油田开发对湿地自然保护区生态环境的影响研究

文章选取辽宁辽河口国家级自然保护区作为研究对象,通过调查2000—2015年自然保护区土地利用现状及分布、湿地资源、植物资源、动物资源、地表植被、景观破碎度等方面现状情况,对油田开发在土地利用格局、生态系统功能、地表植被质量、景观生态完整性、动物多样性等方面产生的影响进行了分析。在此基础上,得出了油田开发活动对保护区生态环境的影响情况。     

基于TM影像的石羊河流域土地利用变化研究

根据1999年和2010年两期影像数据,在遥感软件EDARS IMAGINE9.1的支持下对图像进行技术处理,通过计算机自动分类方法提取土地利用信息,将石羊河流域土地利用类型分为耕地、草地、林地、建筑用地、水域及未利用地,同时利用数学模型和景观生态学理论,分析了石羊河流域土地利用变化的时空特征和格局变化。研究结果表明,1999-2010年间耕地和未利用地的面积变化最大,变化量占到总流域面积的比例分别为3.94%和2.42%;水域、林地、耕地的土地利用动态度明显,依次为3.06%,1.82%和1.12%;11年间草地、耕地和水域的流转较为剧烈,变化速率较快;11年间石羊河流域的土地利用偏离度为持续缓慢下降的趋势,下降幅度达到0.04,土地利用活动对自然景观的干预趋于缓和;景观优势度增大,景观多样性和景观均匀度有所减少,人类活动对景观格局影响明显;人口、经济因素和政策因素在短时间尺度上对土地利用变化的影响较为显著。     

玛多县土地利用与景观格局分析及预测

土地利用/土地覆盖变化研究是全球环境变化和可持续发展的热点问题。文章选取了青海省玛多县2005年、2009年和2013年Landsat卫星影像数据,利用GIS技术和景观格局分析软件相结合的方法,对玛多县近九年来该区土地利用/土地覆盖变化、景观结构与格局进行分析,并结合Markov模型,预测玛多县未来十几年间土地利用景观格局演变特征。结果表明,草地是玛多县最主要的土地利用类型;2005~2013年,玛多县草地和人工用地面积增加,人工用地动态度最大;土地利用/覆盖类型总变化面积为12 983.87km2。2005~2009年玛多县景观异质性不断减小,空间连接性增加,景观团聚程度高,各类型斑块分布较集中;2009~2013年玛多县景观异质性增强,景观破碎化程度高、团聚程度低;景观趋于多样化和丰富化。     

水西景区景观格局及土地利用结构分析

景观格局与土地利用空间结构密切相关.运用景观多样性、优势度、均匀度和破碎度等景观生态学指标,对水西景区景观格局及其用地现状进行了分析.结果表明:水西用地类型多样性较高,以林地占优势,林地破碎度低,森林景观较完整,但空闲地和建筑用地受人类活动干扰大,破碎度高,在一定程度上影响了水西的景观格局.     

遥感调查方法在河北省省级自然保护区生态环境变化评估方面的应用研究

河北省省级自然保护区以自然生态系统类型为主,人类活动较为频繁,将遥感评估方法应用于河北省省级自然保护区生态环境变化评估具有重要意义。本文通过分析高分辨率遥感卫星影像的特点,结合河北省省级自然保护区的实际情况,优先选取分辨率为2m的民用卫星,提出了遥感调查方法在自然保护区人类活动和开发建设活动中自动监测、生态系统格局变化、生态系统质量变化以及人类活动干扰程度四方面的评估应用。     

基于生态风险评估的旅游目的地开发研究——以吉林省大布苏国家级自然保护区为例

吉林大布苏国家级自然保护区的主要生态风险源来自人类活动,该保护区目前以开展生态旅游为主。以吉林省大布苏国家级自然保护区为例,运用生态风险评估的一般方法系统分析影响其生态风险的因素,确定其主要生态风险源为干旱、盐碱化、水土流失和人类活动,其中人类活动造成的影响特别突出。将ArcGIS应用于生态风险的评价当中,结合2004--2011年土地利用类型变化,绘制综合生态风险等级分布图,提出针对性的旅游开发对策以降低该保护区面临的生态风险,实现吉林省大布苏国家级自然保护区的可持续发展。     

基于高分辨率遥感影像的城市土地利用景观格局分析

以IKONOS卫星遥感影像为基础数据源,在GIS技术的支持下,获取了泸州市区的土地利用类型。借鉴景观生态学的基本原理和方法,基于Fragstats 3.3软件,用景观格局指数定量分析了泸州市区土地利用景观格局的特征。分析结果表明,泸州市区土地利用景观类型丰富,景观多样性程渡高,景观类型均匀程度也较高,但优势景观类型不明显;由于人类干扰程度较大,土地利用景观破碎,稳定性较差。     

基于土地利用的生态移民安置区景观格局变化——以宁夏红寺堡为例

为了探讨生态移民安置区土地利用的景观格局特征,以及研究区不同土地利用的变化,以宁夏回族自治区红寺堡区为研究区,选取1995年、2005年和2015年三期遥感影像数据,运用RS和GIS技术分析了该区域的土地利用的景观格局变化特征,定量分析了几种常用景观格局指数随尺度的变化规律。结果表明:红寺堡区土地景观要素占绝对主导地位的是草地,其次为耕地;各类土地景观变化较为复杂,总体而言,红寺堡区土地景观正朝着破碎度、异质性程度增加的趋势发展。     

大渡河流域泸定段土地利用景观格局动态研究

对泸定县1994年TM影像和2002年ETM＋影像进行了数字图像处理和解译,得到两个时期的土地利用景观类型图,通过计算相关景观格局指数,定量研究了土地利用景观格局的纵向变化情况。结果表明：1994-2002年间,研究区以林地的变动为主要特征,8年间林地面积增加7590．395hm^2,而草地、耕地和其它土地面积减少,主要是转化为林地,其主要推动力是退耕还林政策的实施,景观破碎化程度增加,多样性和异质性提高,说明整个景观中斑块的分布趋于均匀化。     

长白山区生态用地破碎化演变及土地利用变化研究

随着城镇化进程的推进,土地资源破碎化现象逐步加深,严重威胁着区域生态安全、土地利用格局和人类生存环境。通过构建景观破碎度评价模型,研究了我国东北典型山区长白山区1995—2015年的生态用地破碎化程度及其动态变化特征。结果表明:①长白山区20年间生态用地破碎化程度降低,破碎化区域缩小,生态景观格局趋于安全。②各用地类型之间转换频繁,林地主要向草地转化。③20年来生态用地面积逐年缩小,内部类型变化幅度大于生态用地本身。④除了人类活动,城市扩张、耕地复垦等土地利用政策也是影响土地利用变化的外在因素。     

From Forest Landscape to Agricultural Landscape in the Developing Tropical Country of Malaysia: Pattern,Process, and Their Significance on Policy

Agricultural expansion and deforestation are spatial processes of land transformation that impact on landscape pattern. In peninsular Malaysia, the conversion of forested areas into two major cash crops—rubber and oil palm plantations—has been identified as driving significant environmental change. To date, there has been insufficient literature studying the link between changes in landscape patterns and land-related development policies. Therefore, this paper examines: (i) the links between development policies and changes in land use/land cover and landscape pattern and (ii) the significance and implications of these links for future development policies. The objective is to generate insights on the changing process of land use/land cover and landscape pattern as a functional response to development policies and their consequences for environmental conditions. Over the last century, the development of cash crops has changed the country from one dominated by natural landscapes to one dominated by agricultural landscapes. But the last decade of the century saw urbanization beginning to impact significantly. This process aligned with the establishment of various development policies, from land development for agriculture between the mid 1950s and the 1970s to an emphasis on manufacturing from the 1980s onward. Based on a case study in Selangor, peninsular Malaysia, a model of landscape pattern change is presented. It contains three stages according to the relative importance of rubber (first stage: 1900–1950s), oil palm (second stage: 1960s–1970s), and urban (third stage: 1980s–1990s) development that influenced landscape fragmentation and heterogeneity. The environmental consequences of this change have been depicted through loss of biodiversity, geohazard incidences, and the spread of vector-borne diseases. The spatial ecological information can be useful to development policy formulation, allowing diagnosis of the country’s “health” and sustainability. The final section outlines the usefulness of landscape analysis in the policy-making process to prevent further fragmentation of the landscape and forest loss in Malaysia in the face of rapid economic development.

岷江流域三江交汇区景观格局变化研究

本文以生态景观理论为基础,地理信息与遥感技术为支撑,对岷江流域三江交汇区三期遥感数据,1990年TM、2002年TM、2014年ETM+数据进行图像分类、景观指数提取、空间分析,同时采用面积转移矩阵统计各景观面积的转移情况,分析景观格局变化的影响因素,研究结果表明:(1)1990—2014年三江交汇区景观类型面积排序为:农田林地草地水域居民地裸地。优势景观为耕地,所占比例由72.83%下降到63.32%,面积减少了3480hm2。草地所占比例呈现波动变化,总体增加了2.81%。林地比例由15.98%上升到18.79%,增加了700hm2。居民地所占比例升高了4.1%;(2)1990年研究区内草地景观易受到外部干扰,其分布形状复杂。林地景观整体聚合度较高同时具有较低的异质性,分布通透性好、规模连续。农田分布较为分散且斑块较小。2002年农田斑块分布复杂化,同时具有聚集度高的特点。2014年研究区内农田优势地位下降。此时农田分布比较破碎并且呈现集中的态势。草地分布规模性较好、分布较为完整,但是内部存在一定的破碎性;(3)三江交汇区景观类型相互转化的主要原因:一是,退耕还林、还草政策实施,海拔超过500m的丘陵山地区域,建立生态保护区。二是,成绵乐铁路和高速路网的完善,使得三江交汇区的土地类型向建设用地转化加快,主要集中在乐山市中区和周围城镇。     

Implications of changing national policies on land use in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh

Land use in the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) of Bangladesh had undergone changes over the past several centuries. The landscape, which was mostly covered with forest with interspersed shifting cultivation plots until the beginning of the colonial period, has gradually changed into a landscape with a blend of land uses. Overall, the forest area has gradually declined, while the area under shifting cultivation and sedentary agriculture has expanded. The process of the change was multi-directional. National forestry, land use, land taxation, population migration policies, and development activities, such as construction of a hydroelectric dam and roads, played an important role in this process. Shifting cultivation had inflicted little damage on the forest until the beginning of the colonial period. The pace of deforestation accelerated with the nationalization of forests which abolished tribal people's customary use and management rights to the forest, and allowed large-scale commercial logging both legally and illegally. The pace was further intensified by the policy encouraging population migration to CHT and construction of a reservoir on the Karnafuli River. Efforts were made to replace shifting cultivation with more productive types of sedentary agriculture. However, much change could not take place in the absence of secure land rights, supportive trade policies, and the required support services and facilities, including infrastructure. Locationally suitable land use evolved in areas where transportation facilities were available and farmers were granted land title with the necessary extension services and credit facilities. These findings have important policy implications for the promotion of environmentally and economically sound land use in CHT.     

Entangling the Complexity of Protected Area Management: The Case of Wolong Biosphere Reserve,Southwestern China

Protected Area (PA) management is a complex issue that requires the consideration of many factors and relationships. A conceptual framework for the analysis of biodiversity change, local human communities, and PA management was put forward, accordingly. Under the framework, we investigated the economic status, livelihood activities, biodiversity use and perceptions of local communities, and the land use history in Wolong Biosphere Reserve, southwestern China through household survey and document review in order to gain a better understanding of the complexity of PA management. According to the land use history, the preservation of agro-biodiversity, and the raising of productivity, ecological rehabilitation and the regulation of the human pressures are indispensable in the management of the reserve. Livelihood activities and the perceptions of local communities were largely determined by the socioeconomic background, which has important implications in solving the conflicts or incompatibilities in the reserve. In Wolong Biosphere Reserve, it is beneficial to support local farmers in solving their socioeconomic problems such as the overabundance of labor force and the lack of livelihood alternatives. Without this, there will be scarcely any effective biodiversity conservation and successful reserve management in the long term.     

Landscape Trends in Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern United States Ecoregions

Landscape pattern and composition metrics are potential indicators for broad-scale monitoring of change and for relating change to human and ecological processes. We used a probability sample of 20-km × 20-km sampling blocks to characterize landscape composition and pattern in five US ecoregions: the Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain, Southeastern Plains, Northern Piedmont, Piedmont, and Blue Ridge Mountains. Land use/land cover (LULC) data for five dates between 1972 and 2000 were obtained for each sample block. Analyses focused on quantifying trends in selected landscape pattern metrics by ecoregion and comparing trends in land cover proportions and pattern metrics among ecoregions. Repeated measures analysis of the landscape pattern documented a statistically significant trend in all five ecoregions towards a more fine-grained landscape from the early 1970s through 2000. The ecologically important forest cover class also became more fine-grained with time (i.e., more numerous and smaller forest patches). Trends in LULC, forest edge, and forest percent like adjacencies differed among ecoregions. These results suggest that ecoregions provide a geographically coherent way to regionalize the story of national land use and land cover change in the United States. This study provides new information on LULC change in the southeast United States. Previous studies of the region from the 1930s to the 1980s showed a decrease in landscape fragmentation and an increase in percent forest, while this study showed an increase in forest fragmentation and a loss of forest cover.     

Using an ecoregion framework to analyze land-cover and land-use dynamics

The United States has a highly varied landscape because of wide-ranging differences in combinations of climatic, geologic, edaphic, hydrologic, vegetative, and human management (land use) factors. Land uses are dynamic, with the types and rates of change dependent on a host of variables, including land accessibility, economic considerations, and the internal increase and movement of the human population. There is a convergence of evidence that ecoregions are very useful for organizing, interpreting, and reporting information about land-use dynamics. Ecoregion boundaries correspond well with patterns of land cover, urban settlement, agricultural variables, and resource-based industries. We implemented an ecoregion framework to document trends in contemporary land-cover and land-use dynamics over the conterminous United States from 1973 to 2000. Examples of results from six eastern ecoregions show that the relative abundance, grain of pattern, and human alteration of land-cover types organize well by ecoregion and that these characteristics of change, themselves, change through time.     

川西盆周山地土地利用/覆被变化与生态发展模式--以雅安市天全县为例

采用GIS和数理统计方法,以及景观生态学中的空间格局指数对天全县1992～2002年土地利用/覆被变化特征进行研究.结果表明:林地在各种土地利用类型中占的比例最大,且呈逐年递增趋势,2002年达79．14％,但年变化率则很小,只有0.29%;耕地占的比例很小,仅有5.50%,而且10年间面积减少了4813.3hm2,但年变化率比林地大,高达2.68%.受人类活动的影响,10年间多样性指数和均匀度指数呈上升趋势,而优势度指数不断下降.由此得出产生土地利用/覆被变化的机制是受地形条件和自然灾害等自然因素的影响,同时更受人口增长、城市化进程以及政府政策等社会经济因素的驱动.从而有针对性地提出生态发展模式的建议,以期为土地资源的可持续利用提供借鉴.     

Landscape and Agricultural Patterns in Rural Areas: a Case Study in the Brionne Basin, Normandy, France

Landscape changes over a period of 25 years were assessed for a catchment basin in Normandy, France. Landscape attributes, i.e. land use, land cover and natural habitat, were obtained from aerial photographs (1964, 1989) and soil maps, to define a landscape typology. Data were aggregated on a 500 m×500 m grid system and treated by multivariate analysis. Results of these analysis show that this rural landscape has undergone changes in landcover (mainly grassland receding to crop) as well as changes in spatial structure (mainly increase of plot size and uniformisation). These changes were related to a typology of farms (realised by multivariate analysis of a field survey on the 38 registered farms of the site). Results suggest that (i) farms with a narrow range of production, i.e. specialised farms, are located on a narrow range of environmental conditions and are associated with stable landscapes, while (ii) farms with a broader range of production (i.e. polyculture) are distributed more widely throughout the landscape, and are mostly associated with the landscape changes.