基于土壤重金属污染评价的数学模型

本文采用离散插值、多元非线性回归分析、有限差分法等方法,建立了一种针对土壤中重金属污染程度评价的数学模型,模型包含重金属污染的主要原因、重金属污染源的查证。采用指数函数和多项式拟合建立其数学空间理论模型,结合实际物理扩散方式,得到污染物的传播特征模型;再通过离散插值得到污染物浓度峰值的仿真点位置坐标,进而利用多元非线性回归的方法,对仿真点附近区域内的采集数据实现拟合,定位各个污染源。     

镁合金涂层缺陷处腐蚀坑极值的分布规律研究

本文利用极值分布理论模型对镁合金缺陷涂层试片腐蚀过后的腐蚀坑极值进行拟合,研究其腐蚀坑极大值的分布规律,比较了两种分布对镁合金试片拟合的优劣性,发现广义极值分布相比Gumbel分布其拟合效果更好,且其拟合效果随着腐蚀时间的延长而不断变好。     

土壤风险评价及空间分布的研究

经过对某地实地踏勘,结合场地调查和监测技术导则,选用系统布点法布设采样点位,采用蛇形法采集混合土样,经监测分析得到357个土样数据,作出土壤风险评价。再运用四种土壤风险评价方法综合分析评价,得到该地块不同点位不同深度土壤受污染程度,评价结果显示土壤主要受Cd、Pb、As三种重金属污染,特别是受Cd污染的风险评价等级达到极强污染程度。最后运用Surfer软件,在空间上模拟出不同点位、不同深度受不同重金属污染的程度,形象直观地将结果展现出来,为环保决策者下一步如何开展修复治理、阻断、隔绝污染源奠定了坚实的基础。     

准噶尔盆地南缘大气降尘中重金属的季节性规律和来源分析

本文选择准噶尔盆地南缘的荒漠绿洲交错带作为研究区,利用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)和原子荧光光谱法测定降尘样品中的Zn、Pb、Cu、Cr、Mn、Ni、Cd、As重金属含量,对比分析不同季节重金属含量的变化规律。并通过单因子污染指数法判断大气降尘对土壤重金属污染情况,通过富集因子法探讨不同重金属污染来源。结果表明,Pb和Cd在采样期间均对土壤有一定程度的污染,Zn和Cu分别在秋季和冬季对土壤有较重污染。除了Cr、Mn、As和Ni来源于自然源,其他重金属均受到人为源的影响。分析表明,大气降尘的重金属含量较高,可以通过减少燃煤消耗量、调整工业生产等措施降低大气降尘对土壤的污染。     

钻井泥浆中重金属离子对环境的污染

本文介绍了石油钻井泥浆中所含重金属离子的来源。着重论述了重金属汞、铬、镉、铅以及类金属砷等离子在自然环境中的行为。通过对上述重金属离子在不同条件下的不同形态、不同活性、不同毒性效应的理论分析以及对人类肌体所造成危害的论述,提示人们应充分重视石油钻井作业中,散落在土地上的钻井泥浆对地面水、地下水以及农作物带来的污染。     

电动力法修复石油污染土壤重金属研究

电动力法(EK)是一种很有前景的土壤重金属污染修复技术,文章使用柠檬酸生产废水来强化电动力法,探究该废水对含有Cd,Pb,Zn重金属石油污染土壤的电动力修复的强化效果。实验结果表明,在阴极采用阳离子交换膜可以较好的控制土壤pH值上升,减少极化现象及重金属在土壤中的沉积;使用柠檬酸废水进行实验,Cd,Pb,Zn三种重金属去除率分别为21.5%,33.4%,65.5%;柠檬酸废水能增强电动力法修复的重金属去除率。可见,柠檬酸废水可以作为一种廉价高效的电动力修复的辅助试剂。     

土壤重金属污染及其修复技术研究

土壤重金属污染物有汞、镉、铅、锌等,主要来源于交通运输、工业污染和农业污染。土壤重金属污染会导致农作物减产甚至死亡,对人体健康也会产生极大危害。目前土壤重金属污染修复的技术主要包括工程修复法、物理化学修复法、化学修复法和生物修复法。植物修复技术作为一种新兴的绿色、生态、高效的修复技术具有良好的发展前景。     

我国重金属污染土壤的利用研究

检测了重金属污染地区粮食、蔬菜、水果等不同作物的重金属含量。结果表明,这3类作物对高背景值耕地土壤中有害元素吸收能力的顺序为:蔬菜粮食水果。同一地区不同地块采样点土样中重的金属含量有所差异,同一有害元素在不同作物中的积累特性不同,不同作物种类对高背景值元素的吸收差异较大,为合理开发利用被重金属污染的土地资源提供了理论依据。     

重金属污染土壤的修复方法及其在几类典型土壤修复中的应用

文中首先阐述了重金属污染土壤的途径与特点。介绍了当前几类主要的重金属污染土壤修复方法:物理化学方法、植物修复法、微生物修复法、动物修复法等的技术要点,详述了各自的技术特点及机理,并对它们的修复效能、环境友好性等进行了比较。从土壤的特性出发,区分出了3种典型的遭受重金属污染的土壤:农业土壤、城市土壤、矿区土壤,并从国内外最新的重金属污染修复实践中选取了适合各自土壤类型的修复方法进行了重金属污染土壤的治理探讨。最后,对土壤重金属污染修复技术的发展进行了展望。     

有机菌肥对铅、镉、锌污染土壤和水体联合修复研究

为了研究液体有机菌肥在矿区周边农田污染土壤重金属去除效果，以重金属污染为研究对象，开展液体有机菌肥吸附混合液重金属试验和土壤重金属浸出毒性吸附实验，分析液体有机菌肥对重金属离子去除作用。结果表明：随着液体有机菌肥用量的增加，水体重金属铅、镉和锌含量浓度呈显著下降，液体有机菌肥容易吸附铅，吸附量高达到1667mg/kg,其次是镉和锌。在1%质量比添加量下，经过液体有机菌肥修复后的土壤镉、锌和铅含量下降率分别是29.62%、23.94%和11.66%,土壤重金属TCLP浸出毒性去除率效果显著。有机菌肥处理可改善土壤环境，对土壤和水体的铅、镉、锌重金属有一定修复作用。     

蓖麻（Ric inus communist L.）对锰矿区土壤中重金属累积特性的研究

为探讨蓖麻（Ricinus communist L.）对锰矿区土壤生态修复及能源化利用潜力,将不同品种蓖麻湘蓖1号和淄蓖7号播种在锰尾矿库土壤上,进入生殖生长阶段时采收全株,测定栽植土壤及植株根、茎、叶中5种重金属元素含量。结果显示：土壤中Mn平均含量最高达7884.96 mg＆#183;kg-1,超过国家规定的土壤环境质量域级标准6.5倍;湘蓖1号不同器官的Mn浓度从高至低为根＆gt;叶＆gt;茎,淄蓖7号不同器官Mn含量叶＆gt;茎＆gt;根,其叶中Mn平均浓度最高为765.43 mg＆#183;kg-1,较湘蓖1号叶中的平均含量高出79.53%, Pb、Cu、Cr含量及叶/根比值均大于湘蓖1号;植株体内重金属含量与土壤中重金属浓度的相关分析表明,重金属的积累量和转移量,受到土壤中几种重金属元素的共同影响。结果说明：2个品种的蓖麻均可以作为锰矿区能源化修复利用,对重金属的吸收和转运在品种间存在差异,淄蓖7号地上部分对重金属的迁移能力强于湘蓖1号。     

应用植物重金属超富集机理修复土壤复合污染的研究现状与展望

超积累植物在修复土壤重金属污染中起着重要的作用，但由于重金属复合污染的存在，许多植物并未能完全适用于实际修复中。本文通过阐述土壤重金属复合污染，参考近年来国际上对超积累植物富集机理的研究，从土壤重金属复合污染自身的交互作用，超积累植物根系活化机理，吸收和运输通道机制，金属配位体的运输与解毒作用，以及细胞分室化现象等各个阶段探讨与展望土壤重金属复合污染修复研究问题。     

Identifying sources and assessing potential risk of heavy metals in soils from direct exposure to children in a mine-impacted city, Changsha, China

Heavy metal pollutants in soils can usually enter the human body and pose heath risks through a soil-crop-human body pathway (indirect exposure) or soil-human body pathway (direct exposure). Previous studies often neglected the direct exposure in human health risk assessment, especially for children. We collected surface soil samples from urban and suburb areas in Changsha City, China, to analyze the content ofAs, Cd, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn. A combination of principal component analysis, geostatistics, and triangulated irregular network (TIN) model was successfully used to discriminate the sources of heavy metals. The direct exposure method, sequential indicator simulation, and geographical information system (GIS) technologies were used to perform a health risk assessment of heavy metal exposure to children living in the study area. Results show that heavy metal contamination in Changsha may originate from coal usage and industrial activities. One thousand equiprobable realizations suggest that not all sites within the study area may be suitable for housing or allotments without remediation. Most high hazard indexes are located in the suburb and mining areas. Moreover, arsenic presents a high health risk in comparison with other elements. Compared with inhalation and dermal contact in direct soil exposure, soil ingestion is the largest contribution to potential health risks for children. This study indicates that we should attach great importance to the direct soil exposure for children's health.     

Decision making under uncertainty in case of soil remediation

Decisions on soil remediation are one of the most difficult management issues of municipal and state agencies. The assessment of contamination is uncertain, the costs of remediation are high, and the impacts on the environment are multiple. This paper presents a general, transparent, and consistent method for decision making among the remediation alternatives. Soil washing, phytoremediation, and no remediation are exemplarily considered. Multi-criteria utility functions including (a) the cost of remediation (b) the impact on human health and agricultural productivity, and (c) the economic gain after remediation are constructed using probability density functions representing contamination for all site coordinates. Herewith, the probability of different types of (i) correct decisions such as a hit or a true rejection and (ii) erroneous decisions such as a false alarm or miss are examined. The decision theoretic model is applied to a case study on heavy metal contaminated soil. This case study reveals the non-linear structure of multi-criteria-decision making. The case study shows that the geostatistical uncertainties of the log-normal distributed soil contamination must be taken into account: When uncertainties are not considered and the utilities are assessed according to the estimated value for a spatial unit, only few (N=26) spatial units result where the utility score of the alternative soil washing are higher than the utility score to the no remediation alternative. However, when taking into account geostatistical uncertainties of the log-normal soil distribution this number is about ten times greater (N=237). Furthermore, the use of 'maximizing expected utility' as decision rule is critical in that it may lead to a high probability of misses.     

Iron and aluminium based adsorption strategies for removing arsenic from water

Arsenic is a commonly occurring toxic metal in natural systems and is the root cause of many diseases and disorders. Occurrence of arsenic contaminated water is reported from several countries all over the world. A great deal of research over recent decades has been motivated by the requirement to lower the concentration of arsenic in drinking water and the need to develop low cost techniques which can be widely applied for arsenic removal from contaminated water. This review briefly presents iron and aluminium based adsorbents for arsenic removal. Studies carried out on oxidation of arsenic(III) to arsenic(V) employing various oxidising agents to facilitate arsenic removal are briefly mentioned. Effects of competing ions, As:Fe ratios, arsenic(V) vs. arsenic(III) removal using ferrihydrite as the adsorbent have been discussed. Recent efforts made for investigating arsenic adsorption on iron hydroxides/oxyhydroxides/oxides such as granular ferric hydroxide, goethite, akaganeite, magnetite and haematite have been reviewed. The adsorption behaviours of activated alumina, gibbsite, bauxite, activated bauxite, layered double hydroxides are discussed. Point-of-use adsorptive remediation methods indicate that Sono Arsenic filter and Kanchan™ Arsenic filter are in operation at various locations of Bangladesh and Nepal. The relative merits and demerits of such filters have been discussed. Evaluation of kits used for at-site arsenic estimation by various researchers also forms a part of this review.     

钝化剂对土壤重金属污染修复研究进展

总结了常见的钝化剂包括石灰性物质、炭材料、粘土矿物、含磷材料、有机肥和农业废弃物等对土壤重金属污染修复的原理、技术和方法。介绍了钝化剂对土壤重金属修复的效果和注意事项,并对钝化剂进行土壤重金属污染修复的前景和目前存在的问题进行了展望。     

某区域内矿区土壤重金属污染与生态风险评价

探究区域内矿区土壤重金属变化并对其进行污染评价,旨在为该区域环境保护及污染治理提供一定的理论依据,以期实现矿山地质环境保护与矿产资源开发并行的矿业绿色发展。以铅、锌、镉、砷含量为评价指标,结合《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15618—2018),采用重金属单因子污染指数法与内梅罗综合污染指数法进行重金属污染评价,并对该区域矿区潜在生态风险作出评定。结果表明,A矿区土壤各重金属含量的变异系数为149.05%~211.42%,B矿区土壤各重金属含量变异系数为60.88%~118.58%;A矿区土壤重金属均出现超标现象,其中铅、锌和镉含量超标较为严重,超标率在72%以上,而砷含量超标现象则相对较轻,超标率为36.36%;B矿区土壤铅和锌含量均未出现超标,超标率为0,而砷和镉含量则出现不同程度的超标,其中砷含量超标率为92.31%,镉含量超标率为65.38%;两个矿区土壤各重金属含量均超背景值的现象,超背景值比例为42.31%~100.00%。A矿区土壤以铅、锌和镉污染为主,而B矿区土壤中砷和镉的污染较为严重。两个矿区土壤重金属综合污染指数均属重度污染,A矿区生态风险综合指数为很强生态风险危害,而B矿区为中等生态风险危害。     

有机肥结构特征对污染土壤Cd形态的影响

研究了以污泥和鸡粪为主要来源的两种不同有机肥主要组分和结构特征差异,结合吸附和土壤平衡试验,探讨了各组分对Cd吸附反应特征和土壤Cd形态分布的影响。结果表明:供试污泥有机肥含有较多的羧基,其最大络合量大于鸡厩肥;同时能更有效降低NH4NO3提取态Cd,但因为结合形态相对不稳定,因此导致EDTA提取态Cd有明显增加。而鸡厩有机肥含有更多π键,芳香化和腐熟化程度较高,与Cd吸附更稳定,在降低NH4NO3提取态Cd的同时也能降低EDTA提取态Cd。研究表明有机肥腐殖化、芳香化程度是影响其对重金属污染土壤修复与改良效果的主要因素。     

Using rank-order geostatistics for spatial interpolation of highly skewed data in a heavy-metal contaminated site

The spatial distribution of a pollutant in contaminated soils is usually highly skewed. As a result, the sample variogram often differs considerably from its regional counterpart and the geostatistical interpolation is hindered. In this study, rank-order geostatistics with standardized rank transformation was used for the spatial interpolation of pollutants with a highly skewed distribution in contaminated soils when commonly used nonlinear methods, such as logarithmic and normal-scored transformations, are not suitable. A real data set of soil Cd concentrations with great variation and high skewness in a contaminated site of Taiwan was used for illustration. The spatial dependence of ranks transformed from Cd concentrations was identified and kriging estimation was readily performed in the standardized-rank space. The estimated standardized rank was back-transformed into the concentration space using the middle point model within a standardized-rank interval of the empirical distribution function (EDF). The spatial distribution of Cd concentrations was then obtained. The probability of Cd concentration being higher than a given cutoff value also can be estimated by using the estimated distribution of standardized ranks. The contour maps of Cd concentrations and the probabilities of Cd concentrations being higher than the cutoff value can be simultaneously used for delineation of hazardous areas of contaminated soils.