ISO 9224大气腐蚀性等级的指导值标准更新解读

围绕ISO 9224-2012与ISO 9224-1992的区别展开讨论,旨在对ISO 9224-2012标准的技术更新进行解读。主要技术更新有三:一是更新了金属在不同腐蚀等级的大气中的腐蚀速率的指导值;二是预测了金属在大气中的腐蚀速率,金属的腐蚀速率与暴露时间通常存在关系D=rcorrtb(当暴露时间小于20年时)或D=(t20)rcorr[20b+b(20b-1)(t-20)](当暴露时间大于20年时);三是通过对ISO CORRAG大气暴露计划中大量数据的回归分析,得到了碳钢、锌、铜和铝的时间指数b;合金元素对钢的时间指数ba=0.596+∑biwi的影响可表示为;在海洋环境中,氯离子沉积速率Sd对时间指数增量Δb的影响为Δb=0.0845S0.26d。     

我国大陆润湿时间的分布规律

根据0点、8点、14点、20点的日记温度湿度数据统计了全国195个台站10年的年润湿时间,并按照ISO9223标准研究了润湿时间在我国陆地上的分布规律。研究表明:我国大陆润湿时间自东南到西北逐渐降低,东南部年润湿时间达τ4级以上,而西北部某些地区的年润湿时间只达到τ2级。     

《环境技术》二○○四年总目次

标　　题期号　首页码·环境条件·　　成都地区集装箱内部温度 -湿度条件研究 11　　 2 1世纪的大气腐蚀图景 2 1　　西伯利亚北部石油产地管道腐蚀性损坏的特点 2 7　　我国大陆润湿时间的分布规律 5 1　　格尔木地区集装箱内部温度 -湿度条件研究 5 3　　季节气候条件和暴晒     

《环境技术》二○○三年总目次

标　　题期号　首页码·环境条件·　　海洋大气腐蚀性分类分级 1 2·环境试验·　　改性环氧树脂灌封提高铝电解电容器的三防性能 1 5　　金属和防腐剂的热带环境试验 1 8　　军用环境试验的发展和趋势 4 1　　江津润湿时间的温度分布研究 4 7　　汽车用材料耐久性试验评价技术 6 1　　美军标 81 0湿热试验程序演变过程及其分析 6 8　　有色金属的热带细菌腐蚀试验 6 1 4　　数字PID整定在环境试验设备控制过程中的应用研究 6 1 7·环境试验设备·　　多功能复合腐蚀试验箱在环境试验中的作用 1 1 0　　高低温低气压试验设备的温度漂移问…     

电连接器的混合流动气体腐蚀试验标准方法探讨

混合流动气体腐蚀试验是评价电连接器抗大气腐蚀性能的重要手段,本文在分析国内外相关标准方法的基础上,重点针对IEC 60068-2-60-2015、EIA-364-65B-2009和ASTM B845-97三个常用标准的试验方法进行对比,详尽分析了不同标准方法中关键试验条件的异同,为开展电连接器混合流动气体腐蚀试验提供技术指导。     

大气污染与环境维权

大气污染概况 大气是人类以至其他生物赖以生存和发展的基本环境要素。大气污染，按照国际标准化组织（ISO）的定义，通常是指由于人类活动或自然过程引起某些物质进入大气中，呈现出足够的浓度，达到足够的时间，并因此危害了人体的舒适、健康和福利或环境的现象。     

论ISO14000的冲击和我国企业的应有态度与对策

编者按；ISO14000系列环境管理标准是国际标准化组织继ISO9000（质量管理标准）后的重大举措，是当今国际潮流。该文从ISO14000对国际贸易的影响及对消费倾向的引导等方面，分析了其对我国企业的冲击．指出我国企业应认识到问题的严重性，并将实施ISO14000作为企业自身发展的需要．采取积极有效的措施．逐步达到标准要求并通过认证。一、ISO14000是当今国际潮流ISO1400o是国际标准化组织为保护全球环境·促进世界经济持续发展·针对全球工业企业、商业、政府部门、非盈利团体和其他用户而制定的系列环境管理标准．是国际标准化组织…     

适时建立中国石油的QHSE管理体系

1 前 言 ISO 9000质量管理体系（QMS）族标准自1987年问世以来，对国际贸易和世界经济产生了深远的影响，特别是2000版ISO 9000标准被国际标准化组织(ISO)发布后，ISO 9000认证的浪潮在全球范围内更是方兴未艾。为适应全球日益高涨的环境保护要求，国际标准化组织又于1996年发布了ISO 14000环境管理体系（EMS）标准，该标准成为继ISO 9000标准推出后的又一套重要的管理标准。与人类生存息息相关的职业安全卫生管理体系（OHS－MS）也成为全球关心的焦点，国际标准化组织（ISO）和世界诸多国家对此给予极大关注，职业安全卫生…     

《道路车辆电气及电子设备的环境试验方法和要求》

国际标准化组织ISO在2003年首次发布了ISO16750《道路车辆电气及电子设备的环境条件和试验》系列标准,包括一般规定、电源、机械、气候、化学环境等5个部分,已经历2次技术性改版;ISO 21848《道路车辆42V供电电压的电气和电子设备电气负荷》和ISO 20653《道路车辆-防护等级(IP代码)-电器设备对卢兆明著     

21世纪的大气腐蚀图景

在过去的几十年里，人们为了认识大气腐蚀过程中的因果关系，试图把材料的大气腐蚀失效行为和空气中的腐蚀性组分关联起来；虽然付出了很大的代价，但是进展缓慢。20世纪80年代以后，材料的大气暴露试验和环境因素监测才同时进行。从数据结果来看，材料在不同环境条件下的腐蚀行为存在着较大的差异；并且需要大量的数据，才能够建立某一地点材料的腐蚀行为和大气腐蚀性组分之间的对应关系。     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Biodiversity and biotechnology

The maintenance of biodiversity is urged from many quarters and on grounds ranging from aesthetic considerations to its usefulness, particularly for biotechnology. But regardless of the grounds for preserving biodiversity, writers are generally in agreement that it should be preserved. But, in examining the various references biodiversity, such as species diversity, genetic diversity, and habitat diversity, it is apparent that we cannot aim to preserve biodiversityas such, since there are a number of conflicts in any such undertaking. In preserving one aspect of biodiversity, we damage another aspect. Five arguments which attempt to ground our moral concern for biodiversity are reviewed and critiqued, not only for their consistency but also for their power to move us to action. The final section of the paper shows how conflicts in the values of personal and environmental health can impair ethical action and especially policy formation.An earlier version of this paper was read at the conference on Agriculture, Food, and Human Values: Tradition and Change, Orlando, Florida, October 7–9, 1987.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.