NaClO_2碱性溶液脱硝的热力学计算与实验研究

液相氧化脱硝技术被认为是最有前景的脱硝技术之一。在自制的鼓泡反应器中,进行NaClO2/NaOH溶液脱硝实验。热力学计算表明,300~380K,脱硝反应是放热反应,反应的平衡系数均非常大,但随温度的升高而减小。选取吸收时间、NaClO2浓度、初始、反应温度、模拟烟气流量以及烟气中pHNO含量为过程参数,脱硝率作为响应量,分别进行了单因素实验。结果表明:脱硝率随NaClO2浓度、反应温度的增加而升高,随吸收时间、烟气流量或NO含量的增加而降低,在pH7~10范围内,体系获得较好的脱硝效果;NaClO2浓度,初始0.02mol/LpH,10温度70℃,烟气流量0.4L/min的条件下,处理NO含量0.02%~0.05%范围内的烟气,吸收20min内体系脱硝率几乎为100%。     

基于混合氧化剂的液相氧化法同时脱硫脱硝效能的优化

在玻璃鼓泡反应瓶中进行H_2O_2和Na_2S_2O_8两种混合氧化剂吸收SO_2和NO的实验研究,结果表明,混合氧化剂的脱硫脱硝总效率(系统脱硫与脱硝效率之和)明显大于其各自单独使用的情况。选取浓度为2%H_2O_2和10%Na_2S_2O_8混合氧化剂溶液作为实验工质,研究混合氧化剂不同浓度、温度、pH、液位高度、混合气速以及反应级数等参数对系统脱硫脱硝效果的影响。结果表明:随着混合氧化剂温度从15℃升高到90℃,系统的脱硫脱硝率分别提高了3. 64%、11. 95%;随着混合氧化剂pH值从7增加到13,系统脱硫率提高了2. 14%;随着混合氧化剂pH值从7增加到11,系统脱硝率提高了1. 36%,pH值从11增加到13,系统脱硝率下降了0. 57%;随着混合氧化剂的液位高度从2 cm增加到8 cm,系统的脱硫脱硝率分别提高了12. 84%、7. 78%;随着混合流量从2. 5 L/min增加到12. 5 L/min,系统的脱硫脱硝率分别下降了5%、4. 34%。随着反应瓶级数从1增加到4,系统的脱硫脱硝率分别提高了22. 06%、15. 34%。系统的脱硫脱硝率随混合氧化剂的温度、液位高度、反应瓶级数增加而提高,随烟气气速增加而降低。而随着混合氧化剂pH值的升高,系统脱硫率呈上升趋势,而脱硝率呈先升后降趋势。     

双碱法烟气脱硫工艺实验研究

在工业规模装置上对双碱法烟气脱硫工艺进行了系统实验研究了,主要考察了Na OH和Ca(OH)2浓度、烟气含尘量、钙硫比(脱硫剂中钙的摩尔数与煤中硫的摩尔数之比)、液气比(脱硫剂流量L与烟气流量G之比)、烟气温度、烟气与脱硫剂接触时间以及加氧量对脱硫效果的影响。结果表明:烟气脱硫率随Na OH浓度在5%~30%范围内的增加逐渐增加,Na OH浓度高于30%对脱硫率影响不大,Ca(OH)2浓度为10%~12%时脱硫率最高;烟气含尘量由1 600 mg/m3降低到400 mg/m3,脱硫率从95%线性降低到84%;钙硫比为1.1时脱硫效果最好;脱硫率随液气比的增加逐渐升高,当液气比高于15.5 L/m3,脱硫率变化不大;较低的烟气进口温度利于SO2的吸收,脱硫率越高;烟气与脱硫剂接触时间越长,脱硫率越高;氧气的通入将亚硫酸盐氧化为硫酸盐,提高了脱硫率,同时可避免结垢。     

金属改性碳脱除黄磷尾气中的H_2S和PH_3

为综合利用黄磷尾气中的CO,通过钢瓶配气及气相色谱GC-14C测定的方法,研究了Cu2+和某金属离子Mn+改性碳脱除黄磷尾气中的PH3和H2S的相关问题。结果表明:实验范围内最佳反应条件为反应温度95℃,浸渍液浓度0.3mol/L,粒径3.5mm,氧含量1%,焙烧温度300℃和气体流量0.4L/min;再生方案对含磷物质的再生效果基本可行,对含硫杂质的再生不甚理想;工厂中实际黄磷尾气实验证明该净化方法实用可行;建立的模型可以很好地预测金属改性碳上吸附催化反应后PH3和H2S的出口浓度。     

改性炭对PH_3的吸附性能研究

为利用黄磷尾气中的高浓度CO气体,通过钢瓶配气模拟和气相色谱GC-14C测定的方法,选出了净化PH3气体的最佳改性炭;用正交实验法优化了吸附净化实验条件;通过X射线光电子能谱对改性活性炭进行表征。结果表明:铜阳离子改性炭的净化效果最好;最佳实验条件是反应温度95℃、氧含量3%、气体流量0.2L/min、浸渍液浓度0.3mol/L、活性碳粒径4mm和焙烧温度350℃。     

烧结烟气湿式氨法同时脱硫脱硝实验研究

在鼓泡反应器中进行烧结烟气湿式氨法同时脱硫脱硝的实验研究,考察了添加剂/NO物质的量比、吸收液NH3-NH+4浓度和烟气性质对烧结烟气脱硫脱硝的影响。实验结果表明:随着添加剂/NO物质的量比、烟气温度和NO浓度的增加,脱硝率均呈现先增大后减小的趋势。脱硝率随着吸收液中NH3-NH+4浓度的增大而增大。随着SO2浓度的增大,脱硝率逐渐减小。在所有实验条件下,脱硫率均接近或达到100%。在最佳实验条件下,脱硝率可达61.49%。通过添加添加剂部分氧化烧结烟气,可使烧结烟气湿式氨法脱硫工艺的脱硝率提高20%~30%。     

操作参数对改性钙基吸收剂同时脱硫脱硝特性的影响

利用固定床反应器研究了反应温度(T)、相对湿度(RH)、以及空塔速度(V)对改性钙基吸收剂同时脱硫脱硝效率的影响规律,并得出了改性钙基吸收剂同时脱硫脱硝的最佳反应工况。结果表明:在T=60~90℃内,温度升高不利于NO的脱除,而对SO2的脱除有一定的促进作用。在RH=60%~100%条件下,脱硫脱硝效率均随相对湿度增大而增大。对脱硝效率而言,空速越小其脱除效率越高,高空速下对应的脱硝率变化并不明显;SO2的脱除效率随着空速的增大呈先增大后减小的趋势,当空速V=6 948.47 h-1时对应的脱硫效率最高。综合而言,吸收剂脱硫脱硝的最佳反应温度、相对湿度及空速分别为70℃、100%和4 246.29 h-1。     

V_2O_5/TiO_2催化剂用于烟气同时脱硫脱硝的研究

研究了用V2O5/TiO2催化剂同时脱除烟气中的SO2和NO,考察了H2还原温度及其它反应条件对SO2和NO脱除率的影响。结果表明,经H2还原后所制得的V2O5/TiO2催化剂可以提高脱硫脱硝活性,最佳还原温度为700℃;在450～500℃的烟气温度范围内,该催化剂有较佳的脱硫脱硝活性;在相同反应温度下,空速越大,SO2和NO的脱除率越低;烟气中的氧气可大大提高V2O5/TiO2的脱硫脱硝活性,且氧气体积含量在5%～10%范围内变化时,对SO2和NO脱除率的影响较小。     

PDMDAAC改性膨润土处理染料废水的实验研究

膨润土是一种以蒙脱石为主要成分的粘土,被广泛应用于染料废水脱色、有机废水处理等领域.实验以寻求一种新型水处理剂为目标,采用膨润土为原料,PDMDAAC为改性剂,制备新型改性膨润土——PDMDAAC改性膨润土,并应用于染料废水处理中.PDMDAAC改性膨润土最佳制备条件为改性剂为6 g原土投加量为12 g、改性时间为40 min、改性温度为45℃.单因素实验确定PDMDAAC改性膨润土处理分散深蓝染料废水100 mL的最佳处理工艺条件为:改性膨润土投加量为3 g、pH9、搅拌时间为45 min、搅拌速度250 r/min,分散深蓝染料废水原水浓度为100 mg/L.正交实验对工艺条件进行验证,结果表明:分散深蓝染料废水100 mL,分散深蓝染料废水原水浓度小于150 mg/L,改性膨润土投加量为3 g,搅拌时间60 min,搅拌速率为250 r/min,pH为9,在此基础上进行实验,染料废水脱色率可达98％.     

钢铁烧结烟气臭氧氧化脱硝正交实验研究

臭氧氧化脱硝技术是当前备受关注的钢铁烧结烟气脱硝技术,为研究该技术在实际工业应用中NO氧化效果的影响因素,该研究在钢铁烧结机风机出口段脱硫塔前引出烧结烟气,建设臭氧氧化系统,采用正交实验法考察烟气流量和NO初始浓度对NO氧化效果的影响。研究结果表明:无论处于何种烟气条件下,NO氧化效率均随臭氧发生器O_3产量、投加量的增加而增大;在相同的NO初始浓度下,NO氧化效率随烟气流量的增加而降低;在相同的烟气流量和O_3投加量下,随NO初始浓度的增大,O_3利用率增大,NO分子平均氧化能耗降低,NO氧化效率也随之增大。在实际工业应用中,O_3投加量应结合工程设计指标和经济性进行综合考量;通过合理设计,臭氧氧化脱硝技术可达90%以上的NO氧化效率,具有很好的工业应用前景。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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