电厂锅炉补给水系统中反渗透装置清洗的探讨

通过对锅炉补给水处理系统中反渗透装置的多次化学清洗,结合水质条件和运行实际情况,提出反渗透膜清洗药品选型和反渗透膜清洗措施,并对反渗透装置运行及清洗存在的问题进行了总结,为同类清洗反渗透装置在运行效果、清洗效果以及延长膜运行寿命方面提供参考。     

超滤膜的清洗及污染防控

针对污水超滤过程中的膜污染问题,比较了不同清洗剂及清洗顺序对污染膜的清洗效果,考察了超滤运行条件对超滤膜污染的影响,为超滤膜污染的防控提供参考。实验结果表明:各种清洗剂对污染超滤膜清洗效果的优劣顺序为盐酸草酸柠檬酸,氢氧化钠次氯酸钠碳酸钠;强酸—强碱的清洗效果好于弱酸—弱碱;强酸—强碱顺序清洗的通量恢复率(91.88%)大于强碱—强酸顺序清洗的通量恢复率(90.05%);最优运行工艺为运行压力0.04 MPa,进水pH 8.0,膜面流速1.947 m/s,运行周期2 h。     

化学沉淀-微滤法处理FGD废水的试验研究

研究了化学沉淀-微滤法工艺处理湿法烟气脱硫（FGD）废水的效果、实际运行中可能出现的膜污染及其解决方法。试验表明，化学沉淀-微滤工艺处理FGD废水，效果好、抗冲击负荷能力强、系统占地小、自控性强、易于操作，但随着系统的运行，污泥浓度会随之增大，从而导致膜污染，必须定期排泥和进行膜清洗。     

用硅橡胶平板复合膜分离苯酚时总传质系数的影响因素

用硅橡胶平板复合膜处理高浓度含酚废水,测定了体系的总传质系数（Kov）,分析了温度、盐离子强度、跨膜压差（△p）、膜厚度对Kov的影响。实验结果表明：Kov随温度的升高而呈线性增加,传质通量与温度的关系符合Arrhenius方程;当△p〈0．1MPa时,Kov与压力无关;当△p〉0．1MPa时,压差升高可提高传质系数,但会导致膜的致密化;离子强度改变了苯酚在相间的分配系数,进而影响传质过程;膜厚度降低能有效提高膜的Kov;在膜活性皮层厚度4μm、pH12．5～13．0、温度323．15K、废水流量1205mL／min、废水中苯酚质量浓度7．78g/L、无压差和离子强度的条件下,运行8h后,Kov为16．1×10^-7m／s。     

EDI装置工业应用问题及应对措施

根据河南某电厂电去离子（EDI）装置在调试、运行中发生了断水烧坏模块、树脂包被有机物污染和余氯氧化导致树脂破碎等诸多问题,通过对EDI模块的抽检和整套工艺的系统性分析,找出了产生问题的原因,采取了增加多重流量保护、清洗系统隔离及余氯检测等措施,对EDI树脂包进行了更换和修复,恢复了EDI装置的离子交换性能。通过一年多的运行观察,该套装置运行稳定,产水水质优良。     

火电机组热力系统EDTA化学清洗

对火电机组EDTA化学清洗过程中的清洗范围、清洗工艺、控制参数和清洗效果等进行了介绍,并结合工程实际提出了EDTA清洗过程中易出现的问题,为化学清洗工作提供了一定的防范措施.     

多介质过滤-超滤-反渗透法深度处理废水的工艺改进

针对某厂多介质过滤-超滤-反渗透(MMF-UF-RO)废水深度处理工艺发生污堵的问题, 采用在MMF装置前加入NaOH混凝沉淀的改进工艺代替加入聚合氯化铝(PAC)絮凝剂的原工艺.模拟原工艺水样的初始UF膜通量较低,过滤后UF膜通量下降35%左右;模拟改进工艺水样的初始UF膜通量较高,且UF膜通量基本无变化.改进工艺UF装置出水中除SiO_2外,其他物质的质量浓度远小于原工艺UF装置出水,可有效改善RO装置的进水水质.改进工艺的MMF和UF的运行稳定性均明显优于原工艺.     

亚临界锅炉的化学清洗

针对灞桥热电厂300MW超临界机组的特点、安装进度及环保要求,制定了相应的化学清洗方案并进行了炉前热力系统和锅炉本体除油清洗,以及中高压给水系统和炉本体的EDTA清洗。实践表明,灞桥热电厂化学清洗范围、清洗工艺和清洗系统的设计是合理的。     

正渗透技术在污水资源化中的研究进展

<正>渗透技术(FO)是一种以半透膜两侧溶液渗透压之差作为水分子跨膜驱动力的绿色膜分离技术。介绍了FO的原理及其对污染物的截留率较高、能耗小、膜寿命较长、不易发生膜污染且污染后的膜清洗更简单等优点。综述了FO在污水资源化领域的研究进展和应用现状,分析了目前应用中存在的主要问题,指出完善基础理论、研发膜材料、回收驱动液等是未来FO的主要发展方向。     

膜蒸馏过程中污染膜的清洗

针对膜蒸馏法处理石化反渗透浓水的膜面污染物进行了分析及清洗工艺优化研究。在反渗透浓水温度为73℃、渗透侧真空度为-0.093 MPa的条件下进行膜蒸馏实验,实验后期膜通量衰减迅速,脱盐率基本保持在99.5%以上,产水p H基本稳定在6.5~7.0。膜面污染物的SEM表征结果显示,膜蒸馏的膜面污染主要为碳酸钙、硅酸钙、氢氧化镁结垢污染和氯化钠、氯化钾等盐类结晶污染。实验结果表明:分别以盐酸和去离子水为清洗液静态浸泡清洗污染膜时,污染物的去除效果最好,Na OH溶液次之,草酸最差;分别采用盐酸和去离子水动态清洗污染膜,膜通量和脱盐率均能恢复到初始水平,随运行时间的延长,经去离子水清洗后膜的膜通量出现衰减。     

Distribution of Cd,Ck, Pb and Zn in Soil and Vegetation Compartments in Stands of Five Boreal Tree Species in N.E. Sweden

Concentrations and total quantity of cadmium (Cd), cupper (Cu),lead (Pb) and zink (Zn) were determined in biomass and soil compartments in a replicated tree species experiment with 27-yr-old stands growing on former farmland in N.E. Sweden. Sequentialextractions of soil samples were performed in order to estimate the exchangeable and an organically bound fraction of each element. The tree species included were Picea abies (L.)H. Karst., Pinus sylvestris L., Pinus contorta Dougl., Larix sibirica Ledeb., and Betula pendula Roth.Tree species influenced the rate of removal of Cu, Pb and Zn incase of stemwood harvesting, and of Cd, Cu and Zn in the case ofwhole-tree harvesting. B. pendula and P. abies had higher quantities and average concentrations of Zn in the biomass. For all species, >50% of the Zn in the stems was found in the bark. P. abies and L. sibirica had higher quantities of Cu in the biomass than the other species.P. abies and P. contorta had high quantities of Cd inthe biomass in relation to the other species. Branches and stembark contained high concentrations of Cd and Pb in relation to foliage and stemwood. Dead branches had especially high concentrations of Pb. The high accumulation rate of Zn in thebiomass of B. pendula was related to a low exchangeable amount of Zn in the A horizon. In the superficial centimeters ofthe A horizon, a depletion similar to that found for Zn was detected for Cu, whereas for Cd and Pb, no correlations were found between quantities of elements in the trees and element pools in the soil.     

Programs assessing implementation and effectiveness of state forest practice rules and BMPs in the West

The major forest nonpoint source control programs in the West are largely regulatory, either under forest practices acts (California, Idaho, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington) or a streamside management act (Montana). These programs and the specific rules they enforce continue to undergo intensive scrutiny. Still, the questions are the same for these regulatory programs as for states that base nonpoint source control on voluntary BMPs (Arizona, Colorado, Utah, Wyoming). Are the rules or BMPs being applied, and are they effective in reducing nonpoint source pollution to levels that protect beneficial uses of water? The level of debate about forestry in the West has resulted in detailed monitoring and research to answer these questions. In the past, state agencies have assumed levels of BMP compliance based on the percent of operations without enforcement actions. These estimates are being replaced by statistically valid and reproducible monitoring of forest practices rules and BMP compliance levels. BMP effectiveness is being assessed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. This can involve field assessments, process-based research, and control watershed studies. Some trend monitoring is also beginning. With the regional implementation rate for forestry BMPs at about 94% and rising, it is likely that effectiveness testing will continue to be a priority and consume the majority of assessment resources for this region.     

Hysteresis in Reversal of Central European Mountain Lakes from Atmospheric Acidification

Extremely high emissions of S and N compounds in Central Europe (both 280 mmol m^-2 yr^-1) declined by 70and 35%, respectively, during the last decade. Decreaseddeposition rates of SO₄ ^-2, NO₃ ^-, and NH₄ ⁺ in the region paralleled emission declines. The reduction in atmospheric inputs of S and N to mountain ecosystemshas resulted in a pronounced reversal of acidification in the Tatra Mountains and Bohemian Forest lakes. Between the 1987–1990and 1997–1999 periods, concentrations of SO₄ ^-2 and NO₃ ^- decreased (average ± standard deviation) by 22±7 and 12±7 mol L^-1, respectively, in theTatra Mountains, and by 19±7 and 15±10 mol L^-1, respectively, in the Bohemian Forest. Their decrease was compensated in part (1) by a decrease in Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ (17±7 mol L^-1) and H⁺ (4±6 mol L^-1), and an increase in HCO₃ ^-(10±10 mol L^-1) in the Tatra Mountains lakes, and (2) by a decrease in Al (7±4 mol L^-1), Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ (9±6 mol L^-1), and H⁺ (6±5 mol L^-1), in Bohemian Forest lakes. Despite the rapid decline in lake water concentrations of SO₄ ^-2 and NO₃ ^- in response to reduced S and N emissions, their present concentrations in some lakes are higher than predictionsbased on observed concentrations at comparable emission rates during development of acidification. This hysteresis in chemical reversal from acidification has delayed biological recovery of the lakes. The only unequivocal sign of biological recovery hasbeen observed in erné Lake (Bohemian Forest) where a cladoceran species Ceriodaphnia quadrangular has recentlyreached its pre-acidification abundance.     

Reconstruction of Long-Term Changes in Lake water Chemistry,Zooplankton and Benthos of a Small,Acidified High-Mountain Lake: Magic Modelling and Palaeolimnogical Analysis

Starolesnianske pleso is a small and shallow acid lake in the High Tatra Mountains, situated at 2000 m above sea level, on granitic bedrock, with sparse and thin soil cover. When detailed measurements began in the 1980s Starolesnianske pleso had pH below 5 and only one species of cladoceran zooplankton, the ubiquitous Chydorus sphaericusPalaeolimnological investigations show changes in cladoceran zooplankton and chironomid zoobenthic assemblages since about 1920 and a major change in 1970–1980. The dynamic acidification model MAGIC was used to reconstruct changes in water chemistry over the past 150 years. The results from MAGIC agree well with the sediment record; pH levels gradually decreased from 6.5 in the mid-1800s to about 5.6 in 1920 (first response in biota) to below 5.0 by 1970, and concentrations of inorganic aluminium rose dramatically beginning about 1960. In the 1990s the lake water chemistry showed clear signs of reversal in acidification brought about by a major decline in S deposition.     

Heavy Metals Removal by Biosorption and Flotation

The removal of a mixture of heavy (toxic) metal cations (copper, nickeland zinc) from liquid effluents was investigated in this study at pilotscale, using counter-current contact mode. The innovative processinvolved the abstraction of metal ions onto fungal biosorbents, followedby the application of flotation for the subsequent solid/liquid separationof biomass particles. The ability of microorganisms to remove metal ionsfrom aqueous solutions is a well-known phenomenon. Nevertheless,engineering considerations are very important in decisions, concerningthe commercial future of biosorption and practical solutions are neededfor certain problems, such as the efficient post-separation ofmetal-loaded biomass. The two processes (flotation and biosorption) caneffectively operate in combination, in what it was termed biosorptiveflotation process. The sorbents may be recycled, after appropriate elutionof metals, as well as the treated (clean) water.     

High Immobilization of NH4+ in Danish Heath Soil Related to Succession,Soil and Nutrients: Implications for Critical Loads of N

During recent decades heathlands havechanged into grasslands in regions with high atmosphericnitrogen deposition. In regions with intermediatedeposition level (e.g., Denmark) changes have been lesspronounced which may be due to delay or decrease inresponse of the ecosystem. The mor layer (O horizon) mayplay an important role for this delay due to high sinkstrength for N. In this study, the capacity for netNH₄ ⁺ immobilization and mineralization wasstudied during short- and long-term incubations (2–36 days)of mor samples from Danish dry inland heaths. High short-term capacity for net NH₄ ⁺ immobilization wasfound to be a general characteristic of Danish heath morlayers both under heather (Calluna vulgaris) andcrowberry (Empetrum nigrum ssp nigrum), the latterdominating late stages in heathland succession. The netNH₄ ⁺ immobilization was higher under youngcompared to old or dead vegetation, and higher on lessnutrient poor soils than on extremely nutrient poor soils.The addition of N, P and C stimulated CO₂ productionand net NH₄ ⁺ immobilization, but not net Nmineralization. The immobilization of ¹⁵NH₄ ⁺caused release of dissolved organic N, increased N anddecreased C/N ratio in the microbial biomass, and indicatedgrowth of microorganisms with other metabolic abilitiesthan the indigenous population. No evidence was obtained ofstabilization of immobilized ¹⁵NH₄ ⁺ intosoil organic matter during the experiment. On background ofthe results and current knowledge it was concluded that therecognition of the high capacity for net NH₄ ⁺immobilization in mor layers does not allow for a raiseof critical loads for N for northern dry inland heaths.     

Starch-plastic materials—Preparation,physical properties,and biodegradability (a review of recent USDA research)

Recent starch-plastic research at the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research is reviewed and related worldwide efforts are noted. Properties of starch that influence its formulation and performance in plastics are discussed. Methods are given for preparation of starch-poly(methyl acrylate) graft copolymer, starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid), and starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid)-polyethylene plastics. Their physical properties are discussed, as is degradability by enzymes or amylolytic organisms from soil, ponds, and streams.The mention of firm names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture over other firms or similar products not mentioned.     

Application of Cellulose Microfibrils in Polymer Nanocomposites

Cellulose microfibrils obtained by the acid hydrolysis of cellulose fibers were added at low concentrations (2–10% w/w) to polymer gels and films as reinforcing agents. Significant changes in mechanical properties, especially maximum load and tensile strength, were obtained for fibrils derived from several cellulosic sources, including cotton, softwood, and bacterial cellulose. For extruded starch plastics, the addition of cotton-derived microfibrils at 10.3% (w/w) concentration increased Young’s modulus by 5-fold relative to a control sample with no cellulose reinforcement. Preliminary data suggests that shear alignment significantly improves tensile strength. Addition of microfibrils does not always change mechanical properties in a predictable direction. Whereas tensile strength and modulus were shown to increase during addition of microfibrils to an extruded starch thermoplastic and a cast latex film, these parameters decreased when microfibrils were added to a starch–pectin blend, implying that complex interactions are involved in the application of these reinforcing agents.     

四氮唑废水处理工艺设计

高浓度、高盐分的四氮唑生产废水通过三效蒸发浓缩,馏出液经铁炭氧微电解和混凝预处理,再采用水解酸化一接触氧化一反应二沉主体组合工艺进行处理。研究了该工艺所需构筑物和设备的设计与选型。该工艺在正常运行条件下,处理后出水pH6～9,COD 302mg／L,BOD5 108mg／L,SS30mg／L,色度36倍,水质达到GB8978--1996（污水综合排放标准》三级标准。     

Selection of Autochthonous Plant Species from SE Spain for Soil Lead Phytoremediation Purposes

Mining activity in SE of Spain, in the west Mediterranean coast, originated more than two millenniums ago. It has generated huge areas affected by heavy metals contamination, especially of lead, which is possibly one of the most important. Investigations related to the selection of autochthonous plant taxa from a typical Spanish Mediterranean area, useful for phytoextraction and phytostabilization purposes in these polluted areas are shown. Under these edaphoclimatic conditions 12 interesting species were considered, from them six taxa were chosen for further studies. Some plant species have been proposed either for phytoextraction or phytostabilization purposes. Recommendations for further research have been discussed.