油田含油污泥中重金属元素测定的前处理方法研究

通过试验对比分析，研究了油田含油污泥中8种重金属测定的前处理方法。得出适用于油田含油污泥样品中不同重金属元素检测时的前处理方法。分析结果表明，对检测Zn、Cd元素，HNO₃-H₂O₂法、HCl-H₂O₂法、王水法三种前处理消解效果较好，其中HCl-H₂O₂法消解效果最佳；对测定Ni、Cr元素，固废法为最佳前处理方法，对测定Ba元素，HNO₃-H₂O₂-HClO₄法消解效果最佳；对测定Be元素，固废法、王水-H₂O₂法、HNO₃-H₂O₂-HClO₄法、HCl-H₂O₂法、王水法消解效果相同；对检测Pb元素，王水-H₂O₂法消解效果最...     

土壤重金属检测前处理过程优化研究

土壤重金属的监测和防治工作日益受到重视，前处理在检测过程中是不可或缺的一步。本试验针对目前常用的土壤前处理方法的不足，对土壤前处理条件进行优化选择；为了优化消解条件，设计4因素3水平的正交试验，获得每种元素的最佳消解条件的组合参数。优化后的土壤重金属前处理方法，操作较为简便，试剂和样品用量较小，试验结果的准确度较高，适合批量处理土壤样品，提升了样品前处理的效率。本试验结果对批量、高效地进行土壤前处理具有一定的参考作用。     

环境监测中王水水浴、微波消解——原子荧光法测定土壤中砷和汞的方法探究

采用王水水浴消解和微波消解方法对土壤样品进行前处理,用氢化物发生—原子荧光光谱法测定土壤中的砷汞含量及精密度和准确性,并对负高压、灯电流、载气流量、屏蔽气流量等检测条件进行了优化。结果表明,微波消解的前处理方法测定土壤中砷、汞,在最佳实验条件下,砷回收率为98. 9%～103. 1%,汞回收率为99. 4%～102. 6%,相对标准偏差小于1. 774%,该前处理方法精密度高、结果准确、重现性好、方法简便,适用于环境监测中土壤砷、汞的测定。     

电热板消解ICP-AES法测定农田土壤中的重金属

选用盐酸-硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸消解体系,用电热板对土壤样品进行消解处理,采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)对土壤样品中铜、铅、锌、铬、锰、镍进行定量分析。实验表明,样品中所测重金属含量均满足国家二级标准,结果准确可靠,重复性好。且该方法操作简单,进样量少,定量迅速,准确度高,可同时检测多种元素,能够满足环境样品的分析。     

土壤重金属分析前处理方法比较研究

采用石墨消解法和电热板消解法对土壤标准样品进行消解处理,测定消解溶液中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr、Ni5种重金属的含量。结果表明,石墨消解法和电热板消解法均能将土壤样品消解完全,分析结果均在样品不确定度的要求范围内。石墨消解具有安全性高、全自动无人值守批量样品处理、样品交叉污染小、消解周期短等多种优点,具有广阔的应用前景。     

微波消解-ICAP法测定土壤中总铬含量的研究

采用微波消解仪对土壤样品进行前处理,用ICAP测定土壤中总铬含量。通过硝酸-氢氟酸以及硝酸-盐酸-过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解,优化试验选择出微波最佳消解条件和ICAP的工作参数。结果表明,发现用硝酸-氢氟酸体系消解液,在谱线283.56 nm、267.72 nm处用ICAP能够准确而稳定地测得土壤中总铬含量。     

氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定土壤中的总汞

本文利用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法分析技术测定土壤中的总汞,样品用（1＋1）的王水试剂在沸水浴中加热消解,最后经离心分离处理,取上清液待测。该方法检出限为0.002μg/kg,测定上限为0.400 mg/kg。     

两种土壤消解方法测定汞元素的验证

利用标准样品和某冶金小区土壤样品,对比了2种不同消解方法测定土壤中重金属汞元素的差异。将水浴消解、微波消解2种土壤消解预处理方法进行分析比较,分析2种消解方法的优点和缺点,并对消解样品测定重金属汞元素含量,验证了微波消解法预处理的实际样品值略高于水浴消解法预处理的实际样品值。     

微波法与电热板消解法前处理对垃圾渗滤液重金属含量测定效果的应用比较

为准确有效地测定南充市垃圾渗滤液中多种重金属的含量,选取最适合垃圾渗滤液重金属测定的消解方法,分别采用电热板和微波消解两种方法对垃圾渗滤液进行了前处理,并测定了其中部分重金属的含量。测定结果表明,采用电热板和微波消解两种前处理方法,均能较为准确地测定垃圾渗滤液中的铜、锌等7种重金属元素,但从样品损失率以及准确度来看,微波消解时样品始终处于密闭体系,损失率低,样品的测定值准确性更高,可信度更强,因此在垃圾渗滤液重金属测定时,采用微波消解作为南充市城市生活垃圾渗滤液的前处理方法更具优势。     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定土壤中微量重金属

建立了微波消解-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定土壤中微量重金属的样品前处理过程与方法,并通过仪器工作条件和酸消解体系的选择,以及光谱干扰和基体干扰的消除对方法进行了优化。结果表明,使用6m LHNO_3+2 m L HCl+1m LHF+1m LH_2O_2对土壤进行微波消解,在建立的试验条件下,土壤中重金属(铜、铅、锌、镉、锰、镍、铬和钒)的检出限为0.002~0.014 mg/kg,精密度为1.3%~3.6%,回收率为97.4%~106%。本方法简便、安全、准确、快速。     

微波消解-ICP—MS测定土壤和水系沉积物中的重金属

建立了一种采用逆王水和氢氟酸的混合体系微波酸消解土壤与水系沉积物，电感耦合等离子体质谱法快速测定六种金属元素（As、Cd、Pb、Cu、Cr和Ni）含量的方法。本文研究了消解温度和消解时间对消解效果的影响。结果表明，在190℃下运行25分钟对土壤与水系沉积物中的六种金属元素均具有很好的消解能力，备元素的测定值与标准值相符。在对实际土壤与水系沉积物样品进行分析后得出采样区域的土壤与沉积物中这六种金属含量水平正常。     

Metals in vineyard soils of the Penedès area (NE Spain) after compost application

The application of organic wastes to improve soil physical characteristics in mechanized vineyards planted after land levelling is becoming a common practice in Mediterranean areas. It may be useful as an additional source of organic matter and nutrients, but these wastes could also have negative effects due to their metal content. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of compost application on soil metal contents in mechanized vineyard soils of the Spanish Mediterranean area, where this practice is repeated every three years. The study was carried out in a ten-year-old vineyard where the main soil type is Typic Calcixerept. Composted cattle manure was applied in alternate rows, at a rate of 40 Mgha(-1) dry-weight. Nine sampling points were located along the slopes of two plots: a levelled plot prepared for mechanization with large soil disturbance movements within the plot, and a plot of undisturbed soil. At each location, soil samples were taken in both treated and untreated soils. Total concentrations (digestion with aqua regia) and the extractable DTPA (Diethylene-triaminepentacetic)-CaCl2-TEA (Triethanolamine) fractions of Cu, Zn and Mn were analyzed in each sample. For Cu and Zn, the initial concentration was higher in the undisturbed plot. In both cases, total Cu and total Zn were positively affected by manure input and the concentration in treated soils was significantly higher than in untreated soil. For Mn, the initial concentration was higher in disturbed soils than in undisturbed ones, and although in both scenarios the concentrations increased with manure, no significant differences were found between treated and untreated soils. The extractable fraction also increased in treated versus untreated soils, although for Cu and Mn the extractable/total metal ratio was similar in treated and untreated soils. After one compost application, total metal contents increased significantly, particularly for Zn. Most of those metals are accumulated in the soil, due to the soil characteristics.     

混合酸消解变化对土壤和沉积物中痕量硒分析影响

基于各3种采集环境样本、国家标准物质的土壤和沉积物,以当前环境监测行业常用的3种消解方法,探讨20种混合酸系统条件在消解条件变化中对复杂样本硒元素测定的影响.确定了最佳土壤和沉积物消解的组合为王水系统(盐酸∶硝酸∶氢氟酸∶过氧化氢∶高氯酸=3∶1∶1∶1∶1),各消解法的处理结果部分(n=5):水浴法消解时间仅需0.5...     

Determining contamination level of heavy metals in road dust from busy traffic areas with different characteristics

This study identified the levels and sources of heavy metal contamination in road dust from busy traffic areas in a typical industrial city in Korea. This study compared the total concentrations, as determined by aqua regia digestions and atomic absorption spectroscopy, of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn) and nickel (Ni) in the road dust from areas with different characteristics such as traffic rotaries, downtown areas, circulation roads, and asphalt and concrete highways. The contamination levels of the heavy metals in the road dust were evaluated using the contamination factor and the degree of contamination. The contamination levels of the heavy metals in the road dust were highly dependent on traffic volume and atmospheric dispersion from traffic rotaries. Industrial emissions and the frequency of brake use and vehicles coming to a complete stop were additional factors that affected the contamination levels in downtown areas. The concrete highway had higher contamination levels of the heavy metals than the asphalt highway. Vehicle speed was also a strong contributing factor to the degree of contamination of heavy metals in the road dust from the circulation roads and highways.     

相同酸体系加酸顺序对土壤重金属测定的影响

将受重金属污染土壤自然风干,筛分制备土壤样品.选择常用的土壤消解方法,研究同一酸体系下,酸加入顺序对测试结果的影响.用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定土壤中的铬、铜、镍,以加标回收率,反映较好的酸加入顺序.在相同的酸消解体系下,酸加入顺序对土壤样品中重金属元素测定有一定的影响,特别是对铬的测定影响较大.要对各元素进行准确测定,必须针对不同元素选取不同的酸加入顺序.     

重金属污染土壤修复技术综述

土壤重金属污染是当前重要的世界性环境问题之一。随着重金属污染土壤场地日渐增多，如何安全有效地修复并利用这些受污染的土壤已成为我国急需解决的环境和社会问题。本文介绍了重金属污染土壤常用修复技术的原理、优缺点，并重点介绍了土壤淋洗修复技术，对目前淋洗剂的应用情况、作用机制进行了评价。     

重金属污染土壤的修复方法及其在几类典型土壤修复中的应用

文中首先阐述了重金属污染土壤的途径与特点。介绍了当前几类主要的重金属污染土壤修复方法:物理化学方法、植物修复法、微生物修复法、动物修复法等的技术要点,详述了各自的技术特点及机理,并对它们的修复效能、环境友好性等进行了比较。从土壤的特性出发,区分出了3种典型的遭受重金属污染的土壤:农业土壤、城市土壤、矿区土壤,并从国内外最新的重金属污染修复实践中选取了适合各自土壤类型的修复方法进行了重金属污染土壤的治理探讨。最后,对土壤重金属污染修复技术的发展进行了展望。     

极值理论在重金属污染土壤修复中的应用

为了准确预测重金属污染地块不同区域内重金属的最大值,以便于后续筛选重金属修复技术、确定重金属修复药剂使用量等提供依据,采用极值理论方法对某重金属砷污染地块三块区域内的重金属砷浓度数据进行极值分布的统计分析,对比不同分布形式对重金属砷浓度数据拟合的效果。结果表明:广义极值分布可以很好地描述重金属砷浓度数据的分布情况,通过K-S检验、作图法和P-P散点图法验证得出广义极值分布形式对重金属砷浓度数据拟合效果最好,通过广义极值分布形式的表达式可以计算得出A、B和C区不同概率下重金属浓度的最大值。     

pH-dependent release of cadmium,copper, and lead from natural and sludge-amended soils

The pH-dependent release of cadmium, copper, and lead from soil materials was studied by use of a stirred flow cell to quantify their release and release rates, and to evaluate the method as a test for the bonding strength and potential mobility of heavy metals in soils. Soil materials from sludge-amended and nonamended A horizons from a Thai coarse-textured Kandiustult and a Danish loamy Hapludalf were characterized and tested. For each soil sample, release experiments with steady state pH values in the range 2.9 to 7.1 and duration of 7 d were performed. The effluent was continuously collected and analyzed. Release rates and total releases were higher for the Hapludalf than the Kandiustult and higher for the sludge-amended soils than the nonamended soils. With two exceptions the relative release rates (release rate/total content of metal in soil) plotted vs. steady state pH followed the same curves for each metal, indicating similar bonding strengths. These curves could be described by a rate expression of the form: relative release rate = k[H+]a, with specific a (empirical constant) and k (rate constant) parameters for each metal demonstrating that metal release in these systems can be explained by proton-induced desorption and dissolution reactions. With decreasing pH, pronounced increases in release rates were observed in the sequence cadmium > lead > copper, which express the order of metal lability in the soils. The flow cell system is useful for comparison of metal releases as a function of soil properties, and can be used as a test to rank soils with respect to heavy metal leaching.     

仪征市耕地土壤环境质量调查与分析

本文以仪征市现有耕地土壤为调查对象，通过布点、采样、检测、统计，结果表明，仪征市沿江圩区长江冲积母质发育的土壤比丘陵地区下蜀黄土重金属含量相对较高，土壤重金属含量多年来有升高现象，少数田块存在高残农药的残留，点源污染和农药污染对耕地环境质量的影响不容忽视，需要采取工程、生物和化学等技术对土壤进行修复。