川西亚高山森林两种优势树种不同径级根系腐殖化特征

亚高山森林根系腐殖化是地下土壤形成和碳吸存的重要途径之一,并可能受到根系直径和物种类型的影响.对川西亚高山两个优势林木粗枝云杉(Picea asperata)和岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)细根(直径≤2 mm)、中根(直径2-5 mm)和粗根(直径5-10 mm)的腐殖化特征进行分析.结果表明:粗枝云杉和岷江冷杉腐殖质碳、富里酸碳、胡敏酸碳含量受根系径级的显著影响,并随根系径级增大而减少.表征腐殖化度的两个指标(Δlog K和E4/E6)在两个林木之间差异显著,粗枝云杉腐殖化程度高于岷江冷杉.单因素方差分析表明粗枝云杉和岷江冷杉腐殖化度受根系径级显著影响,随径级的增大呈减小趋势.两种林木细根、中根和粗根的腐殖化度分别为40.13%-41.66%、36.13%-38.86%、27.19%-27.51%.综上所述,川西亚高山森林林木细根更有利于腐殖化.     

干热河谷优势灌木种类的根系结构及碳氮磷元素含量特征

研究干热河谷优势灌木的根系特征,有助于了解植物根系的养分和水分吸收能力、固土作用及对恶劣环境的适应与生存策略,为干热河谷植被恢复和生态环境改善提供理论依据.选取马桑(Coriaria sinica)、坡柳(Dodonaea viscose)和苦刺(Sophora davidii)3种干热河谷优势灌木种类,对其根系的形态结构特征和碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)元素含量状况进行研究.研究结果表明,马桑、坡柳和苦刺的根长、根表面积、干质量以及部分径级比根长(SRL)和比表面积(SSA)无显著差异,马桑0-2 mm根系的比根长显著高于 2 mm根系,表明其0-2 mm根的养分与水分吸收能力优于 2 mm的根;坡柳和苦刺0-1 mm根系的比根长均显著高于 1 mm根系,表明其0-1 mm根的养分与水分吸收能力显著高于 1 mm的根.苦刺根系的平均C、N、P含量显著高于马桑和坡柳,不同径级的N含量均显著高于马桑和坡柳,这与苦刺为豆科植物具有较强的固氮能力有关.根据N:P判断,苦刺根系受P的限制,马桑和坡柳根系受N的限制. 3种灌木的比根长和比表面积与元素含量基本不存在显著相关性,原因在于比根长和比表面积随径级变化的趋势与根系元素含量的变化趋势不同,造成两者相关性不显著.综上所述,干热河谷3种灌木的根系形态结构特征具有一定的相似性,但元素C、N、P含量以苦刺最高,该结果有助于了解当地植物对土壤养分的利用效率和适应生存策略.(图3表4参51)     

氮肥配施生物炭对旱地土壤养分和玉米根系径级分布的影响

为了缓解玉米连作带来的土壤养分失衡及根系早衰,探讨生物炭对土壤养分、玉米根系生长的主要径级水平、玉米干物质积累的后效作用。采用定位试验,设置不施氮肥、不施生物炭为对照(CK),2个施氮量(常规施N量225 kg·hm~(-2),N1;减氮10%,N 203 kg·hm~(-2),N2),2个生物炭量(8.4 t·hm~(-2),C1;21 t·hm~(-2),C2)共7个处理。在生物炭施用第二年,测定玉米不同径级根系生长及土壤养分含量。结果表明,与对照(CK)相比,常规施氮配施低量生物炭(N1C1)和减氮配施高量生物炭(N2C2)显著提高了土壤有机质含量;高量生物炭配施氮肥(N1C2和N2C2)分别提高土壤碱解氮储存量29.9%和9.0%;N1C2和N2C1处理显著提高土壤全氮含量。减氮配施低量生物炭(N2C1)促进大喇叭口期玉米0—2 mm径级根系的根长较CK提高38.9%(P?0.05,下同);低量生物炭配施常规氮肥(N1C1)促进成熟期玉米根系变细13.4%、根系变长32.4%,提高0—2 mm径级根系的总根长37.9%;单施氮肥或配施生物炭对2—3、3—4径级的根长无显著影响;常规单施氮肥(N1C0)较CK显著提高4 mm径级根系根长约40.5%。低量生物炭配施常规氮肥(N1C1)提高大喇叭口期玉米单株干物质积累53.16 g·plant~(-1)。综上,研究结果说明,8.4 t·hm~(-2)生物炭配施225 kg·hm~(-2)氮肥能更好地促进成熟期玉米细根生长。单施氮肥和配施21 t·hm~(-2)生物炭均可促进土壤养分的固持。该研究结果为秸秆循环利用提供科学参考,同时为优化玉米根系结构提供新思路。     

川西亚高山3个优势树种细根形态特征

林木细根(直径2 mm)拥有庞大而复杂的分枝系统,在森林生态系统养分循环过程中发挥重要作用,因此研究不同树种细根构型形态对树种地下生态位分离、共存和森林生态系统功能过程具有重要意义.选取川西亚高山3个优势树种——岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)、粗枝云杉(Picea asperate)和红桦(Butula albosinensis),采用挖掘法采集完整的细根根系,依据根序分级方法,测定细根形态参数(直径、根长、比根长和比表面积).结果表明:细根形态在不同根序间差异显著,3个树种细根直径、根长随根序的升高而升高,比根长和比表面积随序级的升高而降低.不同树种间细根形态也表现出极显著差异,岷江冷杉、粗枝云杉和红桦细直径变化范围分别为0.31-0.85 mm、0.29-0.65 mm和0.23-0.55 mm,两个针叶树种(岷江冷杉和粗枝云杉)直径与根长均大于红桦.红桦的比根长和比表面积则高于两个针叶树种.综上所述,低级别根吸收能力更强而构建消耗更低;红桦比岷江冷杉和粗枝云杉根系吸收能力更强.     

高寒沙地两种柳树不同径级细根分解动态特征

为了解高寒沙区杨柳科植物的细根分解特征,以青海共和的乌柳(Salix cheilophila)和沙柳(Salix psammophila)为研究对象,探讨不同径级细根(0~0.5、0.5~1和1~2 mm)的分解规律、养分释放规律及其影响因素,对评价两种杨柳科灌木人工林在共和盆地的长期适应性具有重要意义,为长期研究高寒沙区土壤碳循环和养分循环规律提供理论依据。利用埋袋法,比较不同径级细根在经历了489 d分解后的质量残留率、养分(C、N、P、K)释放率及分解速率与初始养分含量的相关性,总结乌柳和沙柳细根分解动态特征;运用非线性指数衰减模型拟合估算细根分解系数以及分解50%、95%所需的时间。结果表明,细根分解率表现为第一年生长季6—10月分解速率快,11月—次年6月分解速率缓慢,次年生长季6—10月分解速率加快的趋势。两种柳树在前120天均为快速分解阶段,各径级细根质量残留率为77.24%~85.26%,120~360 d为缓慢分解阶段,从第360天开始分解速率缓慢上升。经过489 d分解后,两种柳树细根质量显著下降,残留率为66.44%~82.23%,且分解速率随细根直径增大而增大。通过指数衰减模型拟合得到乌柳和沙柳细根分解极其缓慢,损失95%质量分别需要26 a和38 a。细根分解过程中,乌柳和沙柳不同养分的释放特征不同。细根C、N、P以释放为主,且养分释放速率总体上随细根直径增大而增大。细根质量残留率与初始C/N值呈显著负相关关系(P0.01),即初始底物C/N值越大,细根初始分解速率越小。     

季节性冻融期长白山森林溪流中凋落叶N、P的释放动态

冬季河床凋落叶作为寒冷区森林溪流的主要能量来源,其元素释放动态是土壤-水体营养元素流动的关键纽带,并可能受到凋落叶质量、底栖动物与季节性冻融过程的影响。为了解凋落叶在季节性冻融过程中的分解过程、元素动态及底栖动物在该过程中的作用,以长白山森林源头溪流河岸带代表性植物色木槭(Acer mono)和蒙古栎(Quecus mongolica)为研究对象,采用凋落叶分解袋的方法,分别研究了有无底栖动物定殖的(5 mm和0.3 mm孔径)凋落叶袋中凋落叶的分解动态及N、P元素的动态特征。结果表明:(1)低温条件下,色木槭仍维持较快的分解速率(0.015 2±0.003 0) d-1,蒙古栎维持中速分解速率(0.006 4±0.001 7) d-1;(2)底栖动物显著促进了凋落叶的质量损失(P0.05),其对色木槭凋落叶分解的贡献高于蒙古栎,表明底栖动物对凋落叶的摄食分解具有一定的选择性,其更倾向于选择分解快的高质量凋落叶;(3)冻融期分解过程中蒙古栎凋落叶N元素表现为富集-释放-释放,而色木槭凋落叶N元素在各个时期均表现为释放现象,2种凋落叶P释放动态一致;(4)底栖动物显著促进了凋落叶越冬分解过程中N、P元素的释放(P0.05);(5)从不同时期的失质量速率及元素释放率可见,底栖动物对凋落叶分解及元素释放动态的主要作用出现在冻结期。     

杨树人工林生态系统凋落物生物量及其分解特征

凋落物是森林土壤有机质的主要来源,是森林生态系统物质循环和能量流动的重要载体。而凋落物分解是森林生态系统养分生物地球化学循环的重要过程,是土壤有效养分供应能力的决定因素之一,与森林生产力及可持续生长密切相关。通过研究杨树人工林凋落物生物量及其分解过程,掌握其养分数量及其释放规律,为人工林可持续经营提供重要依据。采用凋落物收集网法和凋落物分解袋法,对长江中下游地区南京市浦口区13年生的杨树(Populus deltoides Bartr.cv."Lux"I-69/55)人工林生态系统凋落物生物量以及不同类型凋落物的分解特征进行了系统研究,结果表明:杨树人工林凋落物生物量约为5t·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),叶片是凋落物的主要成分,占凋落物总量的70%左右;通过Olson指数模型拟合得出的各凋落物的半分解时间及95%分解时间均表现为杨树枯枝杨树枯叶混合凋落物枯死的林下植被杨树根系。2年连续分解试验表明,凋落物中的N整体上呈先富集后释放的模式,P整体上呈持续富集的模式,K呈早期释放模式,而Ca和Mg的释放模式比较复杂。分解2年后,杨树地上部分凋落物(枯叶和枯枝)养分总释放量(N、P、K、Ca和Mg的总和)为86.1 kg·hm~(-2),养分回归率约为60%;林下植被凋落物养分总释放量为92.3 kg·hm~(-2),养分回归率达75%以上,表明林下植被凋落物是杨树人工林生态系统养分归还的重要组成部分。     

不同林龄云南松凋落叶分解及养分归还特征

为探讨不同林龄云南松的凋落叶产量及分解养分归还特征,以云南玉溪磨盘国家森林公园不同林龄(15 a、30 a和45a)云南松为对象,采用样地法及网袋法,经过1 a的定位观测,对云南松凋落叶产量、分解及养分(N、P、K、Ca和Mg)归还特征进行了研究。结果表明:(1)磨盘山地区不同林龄云南松凋落叶产量在11月至翌年1月最大,为1.92～3.30 t·hm~(-2),占全年凋落叶量48.98%～56.44%,而2—4月凋落叶产量最少,仅占全年的8.81%～10.50%;不同林龄年凋落叶产量表现为30 a(5.92 t·hm~(-2))45 a(5.05 t·hm~(-2))15 a(3.29 t·hm~(-2));(2)不同林龄云南松凋落叶在分解1 a内总失质量率表现为30 a(40.82%)15 a(40.41%)45 a(38.06%);随林龄的增加,凋落叶分解半衰期分别为1.11 a(15 a)、1.29 a(30 a)和1.39a(45 a),分解周期分别为4.82 a、5.23 a和5.60 a,分解系数分别为0.40 a~(-1)、0.41 a~(-1)和0.38 a~(-1);(3)凋落叶分解过程中N归还量在各时期均为30 a45 a15 a,并随时间推移呈现出不断增加的趋势,而其他养分元素归还量在分解过程中均呈现出不同的波动情况,N、Ca和Mg归还量均在11月至翌年1月期间达到最大值,P、K则在8—10月期间归还量达到最大;(4)经过1 a的分解,不同林龄所测定的5个养分元素归还总量为45 a(250.75 kg·hm~(-2))30 a(239.64 kg·hm~(-2))15 a(164.17kg·hm~(-2))。     

模拟氮沉降下滇中亚高山森林凋落物养分元素释放特征

凋落物的养分元素释放在森林生态系统养分循环中起到了重要作用。森林生态系统受氮沉降的影响在近几十年内正显著增加,开展氮沉降背景下不同林分凋落物养分释放的研究,可为预测该区域森林生态系统养分循环及对氮沉降增加的响应提供理论依据。采用凋落物分解袋法,以滇中亚高山常绿阔叶林、高山栎(Quercus semicarpifolia)、华山松(Pinus armandii)和云南松(Pinus yunnanensis)4种林分的凋落叶和枝为研究对象,设置不同氮沉降水平,分别为对照(CK,N 0 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1))、低氮(LN,N 5 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1))、中氮(MN,N 15 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1))和高氮(HN,N 30 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1)),探究4种林分凋落物营养元素释放特征、影响因素以及生态化学计量比对不同氮沉降水平的响应特征。结果表明:氮沉降12个月后,氮沉降抑制凋落叶和枝C、N元素的释放;除华山松外,氮沉降抑制其他3种林分类型P元素的释放;K元素的释放则在各林分中表现为LN促进,MN和HN抑制。各氮沉降水平降低了各林分凋落物的C/N(1.34%—37.15%)以及高山栎林和云南松林的C/P(2.29%—24.34%),LN与MN下华山松林、LN下常绿阔叶林的C/P显著提高(1.26%—7.37%)。双因素和冗余分析表明,4种林分下凋落叶和枝的元素释放受林分类型的影响最大,受施氮水平的影响次之。可见,模拟氮沉降在凋落叶和枝的分解过程中起到了抑制作用,且在不同林分间差异显著。     

川西亚高山云杉人工林与天然林养分分布和生物循环比较

研究了川西亚高山云杉人工林和天然林养分的分布和生物循环特点 ,结果表明 :云杉天然林和人工林各养分含量变化总趋势为 :w(N) ,针叶 >凋落物 >土壤 >树枝 >树干 ;w(P2 O5,K2 O ,CaO ,MgO) ,土壤 >凋落物 >针叶 >树枝 >树干 ;在针叶、树枝、树干和凋落物中养分含量是CaO >N >K2 O >MgO >P2 O5,而在土壤中养分含量是CaO >K2 O >MgO >N >P2 O5.养分贮量以天然云杉林最高 ,且主要集中在土壤中 (占 6 9%) ,而人工云杉林随着抚育林龄的增加 ,地上各组分养分贮量增加 ,土壤中养分贮量则先升后降 ,人工和天然云杉林地上各组分养分贮量主要集中在针叶 ;云杉林养分年积累量以天然林最高 ,在人工林中随着抚育林龄的增加 ,养分年积累量随之增加 ,人工云杉幼林以N、CaO积累为主 ,而成熟林则以CaO、N积累为主 .养分的吸收、存留量天然林高于人工云杉林 ,人工云杉成熟林和天然林的利用系数和周转期相似 ,人工云杉林随着抚育林龄的增加 ,吸收、存留量增大 ,利用系数降低 ,归还量和循环系数先增后降 ,周转期则变长 ,人工云杉林利用系数顺序为 :CaO >MgO >N >K2 O >P2 O5,周转期顺序为 :P2 O5>K2 O >MgO >N >CaO .表 5参 14     

Effect of acid rain on the fractionation of heavy metals and major elements in contaminated soils

Acid rain is a serious environmental problem worldwide. In the present study, we investigated the effect of acid rain (1:1 equivalent basis H₂SO₄:HNO₃) at pH values of 2.0, 4.0 and 7.0 on the fractionation of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) and major elements (K, Na, Ca, and Mg) in contaminated calcareous soils over a 2084 h period. Heavy metals and major elements in soil samples were fractionated before and after 2084 h kinetic release using a sequential extraction procedure. Before kinetic studies the predominant fractions of K, Na, Ca, Mg, Cd and Ni were mainly associated with carbonate fraction (CARB), whereas Fe, Mn and Zn were associated with the Fe–Mn oxide fraction (Fe–Mn oxide). The highest percentage of Pb and Cu were found in the exchangeable (EXC) and organic matter (OM) fractions, respectively. After kinetic study using different simulated acid rain solutions, the major fractions of heavy metals (expect of Cu) and Na was the same as before release. Upon the application of different acid rain solutions, K and Mg were found dominantly in Fe–Mn oxide fraction, whereas Ca was in the EXC fraction. The results provide valuable information regarding metal mobility and indicated that speciation of metals (Cu and Zn) and major elements in contaminated calcareous soils can be affected by acid rain.     

Fine root decomposition and nutrient release in Toona sinensis plantation under the reconstruction mode of low-efficiency cypress forest gaps北大核心CSCD

Fine root decomposition is an important way in which nutrients are returned to plantation soil; thus, further study of this process will be helpful for understanding material cycling in forest ecosystems. We investigated a Toona sinensis plantation in the central Sichuan hilly region using litter bags containing T. sinensis fine roots to evaluate the dynamics of fine root decomposition and nutrient release for one year in forest gaps of 50 m2 (L1), 100 m2 (L2), and 150 m2 (L3). The results showed that T. sinensis fine root decomposition was fastest in the first 90 days. As time passed, the decomposition rate slowed. One year later, the residue rate was 75.44%, 73.92%, and 72.07%, respectively. The fine root decomposition rate of L3 was greater than that of L2, which was greater than that of L1. During fine root decomposition, the dynamics of the fine root nutrient concentrations changed. C, P, and K concentrations of the fine roots declined in forest gaps, while N, Ca, and Mg concentrations increased overall in the fine roots. In conclusion, forest gaps had effects on the fine root decomposition and nutrient release of T. sinensis, and different sized forest gaps produced different results. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Nutritionally relevant elements in staple foods: influence of arable site versus choice of variety

Eighteen representative sites for the Austrian grain-growing and eight for the potato-growing zones (soils and crops) were investigated. On each site, total element contents (B, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, P, Sr and Zn) were determined in 4–12 varieties of winter wheat (n = 136), 6 varieties of spring durum wheat (n = 30), 5 varieties of winter durum wheat (n = 15), 7 varieties of rye (n = 49), 5 varieties of spring barley (n = 30) and 5 varieties of potatoes (n = 40). Element accumulations in grain species and potato tubers varied significantly with site conditions, with the main exceptions for B in potatoes and wheat as well as for Zn, Cu and Co in durum wheat. On average, across all investigated sites, differences in varieties occurred concerning the elements Ca, Cd, Ba, Sr and Zn (except Zn in potatoes and winter durum). A rough estimation revealed that an average Austrian consumer of wheat, rye and potatoes meets more than 50% of the needs of daily element intake for K, P and Mg, between 36 and 72% for Fe, Zn and Cu, and more than 100% for Co, Mo and Mn. In particular, the elements Ca and Na have to be added from other sources.     

Not just the usual suspects: insect herbivore populations and communities are associated with multiple plant nutrients

The relationship between plant nutrient content and insect herbivore populations and community structure has long interested ecologists. Insect herbivores require multiple nutrients, but ecologists have focused mostly on nitrogen (an estimate of plant protein content), and more recently phosphorus (P); other nutrients have received little attention. Here we document nutrient variation in grass and forb samples from grassland habitats in central Nebraska using an elemental approach; in total we measured foliar concentrations of 12 elements (N and P, plus S, B, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu). We detected significant variability among sites for N, P, Mg, Na, K, and Cu. We next used a model selection approach to explore how this nutritional variation and plant biomass correlate with grasshopper densities (collectively and at the feeding-guild level), and principal component analysis to explore nutrient correlations with grasshopper community species composition. When all grasshoppers were pooled, densities varied among sites, but only P was associated with abundance of the elements shown to vary between sites. Different responses occurred at the feeding-guild level. For grass specialists, densities were associated with N, plus P, Mg, and Na. For forb specialists, N and P were often associated with density, but associations with Na and K were also observed. Finally, mixed-feeder abundance was strongly associated with biomass, and to a lesser extent P, Mg, Na, and Cu. At the community level, B, Ca, Zn, and Cu, plus biomass, explained > 30% of species composition variation. Our results confirm the positive association of N and P with insect herbivore populations, while suggesting a potential role for Mg, Na, and K. They also demonstrate the importance of exploring effects at the feeding-guild level. We hope our data motivate ecologists to think beyond N and P when considering plant nutrient effects on insect herbivores, and make a call for studies to examine functional responses of insect herbivores to dietary manipulation of Mg, Na, and K. Finally, our results demonstrate correlations between variation in nutrients and species assemblages, but factors not linked to plant nutrient quality or biomass likely explain most of the observed variation.     

The Nutrient Status of Some Graminaceous Species in Britain. 2. Deschampsia Flexuosa (L.) Trin

Above-ground biomass of Deschampsia flexuosa from 40 sites throughout Britain was analysed for concentrations of elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and Na), with matching analyses of nutrient levels in the soils, together with pH and LOI. Seasonal variation in the nutrients was also studied in detail at one of the sites. the grass was found on acid sites ranging between pH 3.1 and 4.7. the soil humus content varied widely, and there were significant correlations between that and elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn and Na) in the soil. Concentrations of zinc and manganese in the plant material were the only elements that significantly correlated with extractable levels in the soils. Tissue concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium declined throughout the growing season, whereas the other elements showed a tendency to build up until the end of September. Calcium, magnesium and manganese concentrations then declined as growth ceased. the results are compared with above-ground concentrations of minerals in other plants and the growth strategy of this perennial grass.     

Effects of two forest types on the dynamics of four base cations along with rainfall partitioning in middle subtropical forests北大核心CSCD

盐基离子随穿透雨和树干茎流的迁移成为森林元素输入的重要组成部分.在迁移过程中,冠层淋溶、树干冲刷等改变了盐基离子含量,而不同林型的林冠特征、树皮性质等存在差异,因此盐基离子含量在不同林型中可能存在差异对米槠次生林和杉木人工林穿透雨、树干茎流进行为期4年的监测,对比研究4种盐基离子(K+、Ca2+、Na+、Mg2+)浓度和输入量的动态特征.结果显示:(1)米槠次生林树干茎流Ca2+、Mg2+浓度显著低于杉木人工林而K+浓度显著高于杉木人工林;穿透雨除Na+浓度外均为米槠次生林显著高于杉木人工林.穿透雨和树干茎流Na+浓度林型差异不显著.(2)两种林型盐基离子季节动态变化基本一致,在雨季旱季各有一个峰值,雨季浓度普遍低于旱季.米槠次生林盐基离子浓度稳定性普遍高于杉木人工林.(3)分析盐基离子浓度与降雨强度的关系发现:Ca2+、K+、Mg2+浓度随雨量级的增加而降低,Na+浓度随雨量级的增加而增加.(4)观测期间米槠次生林穿透雨累计输入Ca2+、K+、Mg2+和Na+总量分别为47.97、35.17、7.15和12.94 kg/hm2,树干茎流累计输入Ca2+、K+、Mg2+和Na+总量分别为11.38、6.21、1.54和3.00 kg/hm2;杉木人工林穿透雨累计输入Ca2+、K+、Mg2+和Na+总量分别为47.24、26.63、6.43和11.55 kg/hm2,树干茎流累计输入Ca2+、K+、Mg2+和Na+总量分别为4.11、1.20、0.50和0.83 kg/hm2.米槠次生林的林内雨盐基离子输入量大于杉木人工林.总体而言,米槠次生林比杉木人工林有更高的养分输入,能更好地维持生态系统养分的供应;上述结果有助于进一步认识森林物质随水文过程的流动,可为人工林经营管理提供一定科学基础数据.(图6表1参36)     

千年桐与毛竹凋落叶混合分解对土壤酶活性的影响

在16年生千年桐人工林中按5种分解模式(模式A:千年桐叶100%;模式B:毛竹叶100%;模式C:千年桐叶50%+毛竹叶50%;模式D:千年桐叶75%+毛竹叶25%;模式E:千年桐叶80%+毛竹叶20%)进行千年桐、毛竹凋落叶及其混合分解的野外模拟试验,分析千年桐与毛竹凋落叶混合分解对土壤酶活性的影响及其与凋落物主要营养元素全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、全钾(TK),微量元素钠(Na)、钙(Ca)、锰(Mn)、镁(Mg)、锌(Zn)及有机碳(OC)的释放量之间的关系.结果表明:5种模式叶凋落物分解1年后TN、TP、TK、OC和Na、Ca、Mn、Mg、Zn的释放量大小并不一致,不同元素释放量在5种分解模式之间均存在显著差异;5种混合分解模式下,蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶的最强活性区均出现在5～10 cm土层,其中蔗糖酶活性比较为模式E>C>A>CK>D>B,过氧化氢酶活性比较为模式E>CK>B>D>A>C.80%千年桐叶+20%毛竹叶的配比对土壤蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性的增强作用比较明显,在实际的人工林栽培中,可考虑以千年桐和毛竹4:1的比例进行毛阔混交林的营造,以最大程度地增强土壤肥力,提高土壤质量,促进两种树种的共同生长.图2表2参37     

The Nutrient Status of Some Graminaceous Species in Britain. 1. Molinia Caerulea (L.) Moench

Above-ground biomass biomass of Molinia caerulea from 36 sites throughout Britain was analysed for concentrations of elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and Na), with matching analyses of soil nutrients, together with pH and LOI. Between-year and seasonal variation in the nutrients was also studied at one of the sites. the grass was found on acid sites ranging between pH 3.1 and 5.8. the soil humus content varied widely, and there were significant correlations between that and elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Na) in the soil. Concentrations of calcium, magnesium, zinc and manganese in the plant material were significantly correlated with extractable levels in the soils. Between year variation in the plant nutrient concentrations at one site was of a similar order to variation between the sites. Generally there was less variation in nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium tissue levels than in calcium, magnesium, zinc and copper. Iron and sodium were the most variable. Tissue concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and copper declined throughout the growing season, whereas magnesium, calcium and iron built up until August/September after which a decline set in as the leaves senesced. the results are discussed in relation to the importance of standardizing the time of sampling, in comparison with concentrations of tissue levels in other plants and the growth strategy of this deciduous grass.     

The Nutrient Status of Some Graminaceous Species in Britain. 1. Molinia Caerulea (L.) Moench

Above-ground biomass biomass of Molinia caerulea from 36 sites throughout Britain was analysed for concentrations of elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and Na), with matching analyses of soil nutrients, together with pH and LOI. Between-year and seasonal variation in the nutrients was also studied at one of the sites. the grass was found on acid sites ranging between pH 3.1 and 5.8. the soil humus content varied widely, and there were significant correlations between that and elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Na) in the soil. Concentrations of calcium, magnesium, zinc and manganese in the plant material were significantly correlated with extractable levels in the soils. Between year variation in the plant nutrient concentrations at one site was of a similar order to variation between the sites. Generally there was less variation in nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium tissue levels than in calcium, magnesium, zinc and copper. Iron and sodium were the most variable. Tissue concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and copper declined throughout the growing season, whereas magnesium, calcium and iron built up until August/September after which a decline set in as the leaves senesced. the results are discussed in relation to the importance of standardizing the time of sampling, in comparison with concentrations of tissue levels in other plants and the growth strategy of this deciduous grass.     

排水对三江平原沼泽湿地土壤中化学元素的影响

以三江平原沼泽湿地生态试验站为研究基地 ,选择典型采样点 ,对排水沟土壤、沼泽土壤、沼泽化草甸土壤 (共有 6个采样点 ,2 8个样品 )进行测试 ,分析土样中主要离子 (HCO3- 、Cl- 、NO3- 、SO4 2 - 、Ca2 +、Mg2 +、K+、Na+)含量、重金属 (铁、锰、锌、铜 )含量、营养元素含量、有机质含量以及土壤pH值 ,研究沼泽排水对沼泽土壤中的化学元素含量的影响。研究结果表明 ,排水使沼泽土壤丧失大量的化学元素