气候变暖对森林生态系统潜在影响分析

人类活动所引起的温室效应及由此造成的全球气候变暖和对全球生态环境的影响正越来越引起人们的关注。文中系统地论述了未来气候变化对森林生态系统树种组成、林分结构、分布和生产力的潜在响应,以及森林变化对气候的影响。     

中国科学院生态系统网络观测与模拟重点实验室CERN综合研究中心研究成果与发展

介绍了中国生态系统研究网络(CERN)综合研究中心成立以来的发展历程和主要研究成果,以及未来研究方向及预期发展。取得的代表性研究成果主要有:CERN动态监测数据与生态系统空间信息数据管理和共享系统的开发、陆地生态系统碳和水热通量观测研究、陆地生态系统碳储量的时空格局特征研究、陆地生态系统多尺度模拟综合集成研究和青藏高原生态系统格局与全球变化相互作用关系研究等。未来的研究方向主要集中在陆地生态系统碳氮水循环及其耦合,区域碳汇功能动态,生态敏感区、脆弱区和过渡区对全球气候变化的响应与适应,生态监测、模拟与生态信息应用以及全球气候变化主要因子对生态系统关键过程的影响。未来除了履行CERN综合研究中心的基本职能外,争取在以上研究方向取得有国际影响的开拓性研究成果。     

森林生态系统应对气候变化响应研究综述

针对近年来气候变化对森林生态系统的影响以及森林生态系统应对气候变化的反馈机制,总结了森林生态系统碳循环研究进展,对比国内外研究现状提出了我国森林生态系统研究和林业发展的方向。     

气候变化对城市生态系统的影响研究进展

由全球气候变暖引起的一系列气候和环境问题日益突出,对城市生产、生活产生重大影响,甚至给人类社会带来灾难性后果。文章将气候变化对城市生态系统的影响归纳为对人群健康、社会经济发展和生态系统服务三个方面,系统地总结了国内外关于气候变化对城市生态系统影响的评估方法和实践趋势,并指出当前研究中存在的问题和未来发展方向,以期为城市制定应对气候变化的政策和措施提供思路和帮助。     

美国加州气候变化政策

引言 大气中温室气体（GHG）浓度不断升高已使气候出现可以察觉的变化。未来将导致全球气候出现进一步变化。气候变化对以下几个方面的影响尤为明显：水资源、农业、敏感的沿海和森林生态系统。反过来，这些影响叉会对加州的经济、公共卫生、农业生产和娱乐业造成严重冲击。[编者按]     

森林生态系统对大气氮沉降降低的响应

大气氮沉降是全球变化的重要影响因素之一,而过量氮沉降导致森林出现氮饱和,引起土壤酸化、硝酸根淋溶、氧化亚氮排放增加、植物物种多样性和植被生产力下降.在欧洲、北美和我国大气氮沉降降低的背景下,总结森林生态系统对氮输入降低的响应,不仅能够完善氮沉降对森林生态系统影响的知识体系,也能评估各国已开展的减排行动的成效,为我国制定进一步的减排政策提供科学依据.回顾了欧洲和北美的温带森林以及我国亚热带森林的土壤、地表水、氮循环和植被对大气含氮污染气体和氮沉降降低的响应.土壤溶液中硝酸根浓度对氮沉降的减少响应迅速,但具体响应规律未出现统一趋势.土壤酸化和氮循环过程从高氮沉降中的恢复过程出现滞后现象.森林氮矿化和固持、土壤碳储量和净初级生产力可能需要几十年的时间对氮沉降的减少作出响应.相对而言,虽然有一两年的延迟,土壤无机氮库和氮淋溶量会随着氮沉降的下降而下降.地表水氮浓度与森林生态系统氮状态密切相关.当氮沉降降低时,在历史高氮沉降地区,森林生态系统的氮淋溶下降,因此地表水氮浓度的响应较明显.而在氮缺乏的森林中,普遍较低的地表水氮浓度受到氮沉降变化的影响不显著.地表水酸化的恢复受到土壤硫解吸-矿化和硝化...     

森林生态安全评价探析——以宁夏吴忠市为例

森林生态系统是重要的陆地生态系统。随着森林资源的破坏和人们对环境保护的重视,对于森林生态安全的关注也逐渐提高。本文基于压力—状态—响应(PSR)模型,构建了森林生态安全评价指标体系,并运用熵权法进行权数确定。在此基础上,研究以宁夏回族自治区的吴忠市为例,并对吴忠市森林生态安全进行了评价,得出目前吴忠市森林生态安全程度较低的结论,尤其指出目前森林生态压力因素对于生态安全的影响最大,最后研究根据相关结论提出了一些建议。     

冰藻在北冰洋生态系统中的重要性及其对全球变暖的响应

在全球变暖的背景下,北极正在经历剧烈的环境变化,如海冰消融、海水淡化、海平面上升、海流变化以及紫外线辐射增强等。北极是对全球气候变化最敏感的地区之一,其特殊的地理位置和极地放大效应使北冰洋生态系统极为脆弱。冰藻作为初级生产者,是北冰洋生态系统的重要组成成分,在全球生物地球化学循环和能量流动过程中发挥着重要的作用,对环境变化的响应十分敏感,是一种良好的环境指示生物,研究其对全球变暖的响应具有重要意义。本文从冰藻对北冰洋的生物量、生产力、沉积有机碳的埋藏以及渔业资源等方面的作用,分析了冰藻对北冰洋生态系统的重要性,结合冰藻的群落结构、时空分布等方面的变化,论述了冰藻对全球变暖的响应。     

化学气候变化对北美和欧洲森林的影响

1.前言近年来,科学界和公众对酸雨、大气污染及全球气候变化等问题的争论发生了重大转变。人们认识到,所有这些问题都是相关的,因为它们:①都是全球化学气候变化的具体表现;②都和化石燃料燃烧排放物的增加有关;③都涉及到大气污染物短距离和长距离迁移中的光化学变化;④都被人们怀疑或认为增加了对森林的负担;⑤都对人类健康、工程材料的腐蚀、文化资源的破坏、大气烟雾的形成以及其它社会问题增加了直接和间接的危险。本文扼要综述了北美和欧洲化学气候引起生物学上的有关变化,并客观地评价了人们对空气中的化学物质对森林     

钙同位素在森林生态系统中的研究进展

钙作为植物必需的营养元素之一,对维持森林生态系统稳定有重要作用。本文综述了钙同位素的分析方法和分馏机理,并指出钙同位素分馏可以用来示踪森林系统中钙的来源及途径。在森林生态系统的研究中,土壤与植物之间的钙同位素分馏可以用于区域物质循环的估算。同时对利用钙同位素在森林生态系统对环境响应及生态系统演化应用进行了总结,并基于当前研究对未来采用钙同位素在生物地球化学循环的研究方向进行了展望。     

Integrated modelling approaches to analysis of climate change impacts on forests and forest management

This paper reviews integrated economic and ecological models that address impacts and adaptation to climate change in the forest sector. Early economic model studies considered forests as one out of many possible impacts of climate change, while ecological model studies tended to limit the economic impacts to fixed price-assumptions. More recent studies include broader representations of both systems, but there are still few studies which can be regarded fully integrated. Full integration of ecological and economic models is needed to address forest management under climate change appropriately. The conclusion so far is that there are vast uncertainties about how climate change affects forests. This is partly due to the limited knowledge about the global implications of the social and economical adaptation to the effects of climate change on forests.     

Mitigation needs adaptation: Tropical forestry and climate change

The relationship between tropical forests and global climate change has so far focused on mitigation, while much less emphasis has been placed on how management activities may help forest ecosystems adapt to this change. This paper discusses how tropical forestry practices can contribute to maintaining or enhancing the adaptive capacity of natural and planted forests to global climate change and considers challenges and opportunities for the integration of tropical forest management in broader climate change adaptation. In addition to the use of reduced impact logging to maintain ecosystem integrity, other approaches may be needed, such as fire prevention and management, as well as specific silvicultural options aimed at facilitating genetic adaptation. In the case of planted forests, the normally higher intensity of management (with respect to natural forest) offers additional opportunities for implementing adaptation measures, at both industrial and smallholder levels. Although the integration in forest management of measures aimed at enhancing adaptation to climate change may not involve substantial additional effort with respect to current practice, little action appears to have been taken to date. Tropical foresters and forest-dependent communities appear not to appreciate the risks posed by climate change and, for those who are aware of them, practical guidance on how to respond is largely non-existent. The extent to which forestry research and national policies will promote and adopt management practices in order to assist production forests adapt to climate change is currently uncertain. Mainstreaming adaptation into national development and planning programs may represent an initial step towards the incorporation of climate change considerations into tropical forestry.     

Impact of climate change on Indian forests: a dynamic vegetation modeling approach

We make an assessment of the impact of projected climate change on forest ecosystems in India. This assessment is based on climate projections of the Regional Climate Model of the Hadley Centre (HadRM3) and the dynamic global vegetation model IBIS for A2 and B2 scenarios. According to the model projections, 39% of forest grids are likely to undergo vegetation type change under the A2 scenario and 34% under the B2 scenario by the end of this century. However, in many forest dominant states such as Chattisgarh, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh up to 73%, 67% and 62% of forested grids are projected to undergo change. Net Primary Productivity (NPP) is projected to increase by 68.8% and 51.2% under the A2 and B2 scenarios, respectively, and soil organic carbon (SOC) by 37.5% for A2 and 30.2% for B2 scenario. Based on the dynamic global vegetation modeling, we present a forest vulnerability index for India which is based on the observed datasets of forest density, forest biodiversity as well as model predicted vegetation type shift estimates for forested grids. The vulnerability index suggests that upper Himalayas, northern and central parts of Western Ghats and parts of central India are most vulnerable to projected impacts of climate change, while Northeastern forests are more resilient. Thus our study points to the need for developing and implementing adaptation strategies to reduce vulnerability of forests to projected climate change.     

Integrated scenario modelling of energy,greenhouse gas emissions and forestry

Preventing dangerous climate change requires actions on several sectors. Mitigation strategies have focused primarily on energy, because fossil fuels are the main source of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Another important sector recently gaining more attention is the forest sector. Deforestation is responsible for approximately one fifth of the global emissions, while growing forests sequester and store significant amounts of carbon. Because energy and forest sectors and climate change are highly interlinked, their interactions need to be analysed in an integrated framework in order to better understand the consequences of different actions and policies, and find the most effective means to reduce emissions. This paper presents a model, which integrates energy use, forests and greenhouse gas emissions and describes the most important linkages between them. The model is applied for the case of Finland, where integrated analyses are of particular importance due to the abundant forest resources, major forest carbon sink and strong linkage with the energy sector. However, the results and their implications are discussed in a broader perspective. The results demonstrate how full integration of all net emissions into climate policy could increase the economic efficiency of climate change mitigation. Our numerical scenarios showed that enhancing forest carbon sinks would be a more cost-efficient mitigation strategy than using forests for bioenergy production, which would imply a lower sink. However, as forest carbon stock projections involve large uncertainties, their full integration to emission targets can introduce new and notable risks for mitigation strategies.     

Mitigation and adaptation synergy in forest sector

Mitigation and adaptation are the two main strategies to address climate change. Mitigation and adaptation have been considered separately in the global negotiations as well as literature. There is a realization on the need to explore and promote synergy between mitigation and adaptation while addressing climate change. In this paper, an attempt is made to explore the synergy between mitigation and adaptation by considering forest sector, which on the one hand is projected to be adversely impacted under the projected climate change scenarios and on the other provide opportunities to mitigate climate change. Thus, the potential and need for incorporating adaptation strategies and practices in mitigation projects is presented with a few examples. Firstly, there is a need to ensure that mitigation programs or projects do not increase the vulnerability of forest ecosystems and plantations. Secondly, several adaptation practices could be incorporated into mitigation projects to reduce vulnerability. Further, many of the mitigation projects indeed reduce vulnerability and promote adaptation, for example; forest and biodiversity conservation, protected area management and sustainable forestry. Also, many adaptation options such as urban forestry, soil and water conservation and drought resistant varieties also contribute to mitigation of climate change. Thus, there is need for research and field demonstration of synergy between mitigation and adaptation, so that the cost of addressing climate change impacts can be reduced and co-benefits increased.     

森林碳汇功能的研究进展

因全球温室效应和气候变化影响,以及森林对CO2的固定作用,使林业碳汇得到了世界各国的广泛支持和发展。文章主要围绕森林植被碳汇、土壤碳汇研究现状,森林碳汇功能的不确定性以及森林管理与碳汇的关系4个方面对国内外森林碳汇的研究进展简要综述,为森林碳汇的科学研究提供基础。     

Afforestation opportunities when stand productivity is driven by a high risk of natural disturbance: a review of the open lichen woodland in the eastern boreal forest of Canada

Afforestation has the potential to offset the increased emission of atmospheric carbon dioxide and has therefore been proposed as a strategy to mitigate climate change. Here we review the opportunities for carbon (C) offsets through open lichen woodland afforestation in the boreal forest of eastern Canada as a case study, while considering the reversal risks (low productivity, fires, insect outbreaks, changes in land use and the effects of future climate on growth potential as well as on the disturbances regime). Our results suggest that : (1) relatively low growth rate may act as a limiting factor in afforestation projects in which the time available to increase C is driven by natural disturbances; (2) with ongoing climate change, a global increase in natural disturbance rates, mainly fire and spruce budworm outbreaks, may offset any increases in net primary production at the landscape level; (3) the reduction of the albedo versus increase in biomass may negatively affect the net climate forcing; (4) the impermanence of C stock linked to the reversal risks makes this scenario not necessarily cost attractive. More research, notably on the link between fire risk and site productivity, is needed before afforestation can be incorporated into forest management planning to assist climate change mitigation efforts. Therefore, we suggest that conceivable mitigation strategies in the boreal forest will likely have to be directed activities that can reduce emissions and can increase C sinks while minimizing the reversal impacts. Implementation of policies to reduce Greenhouse Gases (GHG) in the boreal forest should consider the biophysical interactions, the different spatial and temporal scales of their benefits, the costs (investment and benefits) and how all these factors are influenced by the site history.     

Plant trees for the planet: the potential of forests for climate change mitigation and the major drivers of national forest area

Forests are one of the most cost-effective ways to sequester carbon today. Here, I estimate the world’s land share under forests required to prevent dangerous climate change. For this, I combine newest longitudinal data of FLUXNET on forests’ net ecosystem exchange of carbon (NEE) from 78 forest sites (N?=?607) with countries’ mean temperature and forest area. This straightforward approach indicates that the world’s forests sequester 8.3 GtCO₂year^?1. For the 2 °C climate target, the current forest land share has to be doubled to 60.0% to sequester an additional 7.8 GtCO₂year^?1, which demands less red meat consumption. This afforestation/reforestation (AR) challenge is achievable, as the estimated global biophysical potential of AR is 8.0 GtCO₂year^?1 safeguarding food supply for 10 billion people. Climate-responsible countries have the highest AR potential. For effective climate policies, knowledge on the major drivers of forest area is crucial. Enhancing information here, I analyze forest land share data of 98 countries from 1990 to 2015 applying causal inference (N?=?2494). The results highlight that population growth, industrialization, and increasing temperature reduce forest land share, while more protected forest and economic growth generally increase it. In all, this study confirms the potential of AR for climate change mitigation with a straightforward approach based on the direct measurement of NEE. This might provide a more valid picture given the shortcomings of indirect carbon stock-based inventories. The analysis identifies future regional hotspots for the AR potential and informs the need for fast and forceful action to prevent dangerous climate change.

     

Forests and climate change adaptation policies in Cameroon

Nowadays, adaptation has become a key focus of the scientific and policy-making communities and is a major area of discussion in the multilateral climate change process. As climate change is projected to hit the poorest the hardest, it is especially important for developing countries to pay particular attention to the management of natural resources and agricultural activities. In most of these countries such as Cameroon, forest can play important role in achieving broader climate change adaptation goals. However, forest generally receives very little attention in national development programme and strategies such as policy dialogues on climate change and poverty reduction strategies. Using a qualitative approach to data collection through content analysis of relevant Cameroon policy documents, the integration of climate change adaptation was explored and the level of attention given to forests for adaptation analysed. Results indicate that, with the exception of the First National Communication to UNFCCC that focused mostly on mitigation and related issues, current policy documents in Cameroon are void of tangible reference to climate change, and hence failing in drawing the relevance of forest in sheltering populations from the many projected impacts of climate change. Policies related to forest rely on a generalized concept of sustainable forest management and do not identify the specific changes that need to be incorporated into management strategies and policies towards achieving adaptation. The strategies and recommendations made in those documents only serve to improve understanding of Cameroon natural resources and add resilience to the natural systems in coping with anthropogenic stresses. The paper draws attention to the need to address the constraints of lack of awareness and poor flow of information on the potentials of forests for climate change adaptation. It highlights the need for integrating forest for adaptation into national development programmes and strategies, and recommends a review of the existing environmental legislations and their implications on poverty reduction strategy and adaptation to climate change.