黄河流域农业资源环境效率时空演化特征及影响因素

探讨农业资源环境效率对于推动黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展具有重要意义。通过构建农业资源环境效率综合评价指标体系,采用超效率SBM模型和空间计量模型,对1990—2017年黄河流域9省(区)农业资源效率时空分异特征及其演变过程进行测度与刻画,并进一步探讨其影响因素。结果表明:(1)研究期间黄河流域9省(区)农业资源环境效率总体呈现缓慢波动上升趋势,且总体水平较低,山东和四川处于引领地位。(2)黄河流域农业资源环境效率总体呈现下游上游中游的空间分布格局。从空间格局演化来看,流域农业资源环境效率空间分异特征较为明显,呈现以山东和四川为核心的"双核"特征;从上、中、下游来看,则呈现"中心-外围"特征。(3)从影响因素结果分析来看,农业经济发展水平、农业生产技术水平和种植业结构对流域农业资源环境效率具有显著促进作用,而财政支农政策、工业化水平、环境规制和农业受灾率则具有一定阻碍作用。最后,提出了黄河流域强化农业科技支撑、农业生态环境保护和农业基础设施建设等方面的对策建议。     

江门市区冬季地表热环境与土地覆盖类型关系的研究

应用美国陆地资源卫星Landsat ETM＋影像资料,反演了江门市区的地表温度（LST）,并提取研究区的NDVI、NDBI和MNDWI指数。分析了江门市区冬季LST的空间分布特征及城市地表热环境与土地覆盖类型之间的关系。结果表明：江门市区LST分布具有空间差异性,不同土地覆盖类型有较大差异,存在城市热岛效应;LST与3种归一化指数存在相关性,其中LST与NDVI存在非线性相关、与NDBI存在线性正相关、与MNDWI存在线性负相关。     

洮儿河流域农业生态地质环境研究

系统分析了吉林西部洮儿河流域的农业生态地质环境特征,揭示了流域内影响农业可持续发展的五大农业生态地质环境问题;按照地质、地貌、自然资源状况、生态环境灾害、环境质量等综合要素对流域进行了环境分区;最后论述了流域内农业生态地质环境的演化过程和影响因素。     

广州市农业环境污染及其对策

慨述了广州市农业环境污染状况，指出工业“三废”和城镇生活污水等外源污染是造成农业环境污染的主要因素，养殖业废水直接排放和频繁使用农用化学品也对农业环境造成一定程度的污染。提出了建立健全农业环境监控管理体系、推行农业生产许可制度、加强面源污染控制、推广无公害农产品生产技术、加大农业生态环境保护执法力度等污染控制对策。     

农业土地利用系统的环境风险分析与评价方法研究:以湖南省桃江县为例

通过对农业土地利用系统的过程和输入-输出特征解析,构建了农业土地利用系统概念模型,从系统输入、土地利用过程和输出3个方面分析了农业土地利用过程中的环境风险源,探讨了针对农业土地利用系统的环境风险识别与评价方法。在此基础上,以乡镇为评价单元,逐一识别相应的环境风险因子,评价各类环境风险水平,并依据每个评价单元需要关注的风险种数评价其综合风险水平。以湖南省桃江县为例,对该县农业土地利用系统中的污水灌溉、肥源投入、农药投入、地膜施用和秸秆焚烧等人为因素带来的环境风险进行评价,结果表明,由于该县南部地区的工厂和采矿活动密集以及土地利用集约度高,农业土地利用系统的综合环境风险程度呈南高北低的趋势。     

编委风采

谢德体:1957年出生,四川开江人,1988年7月毕业于西南农业大学土化系,获博士学位。现为西南大学资源环境学院二级教授、博士生导师、院长、农业资源与环境一级学科学术负责人、农业资源与环境国家特色专业负责人,农业部西南耕地保育重点实验室主任,重庆市数字农业重点实验室主任,重庆市农业面源污染防控工程中心主任,中加     

海南省农业能值分析

应用ＯｄｕｍＨＴ创立的能值分析理论和方法,对海南省农业进行了分析和评价,结果表明：由于自然条件得天独厚,环境资源对农业的贡献很大,环境资源能值占能值利用率的３０％,高于全国平均值（１３％）;净能值产出率为１．２７,高于日本和意大利,可以作为一种能值来源;农牧渔业产品的宏观经济价值远大于市场价值,农业生产中有相当大一部分环境资源无偿投入;环境承载指标为２．４４,远低于日本和意大利,环境压力较小,发展潜力很大。进而提出促进农业持续发展的有关建议与设想。     

揭阳市环境问题及其对策

揭阳市环境问题主要表现为水体污染日趋严重,空气污染物偏高,环境噪声严重超标,农业生态环境恶化。采取的对策是积极宣传教育,树立全民环境意识;提高环境执法力度;严格执行新建项目环保审批和“三同时”制度,控制新污染源的产生;合理安排工业布局;加强对污染的治理工作;搞好农业生态环境的保护。     

墨西哥农业食品生产：向可持续性过渡

墨西哥已经发展了一个旨在阻并扭转环境恶化的环境保护政策框架,其中有一些环境恶化是过去不良农业实践造成的,主要政策目标传统上是最大限度提高收入,较少强调环境关注,但联邦政策目前力求把可持续发展原则运用到农业政策上,农业食品行业中要解决的主要问题,包括土地退化和水资源稀缺性的影响,以及经济考虑和与贸易有关的考虑。     

影响我国农业持续发展的环境因素

从农业生产是经济再生产和自然再生产的性质出发,讨论了影响我国农业持续发展的一些突出的环境因素,包括外部环境和农业自身环境因素;提出了保护和改善环境的原则建议。     

土地整理中生态环境保护问题及对策

土地整理是一项旨在通过对土地利用方式、利用结构及利用布局进行综合整治,以达到改善农业生产条件和生态环境,提高土地生产力,实现土地集约化利用的利国利民的活动。从当前实际情况来看,对通过土地整理增加耕地面积,提高土地生产力这个目标比较重视,也做得比较好;但由于对保护农业生态环境这一目标重视不够,同时缺乏一整套完整的农地整理生态绩效的评价体系和方法,导致土地整理对农业生态环境产生了一些不良影响,影响了土地资源可持续利用。文章从生态学的角度分析了当前我国土地整理过程中存在的环境保护问题,并针对问题提出了保护生物多样性、实施景观生态规划、建立评价体系等对策,以达到土地资源可持续利用;最后对广东典型区域农地整理生态环境保护问题进行了探讨。     

珠港澳可持续发展协调度评估

可持续发展协调度是一个综合的概念,文章中主要从资源利用效率、社会环境协调系数、经济环境协调系数和环境治理能力4个方面构置了可持续发展协调度的指标体系,就我国香港、澳门和珠江三角洲9个地级市(广州、深圳、珠海、佛山、东莞、惠州、江门、肇庆和中山)的可持续发展协调度进行评价和对比分析,得出中山和珠海可持续发展协调度最高,肇庆、佛山、江门、惠州、广州、深圳、我国香港的可持续发展协调度较高,我国澳门的可持续发展协调度次之,最不协调的城市是东莞。最后,对东莞和我国澳门存在的问题进行了分析和探讨。     

Quantitative investigations of sand-bottom macrofauna along the Mediterranean north-west coast

Consideration of the range of quantitative data collected in a 4 year survey of macrobenthic fauna in sublittoral fine-sand on the north-west Mediterranean coast allows some farreaching comments. As a diver-operated suction sampler was employed, density and biomass values obtained must be considered as the most accurate ones for such hard ground. The wide range of values observed from bay to bay and from year to year suggests different controlling factors. Among environmental factors, influence of exposure is clearly shown, and trophic conditions offered to filter and suspension feeders by the water column in controlling high biomass values is emphasized. Among biological factors, high growth and generation replacement rates for main species together with a high predation-rate explain changes and instability in fauna-assemblage structures of Mediterranean fine-sand macrofauna. Comparison of these biological data with those from northwest European shallow-sand associations reveals some important differences which suggest some restrictions to the parallel level-bottom community concept.     

农林复合经营研究──桉树间种山毛豆对林木和土壤的影响

本文研究了桉树人工林间种山毛豆的适应性及其对林木和土壤的影响．结果表明，在一年生桉树人工林下，山毛豆生长正常，以后，随着林地的逐浓荫蔽，生长有逐渐衰退现象；间种山毛豆当年，可能对林木生长有一定影响，但可通过改善间种方式而消除．第二年以后对桉树生长的促进作用逐渐显著；间种山毛豆对提高土壤肥力也有一定作用，对促进林业生产的持续发展有重要意义．     

Estimation of temporary emigration in male toads

Male boreal toads (Bufo boreas) are thought to return to the breeding site every year but, if absent in a particular year, will be more likely to return the following year. Using Pollock's robust design we estimated temporary emigration (the probability a male toad is absent from a breeding site in a given year) at three locations in Colorado, USA: two in Rocky Mountain National Park and one in Chaffee County. We present data that suggest that not all male toads return to the breeding site every year. Our analyses indicate that temporary emigration varies by site and time (for example, from 1992 to 1998, the probability of temporary emigration ranged from 10% to 29% and from 3% to 95% at Lost Lake and Kettle Tarn, respectively). Although the results provide weak evidence that males are more likely to return after a year's hiatus, a general pattern of state-dependent temporary emigration was not supported. We also hypothesized relationships between temporary emigration and a number of weather variables. While some competitive models included weather covariates, imprecise and variable estimates of the effects of these covariates precluded fully defining their impact on temporary emigration.     

A test of two models of different levels of complexity for predicting changes of phosphorus concentration in a lake's outflow

The objective of this investigation is to compare the ability of a one-box model and a two-box model to predict the temporal variations of total phosphorus in the outflow of several lakes. The one-box model considers only total phosphorus and treats the lake as well-mixed, all year round. The two-box model considers two phosphorus fractions and the epilimnion and hypolimnion. For five shallow Canadian Shield lakes, some of the temporal variability in lake phosphorus concentrations can be explained on the basis of changes in hydraulic inflows and phosphorus loadings. Both models give roughly similar predictions for shallow lakes with high hydraulic loadings (1–200 m/year) and small variations in total phosphorus concentrations. In comparing the settling and hydraulic outflow mechanisms, a sensitivity analysis shows that both models are more sensitive to the settling rate if the lake's hydraulic loadings are less than 1 m/year, and more sensitive to the outflow rate if the lake's hydraulic loadings are greater than 100 m/year. This analysis suggests a priority for concentrating economic and other resources in conducting field measurement programs for testing phosphorus models.     

基于卫星遥感的秸秆焚烧监测及对空气质量影响分析

每年6月是我国小麦收割的主要时节,也是秸秆焚烧发生的严重时期.利用卫星遥感技术监测2007年6月全国秸秆焚烧状况,并以某市为例,结合气象资料分析秸秆焚烧对环境空气质量的影响.研究结果表明,秸秆焚烧主要分布在冬小麦生产区,华北平原是秸秆焚烧集中区域,火点数占全国的86.9%;秸秆焚烧主要发生在6月上半月,火点数占全月的87.3%.相关分析表明,该市700、800 km范围缓冲区内火点数变化趋势与空气污染指数有较好一致性,相关系数均达0.54,当秸秆焚烧发生在不利于污染物扩散的气象条件下时,将导致空气质量明显下降.     

Allelic esterase isozymes,their variation with season,position on the shore and stage of development in the cirripede Balanus balanoides

Samples of Balanus balanoides (L.) in the Menai Straits were taken from their upper limit of distribution on the shore, from mean low water (MLW) and at three different times of the year, January, May and August. Individual prosomae were homogenised, electrophoresed on polyacrylamide gels and esterase isozymes determined. Group BbEI esterase isozymes fitted the Hardy-Weinberg predicted values for 4 co-dominant alleles in all samples. A comparison of BbEI phenotype frequency distribution of the upper shore and MLW samples showed no significant difference at the 5% level. The phenotype frequency of samples taken at different times of the year were significantly different at the 5% level, due to an excess of allele A in winter and an excess of allele C in summer. It is argued that the seasonal variation of phenotype frequency is probably not due to selection operating on a balanced polymorphism, but that the expression of the alleles through the synthesis of esterase isozymes is dependent on some environmental agent, postibly temperature or day length.