Characterization of cake layer structure on the microfiltration membrane permeability by iron pre-coagulation

A cake layer is formed by coagulation aggregates under certain transmembrane pressure in the coagulation-microfiltration (MF) process. The characteristics of humic acid aggregates coagulated by different iron-based coagulants, such as charge, size, fractal dimension and compressibility, have an effect on the cake layer structure. At the optimum iron dose of 0.6 to 0.8 mmol/L for ferric chloride (FC) and polymer ferric sulfate (PFS) pre-coagulation, at the point of charge neutralization for near zero zeta potential, the aggregate particles produced possess the greatest size and highest fractal dimension, which contributes to the cake layer being most loose with high porosity and low compressibility. Thus the membrane filterability is better. At a low or high iron dose of FC and PFS, a high negative or positive zeta potential with high charge repulsion results in so many small aggregate particles and low fractal dimension that the cake layer is compact with low porosity and high compressibility. Therefore the membrane fouling is accelerated and MF permeability becomes worse. The variation of cake layer structure as measured by scanning electric microscopy corresponds with the fact that the smaller the coagulation flocs size and fractal dimension are, the lower the porosity and the tighter the cake layer conformation. This also explains the MF membrane flux variation visually and accurately.     

加载絮体形态对短流程超滤膜污染影响效应

以聚硫酸铁（PFS）为混凝剂,微砂为载体颗粒,系统考察了采用加载絮凝-超滤联用工艺净化含高岭土、腐植酸和锑[Sb（Ⅲ）]的模拟原水过程中,不同PFS和微砂投加量条件下加载絮体形态特性以及其对超滤膜通量衰减、膜污染可逆性和宏观出水水质等的影响,并分析了膜污染机理.结果表明,PFS投加量对絮体形态及膜滤效能和膜污染影响显著,且投加量过少或过多均会产生不利影响,以30mg/L为宜;与不投加微砂的工况相比,加入微砂更易于形成大而结构较为松散的絮体,可有效削弱不可逆膜污染,并获得较为稳定的超滤出水水质;超滤末端膜比通量与絮体平均粒径呈良好的正相关性（R²=0.8774）,但因加载絮凝体系中引起分形维数变大的不同类型颗粒（包括小粒径范围絮体和未被加载絮体捕获的微砂）对超滤净水过程产生的影响各异,致使膜通量与分形维数的负相关性较差（R²=0.5760）.     

Membrane fouling reduction through electrochemically regulating flocs aggregation in an electro-coagulation membrane reactor

Coupling coagulation and applied electric field is an efficient method to regulate cake layer porosity and hydrophilicity for alleviating ultrafiltration membrane (UF) fouling. However, the Al/Fe flocs aggregation behavior are induced from electric field and determine the cake layer structure, which has not been studied comparatively yet. Herein, the anti-fouling performance in an efficient electro-coagulation membrane reactor (ECMR, in which UF membrane modules are placed between electrodes) was investigated with Al/Fe anode and various electrochemical parameters from the viewpoint of regulating flocs aggregation. Both the cake layers formed from Al and Fe flocs under an electric field were more porous and hydrophilic in comparison with that formed without electric fields, resulting in an enhanced water flux under higher electric field strength. Comparing with Fe flocs, Al flocs had a faster growth rate and larger size, facilitating membrane pore block resistant, which was more pronounced in a higher current density. Furthermore, the cake layer formed from Al flocs was more porous than that formed from Fe flocs. Therefore, the anti-fouling performance of ECMR with Al anode was superior to that of ECMR with Fe anode. When the electric field strength increased from 0 to 10?V/cm, the normalized specific flux was improved from 71.2% to 89.4% for ECMR (Al) and from 48.1% to 70.1% for ECMR (Fe) at 30?min.     

Purification, characterization and application of dual coagulants containing chitosan and different Al species in coagulation and ultrafiltration process

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different Al species and chitosan (CS) dosages on coagulation performance, floc characteristics (floc sizes, strength and regrowth ability and fractal dimension) and membrane resistance in a coagulation–ultrafiltration hybrid process. Results showed that different Al species combined with humic acid in diverse ways. Al_a had better removal efficiency, as determined by UV₂₅₄ and dissolved organic carbon, which could be further improved by the addition of CS. In addition, the optimal dosage of different Al species was determined to be 4.0 mg/L with the CS concentration of 1.0 mg/L, by orthogonal coagulation experiments. Combining Al_a/Al_b/Al_c with CS resulted in larger flocs, higher recovery, and higher fractal dimension values corresponding to denser flocs; in particular, the floc size at the steady state stage was four times larger than that obtained with Al species coagulants alone. The results of ultrafiltration experiments indicated that the external fouling percentage was significantly higher than that of internal fouling, at around 85% and 15%, respectively. In addition, the total membrane resistance was significantly decreased due to CS addition.     

Effect of sludge retention time on sludge characteristics and membrane fouling of membrane bioreactor

Three identical membrane bioreactors (MBRs) were operated over 2 years at different sludge retention time (SRT) of 10 d, 40 d and no sludge withdrawal (NS), to elucidate and quantify the effect of SRT on the sludge characteristics and membrane fouling. The hydraulic retention times of these MBRs were controlled at 12 h. With increasing SRT, the sludge concentrations in the MBRs increased, whereas the ratio of volatile suspended solid to the total solid decreased, and the size of sludge granule diminished in the meantime. A higher sludge concentration at long SRT could maintain a better organic removal efficiency, and a longer SRT was propitious to the growth of nitrifiers. The performance of these MBRs for the removal of COD and NH₄⁺-N did not change much with different SRTs. However, the bioactivity decreased as SRT increase. The measurement of specific oxygen uptake rates (SOUR) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes testified that SOUR and the proportion of the bacteria-specific probe EUB338 in all DAPI-stainable bacteria decreased with increasing SRT. The concentrations of total organic carbon, protein, polysaccharides and soluble extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) in the mixed liquor supernatant also decreased with increasing SRT. The membrane fouling rate was higher at shorter SRT, and the highest fouling rate appeared at a SRT of 10 d. Both the sludge cake layer and gel layer had contribution to the fouling resistance, but the relative contribution of the gel layer decreased as SRT increase.     

Effect of components in activated sludge liquor on membrane fouling in a submerged membrane bioreactor

Introduction The membrane bioreactors (MBRs) have shown many advantages over conventional activated sludge processes, which apply membrane modules instead of the secondary settle tank to make a better separation of the solids and liquid and have been grea…     

铝基无机有机复合絮凝剂对超滤膜性能的影响研究

采用铝基无机有机复合絮凝剂(PAC-JY01)对含有腐殖酸与高岭土的模拟水样进行强化混凝处理,取混凝后出水进行超滤,通过测定超滤前后出水水质以及超滤膜运行状况,探讨PAC-JY01对超滤膜工艺效能的影响.结果表明,在强化混凝-超滤联用工艺中PAC-JY01的最佳投加量为3mg/L,最佳pH=6.在最佳条件下,UV254和浊度的去除率分别达到79.30%、99.70%;在实验运行条件下,较大的絮体容易在膜表面沉积而造成膜污染.     

氧化锌纳米颗粒对膜-生物反应器运行性能的影响

考察了城市污水中典型浓度的氧化锌(ZnO)纳米颗粒对膜-生物反应器(MBR)运行、活性污泥性质以及膜污染的影响.结果表明,ZnO纳米颗粒不利于微生物对有机物的去除,但是不会影响微生物对氨氮的去除.由于微滤膜的截留作用,ZnO纳米颗粒对MBR的出水没有影响.ZnO纳米颗粒的投加导致溶解性微生物产物(SMP)浓度从17.9mg/gVSS上升到35.0mg/gVSS左右,污泥粒径由162.9μm下降到105.2μm,引起了外部阻力的上升,造成了膜污染的加剧.ZnO纳米颗粒会抑制微生物活性和改变活性污泥中微生物的种群结构,这主要与ZnO纳米颗粒释放的Zn2+有关.     

超滤的预处理工艺对比研究:化学混凝与电絮凝

对比研究了化学混凝(chemical coagulation,CC)与电絮凝(electrocoagulation,EC)作为超滤膜分离的预处理工艺,在死端过滤条件下与超滤膜的作用机制以及对膜污染的减缓效果.主要研究了Al3+投加量对膜通量、絮体性质(粒径、强度系数、恢复系数、分形维数)、以及滤饼层性质的影响.结果表明,EC作为预处理时,生成的絮体强度大且结构紧实,在膜表面堆积形成的滤饼层具有疏松多孔、亲水性强的性质;而CC作为预处理时,生成的絮体强度低且比较松散,在膜过滤过程中容易被压力压碎压实,导致滤饼层比较密实、亲水性低.因此,EC作为预处理工艺对膜污染的减缓效果好,在运行过程中可以保持较高的膜通量,膜通量较CC高约5.57%.     

一体式絮体-超滤工艺去除腐殖酸效能与机制

近年来,一体式吸附剂-超滤膜组合工艺以其效率高、膜污染程度低且占地面积小等优势逐渐在水处理中广泛应用.然而,目前所用吸附剂多为颗粒型,如粉末活性炭、碳纳米管、纳米铁等.不仅长期运行极易引起膜表面损伤,且多数吸附剂成本较高.为有效克服上述问题,以水处理中广泛应用的铝盐混凝剂水解絮体为吸附剂,以天然水体中普遍存在的腐殖酸为目标污染物,考察了松散且密度低的絮体直接注入膜池后腐殖酸的去除效率及膜污染行为.结果表明,曝气方式、絮体注入频率及注入量均能不同程度地影响该组合工艺效能.与间歇曝气和一次性注入相比,采用连续曝气且分批次注入时,絮体在膜表面形成松散"保护膜",充分发挥了絮体作用,腐殖酸去除效率较高,膜污染程度显著降低.单独HA污染超滤膜时,5d内跨膜压差急剧增至74.8 k Pa,而连续曝气且每次2 d注入5.4 mmol·L-1絮体运行8 d后跨膜压差仅增至6.3 k Pa.此时HA去除率为73.3%(8 d),远高于无絮体注入时(5 d,32.1%).此外,分批次注入絮体时仅有少量腐殖酸吸附于膜孔,松散滤饼层为主要污染方式,且单次注入量越大,运行结束经水洗后膜表面平均孔径也越大.本研究表明一体式松散絮体-超滤膜组合工艺在水处理中具有潜在应用前景.     

膜生物反应器PVDF膜和尼龙膜污染特性

分别采用PVDF膜（第1~219d）和尼龙（Nylon）膜（第220~360d）长期运行膜生物反应器（MBR）,分析MBR系统的脱氮性能和膜污染特性.结果表明,反应器最终在进水NH₄⁺-N和NO₂^--N浓度分别为400~740mg/L和460~790mg/L的条件下稳定运行112d,总氮去除率（TNRE）维持在86%左右,总氮去除负荷（NRR）为0.61~1.08kg N/（m³·d）.经过263d的运行,反应器中混合液悬浮固体浓度（MLSS）从4918mg/L增至7230mg/L,混合液挥发性悬浮固体浓度（MLVSS）从2585mg/L增加至4455mg/L,比厌氧氨氧化活性（SAA）最高达0.46g N/（d·gVSS）.无论是PVDF膜还是尼龙膜,Anammox-MBR系统在一个膜污染周期结束时,都是泥饼层阻力占主导,但二者的膜污染机制不同.与相同水力停留时间（HRT）下运行的PVDF膜相比,尼龙膜的膜污染发展速度显著减小.结合脱氮性能和膜污染情况,本实验条件下,MBR系统优先采用尼龙膜在HRT=1.5d运行.     

The role of extracellular organic matter on the cyanobacteria ultrafiltration process

The membrane fouling caused by extracellular organic matter (EOM) and algal cells and organic matter removal of two typical cyanobacteria (M. aeruginosa and Pseudoanabaena sp.) during ultrafiltration (UF) process were studied in this work. The results showed that EOM had a broad molecular weight (Mw) distribution and the irreversible membrane fouling was basically caused by EOM. Moreover, humic acid and microbial metabolites were major components of EOM of two typical cyanobacteria. Since EOM could fill the voids of cake layers formed by the algal cells, EOM and algal cells played synergistic roles in membrane fouling. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated that the CH₂ and CH₃ chemical bonds may play an important role in membrane fouling caused by EOM. Interestingly, the cake layer formed by the algal cells could trap the organic matter produced by algae and alleviate some irreversible membrane fouling. The results also showed that although the cake layer formed by the algal cells cause severe permeate flux decline, it could play a double interception role with UF membrane and increase organic matter removal efficiency. Therefore, when using UF to treat algae-laden water, the balance of membrane fouling and organic matter removal should be considered to meet the needs of practical applications.     

磁场强化絮凝减缓膜污染的影响因素分析

研究磁场及磁致效应对磁强化絮凝膜过滤工艺(Magnetic enhanced flocculation membrane filtration,MEFMF)处理地表水中膜污染的影响;运用Design-Expert7.0软件进行试验设计,考察了磁化时间、混凝剂浓度和磁粉浓度对磁强化絮凝膜过滤工艺中膜污染变化的影响,结果表明磁化时间、混凝剂浓度以及两者的协同作用是影响磁强化絮凝膜过滤工艺中膜污染的主要因素.磁化时间和混凝剂浓度的协同作用影响着磁絮体的粒径和膜表面滤饼层形态,磁絮凝工艺形成的絮体粒径大且分型维数高,减弱了膜孔堵塞,减缓了膜污染.磁强化絮凝减缓膜污染最佳试验条件是磁化时间为6 min,Fe3O4浓度为8 mg·L-1,FeCl3浓度为44 mg·L-1.     

复合式膜生物反应器处理生活污水

采用以粉末活性炭(PAC)作为填料的复合式膜生物反应器处理小区生活污水.该反应器在不人为排泥,不对膜进行任何处理(不空曝、不清洗)的情况下,连续运行100d.结果表明,系统运行稳定,出水水质优良(COD<25mg/L,NH₄⁺-N<0.6mg/L,无色无味,无SS,没有检测出大肠杆菌).PAC不仅改善了膜生物反应器中的污泥混合液的沉淀性能与可过滤性,同时也改善了膜表面滤饼层的水力特性,从而达到了减小膜过滤阻力,延缓膜污染的目的,而且还降低了运行成本.     

电-Fenton法降解低含盐量反渗透浓缩液中腐植酸

为研究采用碳毡-Pt电-Fenton体系处理模拟低含盐量反渗透浓缩液中的腐植酸的影响因素和降解机制,通过单因素试验,以COD_Cr去除率为评价指标,以Fe2+添加量、通氧量、电流密度、pH为考察因素,探讨了不同条件对电-Fenton体系ρ（H₂O₂）和COD_Cr去除率的影响.结果表明:采用电-Fenton法降解模拟反渗透浓缩液,较低的含盐量有助于COD_Cr的去除,与高含盐量（1 000~2 000 mg/L）相比,在低含盐量（500~1 000 mg/L）条件下COD_Cr去除率提高10%~20%;并且最佳条件下实际电流效率（GCE）达到15.6%,电化学能耗为32 kW·h/kg.最佳反应条件:通氧量为0.3 m3/L,Fe2+添加量为0.1 mmol/L,电流密度为3.5 mA/cm2,pH=3,在该条件下反应180 min时,电-Fenton体系产生的ρ（H₂O₂）为105 mg/L,可使ρ（COD_Cr）由150 mg/L降至16 mg/L,COD_Cr去除率达到90%.研究显示,较宽的pH范围（3~7）内碳毡-Pt电-Fenton体系对腐植酸的降解表现稳定,COD_Cr去除率均达到60%以上.      

Influence of floc dynamic protection layer on alleviating ultrafiltration membrane fouling induced by humic substances

Cake layer formation is inevitable over time for ultrafiltration (UF) membrane-based drinking water treatment. Although the cake layer is always considered to cause membrane fouling, it can also act as a “dynamic protection layer”, as it further adsorbs pollutants and dramatically reduces their chance of getting to the membrane surface. Here, the UF membrane fouling performance was investigated with pre-deposited loose flocs in the presence of humic acid (HA). The results showed that the floc dynamic protection layer played an important role in removing HA. The higher the solution pH, the more negative the floc charge, resulting in lower HA removal efficiency due to the electrostatic repulsion and large pore size of the floc layer. With decreasing solution pH, a positively charged floc dynamic protection layer was formed, and more HA molecules were adsorbed. The potential reasons were ascribed to the smaller floc size, greater positive charge, and higher roughness of the floc layer. However, similar membrane fouling performance was also observed for the negative and positive floc dynamic protection layers due to their strong looseness characteristics. In addition, the molecular weight (MW) distribution of HA also played an important role in UF membrane fouling behavior. For the small MW HA molecules, the chance of forming a loose cake layer was high with a negatively charged floc dynamic protection layer, while for the large MW HA molecules it was high with a positively charged floc dynamic protection layer. As a result, slight UF membrane fouling was induced.     

混凝对膜污染的防止作用

研究了混凝改善膜通量和防止膜污染的效果 .结果表明 :直接过滤原水的情况下 ,反冲洗后的膜通量恢复仅为初始通量的40% ;而投加了混凝剂 4mg/L和10mg/L(以Al计 )后 ,反冲洗后的通量得到了完全的恢复 .混凝防止膜污染取决于过滤过程在膜表面形成的滤饼层的性能 .在过滤混凝液的情况下 ,混凝能在膜表面形成滤饼层 ,从而有效地防止膜污染 ,而过滤上清液的情况下 ,无法为混凝去除的中性亲水性的有机物沉积在膜表面 ,造成膜污染 .     

陶瓷膜强化高钙镁油藏聚合物驱采出水处理工艺研究

高钙镁油藏聚合物驱采出水中高浓度的水解型聚丙烯酰胺（HPAM）,易造成常规“隔油-混凝-过滤/气浮”工艺出水水质恶化和滤料堵塞,因此亟须开发高钙镁油藏聚合物驱采出水处理技术与方法。陶瓷膜因其良好的出水水质和抗污染、耐酸碱清洗等优势在油气田废水处理中日益受到重视。基于高钙镁油藏采出水中HPAM浓度高的难题,以提高出水水质和工艺稳定运行为目的,研究了化学絮凝和臭氧氧化+化学絮凝预处理对陶瓷膜出水水质和膜污染的影响。结果表明:HPAM浓度为500 mg/L的模拟采出水经化学絮凝和臭氧氧化+化学絮凝2种预处理工艺,均能有效地减缓陶瓷膜的污染并提高陶瓷膜出水水质,其中臭氧氧化+化学絮凝+陶瓷膜过滤工艺处理后,出水油含量低于10 mg/L,粒径中值<0.8μm,出水水质符合SY/T 5329—2012《碎屑岩油藏注水水质指标及分析方法》油藏地层空气平均渗透率>0.05μm2的要求,说明臭氧氧化+化学絮凝+陶瓷膜工艺处理高聚合物浓度采出水的可行性。     

Removal characteristics of microplastics by Fe-based coagulants during drinking water treatment

Microplastics have caused great concern worldwide recently due to their ubiquitous presence within the marine environment. Up to now, most attention has been paid to their sources, distributions, measurement methods, and especially their eco-toxicological effects. With microplastics being increasingly detected in freshwater, it is urgently necessary to evaluate their behaviors during coagulation and ultrafiltration (UF) processes. Herein, the removal behavior of polyethylene (PE), which is easily suspended in water and is the main component of microplastics, was investigated with commonly used Fe-based salts. Results showed that although higher removal efficiency was induced for smaller PE particles, low PE removal efficiency (below 15%) was observed using the traditional coagulation process, and was little influenced by water characteristics. In comparison to solution pH, PAM addition played a more important role in increasing the removal efficiency, especially anionic PAM at high dosage (with efficiency up to 90.9%). The main reason was ascribed to the dense floc formation and high adsorption ability because of the positively charged Fe-based flocs under neutral conditions. For ultrafiltration, although PE particles could be completely rejected, slight membrane fouling was caused owing to their large particle size. The membrane flux decreased after coagulation; however, the membrane fouling was less severe than that induced by flocs alone due to the heterogeneous nature of the cake layer caused by PE, even at high dosages of Fe-based salts. Based on the behavior exhibited during coagulation and ultrafiltration, we believe these findings will have potential application in drinking water treatment.     

溶解性微生物代谢产物对膜污染的影响与控制研究

引起膜污染的因素主要有污泥特性、运行参数、膜材料和进水特性。尽管国内外学者对膜污染进行了大量的研究,但对其影响因素仍然感到非常困惑,主要是因为膜污染物和活性污泥特性异常复杂。膜污染现象增加污水处理运行和维修费用,是限制膜生物反应器（MBR）在污水治理方面广泛应用的主要障碍,其中微生物代谢产物（EPS、SMP）是引起膜污染的主要物质。在论述了溶解性代谢产物（SMP）对膜污染影响的基础上,着重从减少SMP的角度介绍了缓解膜污染的控制措施。