超滤法预处理L-乳酸发酵液

以白酒酒糟乳酸发酵液为研究对象,采用截留分子量为100 kDa的中空纤维超滤膜（聚偏氟乙烯PVDF膜）去除其中的蛋白质等杂质,为后续电渗析分离提纯L-乳酸提供合格的料液。研究表明,操作压力、温度、pH值和进料速度对蛋白质截留率、乳酸回收率和发酵液的膜通量均有影响;乳酸回收率与蛋白质截留率基本呈负相关关系,是因为被截留的蛋白质等在膜面形成滤饼层,有吸附并截留乳酸的作用。通过单因素实验,确定了在操作压力为20 kPa,温度为27℃,pH为3.9,进料速度为280 mL/min的情况下处理效果最好,蛋白质截留率可达到98.01%,乳酸回收率可达到97.78%,发酵液的膜通量为7.26 L/（m2·h）。     

改性PES膜在MBR中膜阻力分析及膜污染机理研究

以聚醚砜(PES)、醋酸纤维素(CA)和纳米二氧化钛(TiO2)为膜材料,采用L-S相转化法制备共混改性PES膜。在24℃、0.2 MPa的操作条件下,制得的PES膜纯水通量为300 L/(m2.h)左右,CA改性PES膜为660 L/(m2.h)左右,TiO2改性PES膜为840 L/(m2.h)左右。通过膜生物反应器中膜阻力的测定,表明膜污染主要由浓差极化层及凝胶层引起的;通过活性污泥对膜污染机理的研究,判断出污泥的过滤过程基本符合沉积过滤定律。在MBR中运行时,改性PES膜稳定通量高于未改性膜,总阻力低于未改性膜;TiO2改性膜稳定通量高于CA改性膜,总阻力低于CA改性膜;通过扫描电镜分析,改性PES膜沉积层的厚度均比未改性膜薄,TiO2改性膜沉积层厚度小于CA改性膜,表明改性膜的抗污染性能提高了,TiO改性膜抗污染性能更优。     

新型Janus膜的制备及其在高盐含油废水膜蒸馏处理中的应用

采用表面蚀刻-电喷雾协同技术制备了具有微/纳凹槽表面结构的亲水/疏水型Janus膜,并系统考察了Janus膜的脱盐性能及耐润湿、抗污染功能。Janus膜具有水相超疏油的性能,对原油、正己烷、甲苯和汽油的水下油接触角分别为152.7°、150.1°、146.7°和151.1°。直接接触式膜蒸馏应用实验表明:在连续50 h的运行过程中,Janus膜对盐的截留率可达100%、膜通量稳定在10.18 kg·(m2·h)-1;对于不同浓度(0.1、0.2和0.3 mmol·L-1等)的十二烷基硫酸钠,Janus膜均表现出优异的抗润湿效果。在处理高盐含油废水过程中,Janus膜未发生膜润湿和膜污染的现象,膜通量及盐截留率也保持稳定;油滴力学探针测试结果定量阐释了Janus膜强健的抗油污能力。制备的新型Janus膜兼具耐润湿与抗污染特性,拓展了膜蒸馏技术在高浓度难降解废水处理领域的应用。     

PVDF/PMMA与PVDF/TPU共混膜抗污染性能研究及应用

观察新型五孔PVDF共混改性纤维膜SEM形貌特征,采用逐级通量法测定PVDF/PMMA和PVDF/TPU共混改性膜的临界通量,研究在次临界和超临界通量下A(PVDF/PMMA)与B(PVDF/TPU)2种管式膜组件的过滤和抗污染性能,并在次临界通量下处理地表水。结果表明,PVDF共混改性膜具有优良的微观结构,且膜B性能较好;膜A、B的临界通量分别为12 L/(m2.h)和10 L/(m2.h);膜组件B比膜组件A抗污染性能好。次临界通量下膜组件的运行比超临界通量下的稳定。与采用单独超滤处理某市地表水相比,2种膜组件采用混凝+超滤工艺的运行处理效果更好,且膜组件B比膜组件A处理效果佳。     

草甘膦模拟废水的纳滤分离过程研究

为研究草甘膦纳滤分离过程的影响因素及变化规律,选用GE Osmonic的DK膜对草甘膦模拟废水进行纳滤分离过程的研究。实验表明,20℃、浓度500 mg/L、pH=2.96的草甘膦模拟废水,其截留率随跨膜压力升高而略有升高,其渗透通量随跨膜压力的升高几乎线性增加;随操作温度升高渗透通量增加,但截留率下降;渗透通量和截留率均随料液初始浓度的增加而降低;在pH值为3~5的范围内,草甘膦的截留率随pH值升高而下降,在膜的等电点附近达到最低,该pH值范围内渗透通量在膜的等电点附近较高;在pH值为5~11的范围内,草甘膦的截留率随pH值升高而升高,在该pH值范围内渗透通量随pH值升高而降低;由于屏蔽效应,草甘膦的截留率随NaCl浓度的升高而降低。     

SPEEK涂层纳滤膜处理草甘膦废水

以聚醚砜(PES)超滤膜为基膜,采用涂层法制备磺化聚醚醚酮(SPEEK)中空纤维复合纳滤膜,研究其对草甘膦的浓缩和去除。考察了该膜在浓缩草甘膦模拟废水中的操作条件,如跨膜压力、进料浓度、进料pH和离子强度等对通量和截留率的影响。结果表明,随跨膜压力的增加,草甘膦的截留率和水通量均增加,当跨膜压力由0.3 MPa增加到0.8 MPa时,水通量由34.0 L/(m2.h)增加至98.0 L/(m2·h),截留率高于98%;增加进料浓度和离子强度,截留率和通量均减小,当进料浓度由100 mg/L增至1 000 mg/L,水通量降低12.4%,截留率降低8.4%;而pH由3.0升至11.0时,截留率增加,但通量几乎不变。当把该膜材料用于浓缩含高浓度NaCl的草甘膦母液时,发现在0.5 MPa压力和pH=11.0下,复合纳滤膜对NaCl的截留率低于20%,对草甘膦的截留率可达90%。这说明该复合纳滤膜可以把草甘膦与NaCl有效分离开来,为草甘膦的回收利用提供了基础。     

远程氨等离子体表面改性聚偏氟乙烯超滤膜的效果分析

采用远程氨等离子体对聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)超滤膜进行了表面改性实验,通过水接触角表征了改性前后PVDF超滤膜表面的亲水性能,利用扫描电镜(SEM)和X-射线光电子能谱(XPS)表征了改性前后PVDF超滤膜表面的形貌、化学成分变化,通过牛血清白蛋白(BSA)过滤实验评价了改性前后PVDF超滤膜的过滤性能及抗污染性能。结果表明,远程氨等离子体改性的最佳条件为射频功率为40 W,处理时间为45 s,气体流量为20 cm~3·min~(-1);远程氨等离子体通过将含氧、含氮官能团引入PVDF超滤膜表面,使其表面亲水性官能团增多,表面的亲水性能得到提高,水接触角从95.63°降至52.79°,同时降低了对材料表面的刻蚀作用;通过BSA溶液过滤实验,改性后PVDF超滤膜具有良好的过滤性能和抗污染性能,其水通量、 BSA通量分别从87.42、48.00 L·(m~2·h)~(-1)增至129.36、79.98 L·(m~2·h)~(-1),截留率从81.43%增至87.70%,总污染率从70.25%降至45.96%。综合上述结果,经过远程氨等离子体改性后,PVDF超滤膜的亲水性能、过滤性能及抗污染性能均得到改善。     

减压膜蒸馏法处理石煤提钒废水

利用减压膜蒸馏设备处理石煤提钒废水，分别比较了废水经预处理前后，料液温度、流量、渗透侧真空度等操作条件对膜通量和截留率的影响。测定了不同浓缩倍数情况下膜通量的变化。实验表明，进料温度升高会使膜通量增加，温度为65℃时，热效率最高为70．1％。提高料液流量或真空度都会使膜通量增加。废水经VMD处理产出的淡水电导率均在10μS／cm以下，脱盐率可达99．98％以上。在温度为70％、流量为60L／h、真空度为0．095MPa时，石煤提钒废水经预处理后的废水膜通量为11．359kg／（m^2·h），浓缩10倍时，膜通量仍有3．185kg／（m^2·h）。     

颗粒物粒径和有机物分子量对超滤膜污染的影响

采用不同孔径和截留分子量的膜对原水进行预过滤,研究不同粒径的颗粒物和不同分子量的有机物对膜污染的影响。结果表明,随着预过滤膜孔径或截留分子量的减小,原水中浊度、CODMn、DOC和UV254的去除率逐渐提高,超滤膜运行的跨膜压力(TMP)比直接过滤原水时降低;经孔径为1.2μm和0.45μm的膜预过滤后,超滤膜运行的TMP仍上升较快,而经过截留分子量为100 kDa及以下膜预过滤后,膜污染比较缓慢。对膜阻力构成分析的结果表明,随着预过滤膜孔径或截留分子量的减小,超滤膜运行过程中的表面饼层阻力逐渐减小,堵孔阻力也有明显降低,但预膜滤不能有效降低膜的吸附阻力。超滤膜表面的扫描电镜观察结果表明,经过截留分子量在100 kDa及以下的膜预过滤后,超滤膜表面比较干净,此时的膜过滤阻力主要来源于吸附和堵孔阻力。     

正渗透膜过滤特性及污染物截留性能

采用Na Cl为汲取液溶质,研究正渗透膜分离过程中膜朝向、汲取液溶质浓度和错流速率对膜过滤性能的影响,以及正渗透膜对Na Cl、生活污水和垃圾渗滤液的污染物截留性能。结果表明,活性层朝向汲取液(AL-DS)时水通量(Jw)明显大于活性层朝向原料液(AL-FS)时,但随时间下降较快;Jw和溶质反向扩散通量(Js)均与汲取液溶质浓度正相关,但非线性增加,原因与内浓差极化有关;Jw同样与错流速率正相关,但随错流速率增加不明显。以葡萄糖为汲取液溶质时,正渗透膜对Na Cl的截留率能够达到90%以上。相同汲取液浓度下,处理生活污水时的Jw略大于垃圾渗滤液。正渗透膜对2种废水的污染物截留效果均较好。处理生活污水时,总有机碳和总氮的平均截留率分别为82%和90%以上;处理垃圾渗滤液时则分别能达到77%和95%以上。正渗透膜对渗滤液中的二价离子(钙、镁)的截留率达到98%以上。     

大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）研究进展

二（口/恶）（口/英）是世界公认的强致癌物质,对人体健康危害极大.近年来,大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）的研究已成为各国环境化学家研究的热点.本文总结了近年来国际上有关大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）研究的进展情况,以及所取得的主要研究成果,并在此基础上指出了我国目前研究中存在的问题及以后所应开展的工作.     

Bioaccessibility of arsenic in various types of rice in an in vitro gastrointestinal fluid system

Rice can be a major contributor to dietary arsenic exposure because of the relatively high total arsenic concentration compared to other grains, especially for people whose main staple is rice. This study employed in vitro gastrointestinal fluid digestion to determine bioaccessible or gastrointestinal fluid extractable arsenic concentration in rice. Thirty-one rice samples, of which 60 % were grown in the United States, were purchased from food stores in New York City. Total arsenic concentrations in these samples ranged from 0.090 ± 0.004 to 0.85 ± 0.03 mg/kg with a mean value of 0.275 ± 0.161 mg/kg (n = 31). Rice samples with relatively high total arsenic (>0.20 mg/kg, n = 18) were treated by in vitro artificial gastrointestinal fluid digestion, and the extractable arsenic ranged from 53 % to 102 %. The bioaccessibility of arsenic in rice decreases in the general order of extra long grain, long grain, long grain parboiled, to brown rices.     

Bioaccumulation of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane in perch in Swedish lakes

Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5), a high production volume chemical used in personal care products, enters the environment both via air and sewage treatment plant (STP) recipients. It has been found in fish, and there is concern that it may be a bioaccumulative substance. In this work D5 was analyzed in perch from six Swedish lakes that did not receive STP effluent, and in perch and sediment from six lakes that received STP effluent. In the lakes receiving the STP effluent, the D5 concentrations in sediment varied over three orders of magnitude and were correlated with the number of persons connected to the STP normalized to the surface area of the receiving body. In the lakes not receiving effluent, the D5 levels in perch were all below the LOQ, while D5 was above the LOQ in almost all perch from lakes that received effluent. The D5 concentrations in perch and sediment from the lakes receiving STP effluent were correlated. This shows that STP effluent is a much more important source of D5 to aquatic ecosystems than atmospheric deposition, and that the risk of adverse effects of D5 on aquatic life will be greatest in small recipients receiving large amounts of STP effluent. The bioaccumulation of D5 was compared to that of PCB 180 on the basis of multimedia bioaccumulation factors (mmBAFs), which describe the fraction of the contaminant present in the whole aquatic environment (i.e. water and surface sediment) that is transferred to the fish. In four of the six lakes the mmBAF of D5 was >0.3 of the mmBAF of PCB 180. Given that PCB 180 is a known highly bioaccumulative chemical, this indicates that the bioaccumulation of D5 in perch is considerable.     

Residues of organochlorine pesticides in fishes in Sudan

Abstract

Cotton‐producing areas of the Centrol Sudan, bordered by the Blue and the White Nile, have been subjected to repeated applications of pesticides. This region is irrigated by a series of canals, the Gezira canals, which hold large amounts of fresh water. Lake Nubia at the Sudan‐Egypt border is another important fresh water reservoir and fisheries ground. Fish from both the Gezira and Lake Nubia showed elevated concentrations of pesticides, suggesting that continued pesticides application would endanger the equatic fauna of this region and the proposed fresh water fishery.     

饮用水中硝酸根的催化还原研究进展

由于化肥的过度使用 ,造成地下水中硝酸盐的污染日益严重。饮用水中高浓度的硝酸盐对人类健康会产生极大的威胁。本文综述了催化还原脱除水中硝酸根的研究进展和现状 ,并对其发展趋势进行了简单的论述。     

北京西三环地区大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的分布

2012年3-8月对北京西三环地区大气颗粒物进行分级采样,利用气相色谱(GC)/质谱(MS)联用仪对颗粒物中多环芳烃(PAHs)含量进行测定.结果表明,检出的16种PAHs总质量浓度(∑16PAHs)平均为46.73ng/m3;苯并[a]蒽(BaA)等6种单体浓度与∑16PAHs呈良好线性关系；PAHs粒径分布特征表明,其更易富集在细颗粒物上；不同环数PAHs分布特征为:3环＞4环＞5环＞6环＞2环,随着颗粒粒径减小,高环数PAHs含量增加.温度、湿度和紫外线(UV)指数与∑16PAHs呈负相关.通过特征化合物比值分析法对PAHs进行源解析发现,采样期间PAHs主要来源为燃烧源,交通源影响微弱.     

山地城市典型区域地表径流污染迁移空间特征

选取包括山体和城市活动区域等下垫面在内的典型区域,对山地城市地表径流污染迁移特征、降雨等级和降雨强度对污染迁移的影响进行了研究,并分析了从小雨到暴雨等5场典型降雨条件下污染物赋存形态的变化。结果表明,受迁移段人为活动区域的影响,污染物呈现先升高再降低的趋势,入湖前化学需氧量(COD)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和氨氮(NH3-N)的浓度分别在26.6~87.1、0.87~6.96、0.08~0.28和0.52~1.48 mg/L之间。溶解性COD(DCOD)、溶解性TN(DTN)、溶解性TP(DTP)和溶解性NH3-N(DNH3-N)分别占总污染物的55%~79%、83%~98%、18%~61%和55%~79%。除DTN外,其他3种污染物溶解态浓度占总浓度的百分比随降雨等级和雨强的增大而增大。NH3-N、COD、TP浓度与TSS浓度呈正相关,DCOD、DTN、DTP浓度与总悬浮物(TSS)浓度无相关性。TSS与场降雨的最大雨强呈现正相关。     

Bioaccessibility of arsenic in various types of rice in an in vitro gastrointestinal fluid system

Rice can be a major contributor to dietary arsenic exposure because of the relatively high total arsenic concentration compared to other grains, especially for people whose main staple is rice. This study employed in vitro gastrointestinal fluid digestion to determine bioaccessible or gastrointestinal fluid extractable arsenic concentration in rice. Thirty-one rice samples, of which 60 % were grown in the United States, were purchased from food stores in New York City. Total arsenic concentrations in these samples ranged from 0.090 ± 0.004 to 0.85 ± 0.03 mg/kg with a mean value of 0.275 ± 0.161 mg/kg (n = 31). Rice samples with relatively high total arsenic (>0.20 mg/kg, n = 18) were treated by in vitro artificial gastrointestinal fluid digestion, and the extractable arsenic ranged from 53 % to 102 %. The bioaccessibility of arsenic in rice decreases in the general order of extra long grain, long grain, long grain parboiled, to brown rices.     

污水源热泵机组性能的研究

利用热泵系统回收城市污水中的热能,既开发了一种清洁能源,同时又降低了城市废热的排放,保护了环境.通过对以水源热泵为中心设备的污水热能回收与利用实验装置冬季供暖工况的实验研究,考察了热泵机组在以污水(模拟)为热源时的工作性能,测得热泵机组性能系数为2.61.     

Speciation of heavy metals in estuarine sediments in the northeast of Brazil

An analytical procedure involving a three-step sequential extraction was used to determine the chemical association of heavy metals (Zn, Cr, Mn and Fe) with the major phases (exchangable, reducible and oxidizable) in samples from a fishpond of estuarine sediments. The pond is located in the Capibaribe River estuary, within the boundaries of the city of Recife, in the State of Pernambuco in the northeast of Brazil. The total metal content was determined as well. All metals were extracted from the residual fraction at a percentage greater than 50%.