用的典型特征,提出要从控制污染、水量、泥沙3方面来保护水环境的对策建议。     

Experimental investigation of the effect of sediment transport patterns on the adsorption of cadmium ions onto sediment particles

The mechanism of flow turbulence, sediment supply conditions, and sediment transport patterns that affect the adsorption of cadmium ions onto sediment particles in natural waters are experimentally simulated and studied in this study both in batch reactors and in a turbulence simulation tank. By changing the agitation conditions, the sediment transport in batch reactors can be categorized into bottom sediment-dominated sediment and suspended sediment-dominated sediment. It is found that the adsorption rate of bottom sediment is much less than that of suspended sediment, but the sediment transport pattern does not affect the final (equilibrium) concentration of dissolved cadmium. This result indicates that the parameters of an adsorption isotherm are the same regardless of the sediment transport pattern. In the turbulence simulation tank, the turbulence is generated by harmonic grid-stirred motions, and the turbulence intensity is quantified in terms of eddy diffusivity, which is equal to 9.84F(F is the harmonic vibration frequency) and is comparable to natural surface water conditions.When the turbulence intensity of flow is low and sediment particles stay as bottom sediment, the adsorption rate is significantly low, and the adsorption quantity compared with that of suspended sediment is negligible in the 6 h duration of the experiment. This result greatly favors the simplification of the numerical modeling of heavy metal pollutant transformation in natural rivers. When the turbulence intensity is high but bottom sediment persists, the rate and extent of descent of the dissolved cadmium concentration in the tank noticeably increase, and the time that is required to reach adsorption equilibrium also increases considerably due to the continuous exchange that occurs between the suspended sediment and the bottom sediment.A comparison of the results of the experiments in the batch reactor and those in the turbulence simulation tank reveals that the adsorption ability of the sediment, and in particular the adsorption rate, is greatly over-estimated in the batch reactor.     

Experimental investigation of the e ect of flow turbulence and sediment transport patterns on the adsorption of cadmium ions onto sediment particles

The mechanism of flow turbulence,sediment supply conditions,and sediment transport patterns that affect the adsorption of cadmiumions onto sediment particles in natural waters are experimentally simulated and studied both in batch reactors and in a turbulencesimulation tank.By changing the agitation conditions,the sediment transport in batch reactors can be categorized into bottom sediment-dominated sediment and suspended sediment-dominated sediment.It is found that the adsorption rate of bottom sediment is much lessthan that of suspended sediment,but the sediment transport pattern does not affect the final(equilibrium)concentration of dissolvedcadmium.This result indicates that the parameters of an adsorption isotherm are the same regardless of the sediment transport pattern.Inthe turbulence simulation tank,the turbulence is generated by harmonic grid-stirred motions,and the turbulence intensity is quantifiedin terms of eddy diffusivity,which is equal to 9.84F(F is the harmonic vibration frequency)and is comparable to natural surfacewater conditions.When the turbulence intensity of flow is low and sediment particles stay as bottom sediment,the adsorption rateis significantly low,and the adsorption quantity compared with that of suspended sediment is negligible in the 6 h duration of theexperiment.This result greatly favors the simplification of the numerical modeling of heavy metal pollutant transformation in naturalrivers.When the turbulence intensity is high but bottom sediment persists,the rate and extent of descent of the dissolved cadmiumconcentration in the tank noticeably increase,and the time that is required to reach adsorption equilibrium also increases considerablydue to the continuous exchange that occurs between the suspended sediment and the bottom sediment.A comparison of the results ofthe experiments in the batch reactor and those in the turbulence simulation tank reveals that the adsorption ability of the sediment,andin particular the adsorption rate,is greatly over-estimated in the batch reactor.     

基于MMF模型估算植被与降雨变化对水沙的影响——以延河流域为例

为研究近年来植被对黄河各支流来水来沙锐减的贡献,选择植被变化极为显著的延河流域为研究区域,定量化估算植被的减水减沙效益。论文利用Landsat系列遥感影像数据,以及流域的气象水文资料,基于Morgan-Duzant版Morgan-Morgan-Finney(MMF)模型估算流域的径流量与输沙量,分析各植被因子与径流量、输沙量的相关性,并利用相邻时期的植被降雨数据进行情景模拟,以此估算植被与降雨对流域水沙的影响。结果表明:1MMF模型能较好地模拟流域年径流量,输沙量次之;2植被因子与径流量、输沙量空间分布格局上相关性不明显,径流量与间接植被因子(截留率、林下降雨侵蚀力和坡面沉积率)相关性较高,而输沙量与植被覆盖度相关性较高;3植被与降雨的情景模拟表明2000、2006年的植被较前一相邻时期有所改善,使得径流量分别较前期减少45.88%、25.74%,输沙量减少12.10%、27.57%。