废轮胎热解回收燃料油和炭黑的研究进展

概述了近年来国内外废轮胎热解回收燃料油和炭黑的研究进展,介绍了废轮胎热解的工艺、机理、动力学及设备,提出了今后废轮胎热解资源化研究的发展方向.     

废轮胎热解炭黑的深加工与综合利用

废轮胎裂解炭黑的深加工是个比较复杂的过程。废轮胎经过热裂解、碳化阶段后,产生的裂解炭黑还要进行研磨、改性和造粒3个阶段处理,才能生产出用于加工橡胶制品的裂解炭黑。裂解炭黑的品质和市场应用决定着整个废轮胎回收循环利用的经济性。因此,基于产品的品质和价值,裂解炭黑的深加工阶段非常重要,也是废轮胎热裂解回收循环利用关键环节。     

专利资讯

专利名称：废旧轮胎的钢丝胎圈的剥离方法和装置,专利名称：废旧塑料、橡胶回收再生方法及其装置,专利名称：利用废轮胎热解炭渣制备炭黑填料的方法,专利名称：采用间歇热裂解装置的废轮胎资源化再生处理系统,专利名称：废旧轮胎的利用方法.     

废轮胎热解回收中的废气综合利用

废轮胎热裂解以回收热解油和热解炭黑为主,热解油可作为燃料直接出售;热解炭黑经研磨、改性和造粒后可代替工业炭黑或与工业炭黑并用,可用作轮胎的生产原料;而热解后产生的不可降凝(废气)热解气富含H_2,CO和碳氢化合物,是一种高热值的热源。因此,热解气是价值较高的副产品,经过不同途径充分利用,不仅可以彻底地消除废旧轮胎热解过程所产生的废气污染,其产物更可以弥补石化能源的石油液化气和天然气的不足,变废为宝。     

废轮胎与煤共热解失重特性研究

采用热解重量分析法研究了废轮胎粉、炼焦煤粉(简称煤粉)及混合样的热解特性。实验结果表明,废轮胎粉的热解出现三个显著的失重峰,煤粉热解仅出现一个显著失重峰。与煤粉热解相比,废轮胎粉热解开始失重温度和失重基本结束的温度相对较低,失重速率较大,且失重量较大。煤粉与废轮胎粉的显著失重存在重叠的温度区间(360～450℃),说明废轮胎粉与煤粉可以进行共热解。随废轮胎粉质量分数增加,共热解物料总失重率增加。废轮胎粉与煤粉共热解存在协同效应,在280～540℃时协同效应抑制共热解挥发分的逸出,导致失重量降低,最大失重速率峰温升高;高于540℃后,协同效应促进共热解反应,使共热解总失重率增大。     

废塑料热解机理及低温热解研究

相对于填埋、焚烧等传统的处理方法,废塑料热解技术不仅可以降低塑料处理过程中对环境的污染,而且可以将废塑料还原成燃料和化学品,从而有效地回收废物资源。但是废塑料热解反应通常需要很高的温度,使得热解法回收废塑料过程变得复杂。分析比较了热解回收废塑料相对于其他方法的优势,并系统地阐述了塑料热降解的机理。在综合国内外研究的基础上提出两种低温热解废塑料的方法:加催化热解和共热解。并利用塑料降解的自由基理论,分析了催化热解和共热解法降低塑料降解温度的机理。     

热解废轮胎生产有价值的产品

Union Nature公司开发出一种热解方法，用于从废轮胎中回收燃料气、炭黑和钢丝。该公司在一个处理能力为6000 t/a的装置上对该法进行了试验，并建成了一个处理能力为20000 t/a 的移动式工业化装置。 　　轮胎由可以阻断空气进入的系列入口被连续送入热解装置。轮胎在输送带上向前移动，在600-1000°F温度下被热解。橡胶气化成热值为1000 Btu/英尺3以上的燃料气。一种以膨润土为基质的无机催化剂起两种作用，一是可降低热解温度，二是可吸收热解气中的硫。炭黑及钢丝由一机械装置从输送带上被传出并分离。 　　热解气的约15%用于处理过程，其余作为燃料气出售。热解装置的投资可在3年内收回。     

专利资讯

专利名称：一种处理废旧轮胎的方法；专利名称：废旧轮胎的热解炭黑造粒方法；专利名称：废旧轮胎橡胶颗粒分类机；专利名称：废轮胎蒸馏炼油的加工工艺；专利名称：利用废轮胎生产橡胶板材的方法；专利名称：一种应用废旧轮胎所制复合层免充气轮胎及其生产方法     

废旧玻璃钢的回收利用

介绍了目前国内外热固性玻璃钢废弃物的回收利用方法,着重论述了化学热解回收法和物理粉碎回收法,对不同方法的回收料用于BMC和SMC的产品的性能进行了对比,分析了我国在玻璃钢回收方面的主要问题和发展方向.     

废印制线路板真空热解产物分析

在自行设计的间歇式固定床真空热解装置中热解废印制线路板(PCB),对热解产物进行了分析.在热解温度为550 ℃、热解压力为20 kPa、恒温时间为60 min的条件下,得到的热解产物质量分数为:热解渣70%;热解油3%～4%;不可冷凝热解气26%～27%.经气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)分析,热解油经常压蒸馏后得到的低沸点液态油中含有29种化合物,主要有苯酚、对异丙基酚、3-乙基酚、4-甲酚及2-溴苯酚,还含有少量含溴化合物和含氯化合物.热解油经简单的蒸馏就可达到回收酚类化合物的目的.热解渣经风选可实现铜与黏附有碳黑的玻璃纤维的分离,其中铜质量分数约30%,黏附有碳黑的玻璃纤维质量分数约70%.     

电厂建设运行中的水土流失预测与水土保持设计

在燃煤电厂建设运行的同时,将引起一系列的水土流失问题.以四川国电金堂电厂二期扩建工程为例,简要说明项目区水土流失预测的内容和方法,并在其基础上对可能产生的水土流失和危害进行了分析,同时介绍了建设期和运行期采取的综合防治措施,为类似工程的水土保持提供借鉴.     

磷对环境的污染及防治对策

我国水体富营养化严重，其主要控制因子是磷。在分析磷污染的污染状况，污染源的基础上，介绍了防治对策，采用低磷循环冷却水处理剂，减少磷排放，是防止工业磷污染的有效方法。     

Pyrolysis of virgin and waste polypropylene and its mixtures with waste polyethylene and polystyrene

A comparison of waste and virgin polypropylene (PP) plastics under slow pyrolysis conditions is presented. Moreover, mixtures of waste PP with wastes of polyethylene (PE) and polystyrene (PS) were pyrolyzed under the same operating conditions. Not only the impact of waste on degradation products but also impacts of the variations in the mixing ratio were investigated. The thermogravimetric weight loss curves and their derivatives of virgin and waste PP showed differences due to the impurities which are dirt and food residues. The liquid yield distribution concerning the aliphatic, mono-aromatic and poly-aromatic compounds varies as the ratio of PP waste increases in the waste plastic mixtures. In addition to this, the alkene/alkane ratio of gas products shows variations depending on the mixing ratio of wastes.     

北京市居民衣服消费处置及对其回收利用认识调查与分析

首先对北京市居民每年购买新衣服的数量、支出、穿着时间、淘汰原因,以及闲置衣服的处理方式、数量等进行了调查与分析,然后对北京市居民对旧衣物回收利用的认识、回收形式及其处理方式,对旧衣物如何处理回收、再利用的担忧,对希望旧衣物回收箱摆放的场所等进行了调查与分析。其研究结果对废旧纺织品回收体系建设、制度及政策制定具有一定的参考价值。     

Photo-oxidation and Photo-toxicity of Crude and Refined Oils

The fate and effects of an oil spill are effected by solar radiation through the action of photo-oxidation and photo-toxicity. Photo-oxidation, an important process in the weathering of oil, produces a variety of oxidized compounds, including aliphatic and aromatic ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, fatty acids, esters, epoxides, sulfoxides, sulfones, phenols, anhydrides, quinones and aliphatic and aromatic alcohols. Some of these compounds contribute to the marine biota toxicity observed after an oil spill. Photo-toxicity occurs when uptake of certain petroleum compounds, e.g. certain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and benzothiophenes, is followed by solar exposure which results in much greater toxicity than after dark uptake. The mechanism of PAH photo-toxicity includes absorbance of solar radiation by the PAH which produces a free radical and this free radical in turn reacts with oxygen to produce reactive oxygen species that can damage DNA and other cellular macromolecules. While most studies on photo-toxicity have been carried out in the laboratory, there are studies showing that water from an oil spill is photo-toxic to bivalve embryos for at least a few days after the spill. Other studies have found that oil contaminated sediments are photo-toxic to several marine invertebrates. More studies are required to determine if marine fauna at an oil spill site are effected by the action of photo-toxicity and photo-oxidation.     

Synthesis and Characterization of Polyols and Polyurethane Foams from PET Waste and Crude Glycerol

In this study, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste from post-consumer soft-drink bottles and crude glycerol from the biodiesel industry were used for the preparation of polyols and polyurethane foams. PET waste was firstly depolymerized by the glycolysis of diethylene glycol. The glycolyzed PET oligomers were then reacted with crude glycerol at different weight ratios to produce polyols via a series of reactions, such as esterification, transesterification, condensation, and polycondensation. The polyols were characterized by titration, viscometry, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and differential scanning calorimetry. Subsequently, polyurethane (PU) foams were made via the reaction between the produced polyols and polymeric methylene-4,4′-diphenyl diisocyanate and were characterized by mechanical testing, scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Polyols from crude glycerol and their PU foams were also prepared to compare properties with those of polyols and PU foams from PET and crude glycerol. The influence of aromatic segments existing in glycolyzed PET and glycerol content on the properties of the polyols and PU foams was investigated. It was found that aromatic segments of polyols from glycolyzed PET helped increase their molecular weights and improve thermal stability of PU foams, while high glycerol content in polyols increased the hydroxyl number of polyols and the density and compressive strength of PU foams.     

Novel and innovative pyrolysis and gasification technologies for energy efficient and environmentally sound MSW disposal

Within the context of European Union (EU) energy policy and sustainibility in waste management, recent EU regulations demand energy efficient and environmentally sound disposal methods of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). Currently, landfill with its many drawbacks is the preferred option in the EU and many other industrialised countries. Within the waste management hierarchy thermal disposal especially incineration is a viable and proven alternative. But, the dominating method, mass-burn grate incineration has drawbacks as well particularly hazardous emissions and harmful process residues. In recent years, pyrolysis and gasification technologies have emerged to address these issues and improve the energy output. To keep the many players in the field comprehensively informed and up-to-date, novel and innovative technology approaches emphasising European developments are reviewed.     

微生物絮凝剂及其在水处理中的应用

近年来对微生物絮凝剂的研究不断深入，新的高效菌种不断被发现。简要介绍了微生物絮凝剂的絮凝机理、分关、絮凝效果及影响因素，重点介绍了新型微生物絮凝剂在水处理中的应用。     

Laboratory Experiments and Estimation of Cumulative Infiltration and Sorptivity

Soil water cumulative infiltration affects the environment by controlling the irrigation rate and consequently the water and pollutants movement through the ground. In order to study the cumulative infiltration in a sandy soil sample, experiments were performed in the laboratory. The sample was placed uniformly in a transparent column with an inner diameter of 6 cm. A constant head boundary condition of a 2 mm height was applied on the surface of the sample and the cumulative volume of the incoming water was measured. Soil moisture at four locations of the column was measured, by using the TDR method in order to obtain the moisture profiles. By comparing the values of the infiltrated water volumes with those calculated by the integration of the moisture profiles, a good agreement was found out. Also the Parlange theoretical model fitted very well with the infiltration experimental points.