以两种酚类有机物为基质的微生物燃料电池产电特性

以城市污水处理厂的厌氧污泥为接种微生物,在外电阻为1900Ω下,采用双室微生物燃料电池(MFC)分别对以难降解的有毒有机物2,4-二氯苯酚(DCP),对硝基苯酚(PNP),对硝基苯酚和2,4-二氯苯酚为基质时进行有机物降解和产电性能的研究。实验结果表明以DCP(50 mg/L)为单一基质时,MFC的运行周期长达225 h左右,负载两端的最大电压值达393.7 mV,库仑效率为13.73%;而以PNP和DCP为混合基质时,PNP明显促进DCP的降解,使得DCP的去除率高达64.52%,同时PNP的去除率也达到94.47%。实验最终表明,MFC能够以2,4-二氯苯酚和对硝基苯酚为基质,在实现DCP和PNP降解的同时可稳定高效地向外输出电能。     

生物降解实验中的接种物标准化研究

针对降解实验中接种物采集困难、活性差异大、实验可重复性及结果可比性差的问题展开接种物标准化研究。对多来源的接种物在实验室可控条件下进行驯养,驯养后生长状态良好的活性污泥分别固定于灭菌麸皮和藻酸钙凝胶等2种微生物载体上,形成2种固定化接种物(分别简称为Bran及Ball)。对上述固定化接种物进行微生物活性、适应性、降解能力以及稳定性研究:通过2种固定化接种物与商品化接种物Polyseed对葡萄糖-谷氨酸(GGA)五日生化需氧量(BOD5)的结果与活菌细胞数的关系,确认3种接种物在降解实验中的用量可控制在相同数量级;比较不同批次及保存时间的2种固定化接种物、相同批次不同保存时间的Polyseed以及污水处理厂曝气池污泥为接种物对苯胺及二甘醇的快速生物降解实验(OECD301F)结果,发现Ball及Bran较Polyseed及新鲜采集活性污泥的微生物适应性及降解能力更佳。此外,在较长保存期内2种固定化接种物活性相对稳定。2种固定化接种物初具成为标准化接种物的必要条件。     

2,4-二氯苯酚在土壤中的吸附及其批实验与柱实验的分配系数比较

为了研究2,4-二氯苯酚在土壤中的吸附及比较其批实验与柱实验的分配系数Kd,开展了2,4-二氯苯酚的批实验（不同液固比条件下）和柱实验。通过分析结果可知,在批实验中,不同液固比条件下2,4-二氯苯酚达到平衡的时间类似,都在60～70 h,吸附动力学曲线符合伪二级动力学方程,吸附规律是：液固比越大,平衡吸附量增大,反应速率常数K2减小,初始吸附速率常数减小;Kd随液固比增大而降低,范围在2.91～2.12 L/kg。柱实验结果表明,2,4-二氯苯酚的贯穿曲线可以很好地用化学非平衡模型来拟合,通过模型拟合得到的Kd值要低于批实验的结果。该研究对表征2,4-二氯苯酚在环境中的行为、预测其对土壤和地下水的污染及其治理提供了依据。     

改性沸石承载纳米Fe/Ni对水中2,4-二氯苯酚的去除

将通过液相还原法制备的纳米铁/镍(Fe/Ni)颗粒承载于改性沸石表面制得负载型复合材料,纳米Fe/Ni在改性沸石表面具有良好的分散性。复合材料对2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-DCP)的去除包括吸附和降解两个过程,脱氯降解是主要过程。实验结果表明,25℃时,0.6 g的复合材料对20 mg·L~(-1)的2,4-DCP去除效果达到80%,在酸性条件下,复合材料的去除效果未见明显差异,碱性环境会影响2,4-DCP的去除效果。降解产物苯酚被吸附在材料表面,避免了对水环境的二次污染。     

超声波/铁粉对废水2,4-二氯酚的降解研究

采用超声波/铁粉协同作用,降解废水中的2,4-二氯酚,考察了超声功率、铁粉投加量、2,4-二氯酚初始质量浓度、溶液初始pH值等因素,对2,4-二氯酚降解效果的影响,并对其动力学进行了初步探讨。结果表明：超声波与铁粉具有明显的协同效应。在超声波与铁粉的协同作用下,2,4-二氯酚的降解效率,随着超声功率的增大和初始质量浓度的减小而增大,随着铁粉投加量的增加而增大,但铁粉的投加量达到20 g/L时,降解效率的增幅趋于平缓。在pH值为4的弱酸性条件下,2,4-二氯酚的降解效率最佳,pH值为8时,降解效率次之,在中性或弱碱性条件下,降解效率最差。投加适量的铜作催化剂,可提高2,4-二氯酚的降解效率。本实验条件下,催化剂Cu^2＋的最佳投加量为0.256 g/L。超声波/铁粉协同作用对2,4-二氯酚的降解过程符合一级动力学反应规律。协同体系中,2,4-二氯酚降解速率比单独超声降解和铁粉单独作用时的降解速率分别提高了大约13倍和5倍。     

固定化微生物法处理对氯苯酚废水的研究

采用聚乙烯醇(PVA)-硼酸法制作固定化活性污泥小球,用正交试验确定降解对氯苯酚的固定化活性污泥的最优化条件.从温度、浓度和pH 3方面比较了固定化活性污泥和游离活性污泥对对氯苯酚降解效果的影响.研究表明:固定化活性污泥降解对氯苯酚的最适宜温度为25～35℃,最适pH为6～8;固定化活性污泥对对氯苯酚的降解速度大于游离活性污泥.     

嗜联苯红球菌B403对酚类污染物的降解特性及动力学分析

为提高降酚菌株的降酚能力,实验测定了嗜联苯红球菌B403对6种酚的最小抑菌浓度,考察了该菌在不同碳源条件下的生长与降酚特性及其关联,进而研究其降解动力学规律。结果表明,菌株B403对苯酚、间甲酚、邻苯二酚、对硝基苯酚、2,4-二氯苯酚和2,4,6-三氯苯酚的最小抑菌浓度分别为1 190、630、700、140、70、48 mg·L~(-1),菌株B403对苯酚、间甲酚、邻苯二酚表现出较强的耐受性。分别以这3种酚为唯一碳源,该菌株能有效降解苯酚和间甲酚,无机盐培养基中处理30h后,苯酚、间甲酚、邻苯二酚的降解率分别为97.85%、100%、56.54%;当有其他有机碳源存在时,菌株B403的生物量大幅度提高,3种酚的降解效率也显著提高,处理15 h后LB-无机盐混合培养基中苯酚、间甲酚、邻苯二酚的降解率分别为98.92%、99.93%、94.35%。菌株B403的降酚动力学过程符合Haldane模型,菌株B403降解苯酚的动力学参数为q_m=0.503 h~(-1),K_s=270.9 mg·L~(-1),K_I=69 mg·L~(-1);降解间甲酚时,q_m=0.672 h~(-1),K_s=171.9 mg·L~(-1),K_I=23.74 mg·L~(-1);降解邻苯二酚时,q_m=1.749 h~(-1),K_s=541.9 mg·L~(-1),K_I=42.61 mg·L~(-1)。根据动力学方程,推论降解苯酚、间甲酚、邻苯二酚的最佳浓度分别为136.4、87.4、116.1 mg·L~(-1)。综合上述结果,其他有机碳源的存在可以显著提高该菌株降酚能力和降解效率,在工业含酚废水治理及有机质丰富的酚类污染土壤修复领域具有一定的应用潜力。     

活性污泥超声波预处理的降解特性与减量研究

采用超声波处理序批式间歇反应器(SBR)中的活性污泥,通过改变活性污泥的超声波处理比例,分析SBR系统的污泥降解特性和减量效率。研究结果表明,超声波处理能有效促进系统污泥减量和污泥稳定,30%的处理比例使污泥表观产率和挥发性悬浮固体/悬浮固体(VSS/SS)较对照处理分别减少28%和5.1%,但处理系统出水水质轻微下降,30%和40%的处理比例使系统出水COD去除率较对照处理分别下降了9.5%和12.3%,出水浊度也出现了轻微增加,而污泥的沉降性能并没有产生明显影响。     

微波辅助光催化降解氯酚类污染物的研究

研究了溶液中4-氯酚(4CP)、2-氯酚(2CP)、4-氯-3-甲基酚(4C3MP)、2,4-二氯酚(2,4-DCP)、2,4,6-三氯酚(2,4,6-TCP)和五氯酚(PCP)的微波辅助光催化降解(MW/PCO).结果表明,6种氯酚(CPs)光降解速率与分子中Cl原子取代的数目、位置等分子结构性质有关,单氯酚比多取代氯酚易光解.MW/PCO降解4CP的主要中间产物为苯酚、氯苯、对苯醌、对苯二酚等,降解PCP的主要中间产物为2,3,5,6-四氯对苯醌、2,3,4,6-四氯对苯二酚、四氯酚.CPs降解的机制是紫外光降解和羟基自由基 (·OH)亲电子加成脱氯过程.     

光/电Fenton牺牲阳极法降解有机污染物

采用Fe片为阳极和石墨为阴极,在可见光(λ450 nm)照射并外加电压条件下,以有机染料橙Ⅱ(orangeⅡ)及有机无色小分子2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-dichlorophenol,DCP)为目标化合物,探讨了光/电Fenton牺牲阳极法降解有机污染物的最佳反应条件,结果表明,在电压=3 V,pH=3.0,H2O2浓度为5×10-5mol/L时,orangeⅡ的降解效果最好,反应10 h矿化率可达到78%,210 min内2,4-DCP降解率为91.4%。通过对光/电Fenton体系原位循环伏安参数测定及过氧化物酶催化反应吸光光度法和苯甲酸荧光分析法检测光/电Fenton降解orange II过程中H2O2和羟基自由基(.OH)的变化,表明orangeⅡ降解过程涉及.OH历程。     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

不同泥源对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响

采用2套上流式生物膜反应器,分别接种少量厌氧氨氧化污泥和大量硝化污泥,考察其对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响。污泥接种入反应器后,测得接种厌氧氨氧化污泥的反应器(R1)内MLSS为0.22 g/L,另一个反应器(R2)MLSS为2.7 g/L。与直接接种厌氧氨氧化污泥相比,R1经过72 d的运行才显现出厌氧氨氧化特性。经过114 d的培养,前者氮去除速率由0.23 kg/(m3.d)提升到5.29 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于89%;R2的氮去除速率由0.01 kg/(m3.d)提升到1.1 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于84.6%。说明普通污泥启动需要一个较长的筛选过程,直接接种少量的厌氧氨氧化污泥比接种普通的污泥能够更快启动厌氧氨氧化反应器。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

造纸废水混凝处理中SFT助凝替代性研究

中小造纸厂废水处理常用PAC作混凝剂 ,PAM作助凝剂。由于PAM成本很高 ,影响了处理设备的投运率。用超细滑石粉 (SFT)替代PAM助凝 ,与混凝剂PAC配合 ,其混凝处理效果基本相当 ,但是处理成本降低 0 .10元 /m3 。由于SFT属环境无害材料 ,不会给排泥带来二次污染     

活性炭三维电极法对印染废水的处理研究

对三维电极方法处理印染废水进行了实验研究,初步探讨了活性炭三维电极法处理印染废水的机理,对影响处理效果的各种要素,如反应时间、槽电压和pH值等进行了条件实验,得出了活性炭三维电极法处理印染废水的最佳运行条件为:停留时间120-180 min,槽电压25～30 V,进水pH值6.5～7.5。结果表明,该反应器能有效地降低废水色度,有较高的COD去除效率,并能提高印染废水的可生化性。     

红土吸附砷对其动电电位的影响

研究了遵义红土吸附砷对其动电电位的影响 ,从砷酸根浓度和体系pH对红土动电电位影响的角度作了探讨 ,结果表明 ,砷酸根离子浓度越大 ,Zata电位下降幅度越大 ,Zata电位也越低 ;随着体系pH的升高 ,氧化铁胶体动电电位逐渐下降 ,甚至改变了表面电位的符号。由此得出了红土吸附砷属于专性吸附的结论。     

生物质快速热裂解主要参数对生物油产率的影响

以松木木屑为原料,在自制的小型流化床上,开展了生物质热裂解温度、生物质粒径和进料速率对生物油产率的影响实验研究.结果表明,在热裂解温度分别为450、475、500、525和550℃条件下,当热裂解温度为500℃时,生物油产率最高,平均产率达到53.33%(质量百分比).反应温度越高,炭产量越低,不可冷凝气体产量越高,气体发热值越高;粒径＜1 mm的生物质其粒径对生物油产率影响不大;生物质进料速率增加时,生物油产率增加.本研究为生物能的利用提供了新的途径.     

Evaluation of the presence of drugs of abuse in tap waters

A total of seventy samples of drinking water were tested for non-controlled and illicit drugs. Of these, 43 were from Spanish cities, 15 from seven other European countries, three from Japan and nine from seven different Latin American countries. The most frequently detected compounds were caffeine, nicotine, cotinine, cocaine and its metabolite benzoylecgonine, methadone and its metabolite EDDP. The mean concentrations of non-controlled drugs were: for caffeine 50 and 19 ng L⁻¹, in Spanish and worldwide drinking water respectively and for nicotine 13 and 19 ng L⁻¹. Illicit drugs were sparsely present and usually at ultratrace level (<1 ng L⁻¹). For example, cocaine has mean values of 0.4 (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide), whereas for benzoylecgonine, these mean values were 0.4 and 1.8 ng L⁻¹, respectively. Higher concentrations of benzoylecgonine were found in Latin American samples (up to 15 ng L⁻¹). No opiates were identified in any sample but the presence of methadone and EDDP was frequently detected. Total mean values for EDDP were 0.4 ng L⁻¹ (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide). Very few samples tested positive for amphetamines, in line with the reactivity of chlorine with these compounds. No cannabinoids, LSD, ketamine, fentanyl and PCP were detected.     

Visualisation of the complexity of EUSES

The interdependencies of parameters applied in the models of EUSES are visualised in a directed connectivity graph. The parameters (inputs, defaults, state variables, outputs) are represented by boxes (nodes) and their relations by lines (edges). The visualisation, on the one hand, clarifies the complexity of the models in EUSES and, on the other hand, creates an overview and transparency. The parameters’ relations to each other can be recognised faster, and the models can be better understood. The complexity was quantified by the number (variety), kind (substance parameter, physico-chemical parameter, concentration, other parameters), and depth (dimension) of the parameter and the number of relations (connectivity). The variety of EUSES (without the modelsSimple Treat andSimple Box whose interior structure is not documented and without the effect and risk characterisation) amounts to 466, the connectivity to 961, and the maximal dimension is 21.