排水对三江平原沼泽湿地土壤中化学元素的影响

以三江平源沼泽湿地生态试验站为研究基地，选择典型采样点，对排水沟土壤、沼泽土壤、沼泽化草甸土壤（共有6个采样占，28个样品）进行测试，分析土样中主要离子（HCO3^-、CL^-、NO3^-、SO4^2-、Ca^2 、Mg^2 、K^ 、Na^ ）含量、重金属（铁、锰、锌、铜）含量、营养元素含量、有机质含量以及土壤pH值，研究沼泽排水对沼泽土壤中的化学元素含量的影响。研究结果表明，排水使沼泽土壤丧失大量的化学元素。     

碟形沼泽湿地水中氮的动态变化及影响因素分析

通过对三江平原碟形湿地不同植被类型沼泽水体中氮含量的研究表明,漂筏苔草、毛果苔草和乌拉苔草沼泽水体中各形态氮含量具有明显的季节变化特征.总氮(TN)含量在5-10月份的植物生长季节表现为先增加后降低的趋势,不同植被类型沼泽水体TN含量明显不同.NH4+-N是无机氮的主要存在形态,含量比例在44.81%～98.89%之间.在整个生长季,乌拉苔草沼泽水NH4+-N含量呈先增加后降低的趋势,毛果苔草沼泽水NH4+-N含量在8月份具有峰值,漂筏苔草沼泽水NH4+-N含量较低,波动不大.硝态氮(NO3--N)在生长季中期含量较低,而亚硝态氮(NO2--N)含量较高;生长季末期NO3--N含量增高,而NO2--N含量降低.沼泽水体中不同形态氮浓度与植被类型、植被生长阶段密切相关,并且受到水温、降雨、蒸发、农田排水等因素的影响.     

Cu~(2+)胁迫下湿地微生物热代谢活性及Cu~(2+)的固定/转化率

应用微量热法结合常规分析方法,研究了桂林会仙湿地沼泽底泥和水稻田微生物在800~4 000μg·g-1Cu2+胁迫下的热代谢活性及Cu2+的固定/转化率。结果表明,在w(Cu2+)为800μg·g-1条件下,水稻田和沼泽底泥土壤微生物对Cu2+的固定/转化率分别为44.93%和34.59%,但在w(Cu2+)为4 000μg·g-1时则分别是93.16%和85.13%;Cu2+对水稻田和沼泽底泥土壤微生物代谢活性的半抑制浓度分别为2 043和2 325μg·g-1;水稻田土壤微生物代谢活性低于沼泽底泥,在土壤及其微生物共同作用下Cu2+的固定/转化率随Cu2+浓度递增而升高;在相同条件下,水稻田和沼泽底泥土壤微生物的代谢速率在α=0.05或α=0.01水平上显著相关。湿地土壤用途改变后,土壤微生物在固定/转化Cu2+的作用上发生了明显变化。     

冻融对湿地土壤可溶性碳、氮和氮矿化的影响

通过室内模拟试验,研究了不同冻融循环过程(-5-5℃或-25-5 ℃)对沼泽湿地土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)、可溶性有机氮(DON)以及土壤有机氮矿化过程的影响.结果表明,随着冻融次数的增加,土壤DOC和DON含量呈先增加后降低趋势,土壤DOC含量在冻融1次(-5-5 ℃或-25-5 ℃冻融循环处理)后达最大值,而土壤DON分别在冻融2次(-5-5 ℃冻融循环处理)和4次(-25-5 ℃冻融循环处理)后达最大值.这说明在短期内冻融交替对土壤DOC和DON含量的影响较明显.冻结温度和冻融次数显著影响土壤有机氮矿化过程,且-25-5 ℃冻融循环比-5-5 ℃冻融循环矿化累积量高.冻融循环促进了土壤有机氮的矿化,有利于土壤有效氮的累积,为春季植物生长提供足够的氮素,对维持湿地生态系统稳定具有重要意义.     

泥炭沼泽土壤酶活性对水热条件变化的响应及其与CO_2释放通量的关系——以小兴安岭地区为例

采用实验室培养的方法,研究了小兴安岭地区两类典型的泥炭沼泽:苔草型泥炭沼泽和泥炭藓型泥炭沼泽中几种水解酶活性(β-葡萄糖苷酶、酚氧化酶)对不同温度和水位变化的响应,以及与CO_2释放通量的相瓦关系.结果表明:β-葡萄糖苷酶活性在两类泥炭沼泽中受多种因素制约,在一定湿度范围内受水位控制较明显,当土壤湿度降低到一定程度时,温度对土壤酶活性影响增强.酚氧化酶活性与温度密切相关,但对温度变化的响应存在明显的季节性差异.相对而言,苔草型泥炭沼泽中β-葡萄糖苷酶和酚氧化酶活性显著高于相同培养条件下泥炭藓型泥炭沼泽.总体上,苔草型泥炭沼泽中水解酶活性较泥炭藓型泥炭沼泽中高,但是其CO_2释放通量却低于泥炭鲜型泥炭沼泽,表明与有机碳分解有关的水解酶的活性高低不能作为解释泥炭沼泽CO_2释放通量大小的唯一指标.     

辽宁西南典型城市冬季大气细颗粒物水溶性无机离子污染特征及来源解析

本研究于2018年12月3日-2019年1月1日在辽宁省西南典型城市葫芦岛市和朝阳市分别布设3个城区采样点,在区域传输点龙屯水库布设1个采样点,采集大气细颗粒物PM2.5样品(n=201).使用离子色谱检测样品中的Na+、Mg2+、Ca2+、K+、NH4+、SO42-、F-、Cl-和NO3-的质量浓度.观测期间PM2....     

沼泽红假单胞菌的番茄红素含量

研究了沼泽红假单胞菌适宜培养条件下番茄红素的含量．结果发现，在厌氧、30℃条件下，培养基中加入Fe^3 0．01g L^-1，有利于提高番茄红素的含量；培养基中Mg^2 浓度对其产量影响不显著；当光照强度为20001x时培养的菌体中番茄红素的含量最高，处于生长稳定初期(6d)，沼泽红假单胞菌中番茄红素的积累量可达53．7μgmg^-1．图3表1参11     

Cu2+,Cd2+和Cr(Ⅵ)抑制沼泽红假单胞菌生长的毒性效应

运用标准方法进行有毒化学品对水生生物急性毒性实验 ,得到Cu2 + ,Cd2 + ,Cr(Ⅵ )对光合细菌沼泽红假单胞菌生长抑制作用的 96h剂量反应方程 ,分别为 :y =- 1.72 6 7x +8.70 0 4 ,R2 =0 .96 5 5c(Cu2 + ) ;y =$C1.15 5 1x +8.9996 ,R2 =0 .92 5 2c(Cd2 + ) ;y=$C1.342 7x +10 .785 ,R2 =0 .975 8c〔Cr(Ⅵ )〕 ,由此计算出Cu2 + ,Cd2 + ,Cr(Ⅵ )的 96h -EC50 分别为 2 .172× 10 -6mol/L ,2 .5 6 6× 10 -5mol/L和 3.92 6× 10 -4mol/L .从而得出它们对沼泽红假单胞菌生长毒性作用大小的顺序为Cu2 + >Cd2 + >Cr(Ⅵ ) .表 2参 11     

镉对北京城郊土壤潜在硝化速率的影响

采集北京城郊5个区县的3种土壤褐土、潮土和山地棕壤,通过急性毒性实验,研究了外源添加镉(Cd)对土壤潜在硝化速率(PNR)的影响。结果表明,5个采样点土壤的PNR分别随土壤中总Cd和有效态Cd含量呈先增后减的趋势。所有处理土壤的有效态Cd含量与PNR的相关关系(R2=0.42,p0.001)优于土壤总Cd含量与PNR的相关关系(R2=0.27,p=0.001)。在土壤总Cd含量和PNR的逐步回归分析中,引入土壤有机质和阳离子交换量(CEC)2个变量可提高其相关性。基于土壤总Cd的EC50(PNR降低至对照50%时的土壤Cd浓度)和有效态Cd的EC50的最大值与最小值之间分别相差2.3倍和3.3倍,而EC10(PNR降低至对照10%的土壤Cd浓度)的最大值与最小值之间分别相差8.5倍和10.8倍。基于总Cd的EC50最低值出现在CEC最小的丰台土壤,而最高值出现在有机质含量最多的灵山土壤,但这2个EC50值未达到显著性差异,表明5个采样点的土壤有机质和CEC虽然在一定程度上影响Cd对PNR的毒性,但不足以引起EC50的显著变化。     

半干旱地区环境因子与果园表层土壤水溶性Na~+累积的关系

综合环境因素影响下土壤中钠的迁移和累积是阐明土壤次生盐渍化演替规律的重要内容之一.本研究以甘肃省秦安县兴国镇郑川村的3个有代表性的盐渍化果园为研究对象.通过对苹果(Malus pumila Mill.)树生长危害期(4-8月)的环境因子(果园近地面空气温度、相对湿度、潜在蒸发量、降雨量、土温、土壤水分)进行定点定位监测以及果园土壤表层不同土层水溶性Na+的定期采样分析,利用相关和回归分析的方法,研究了半干旱地区果园表层土壤水溶性Na+与环境因子的关系.结果表明,气温升高有利于表层不同土层水溶性Na+的累积,空气相对湿度增大能抑制表层不同土层土壤水溶性Na+的累积.不同土层水溶性Na+的含量与土温呈正相关关系,与0～2 cm、2～5 cm、10～15 cm、15～20 cm、20～25 cm土层土壤水分含量呈负相关关系,与5～10 cm土层土壤水分含量呈正相关关系.水分亏值分别与0～2 cm、2～5 cm、10～15 cm、15～20 cm、20～25 cm土层水溶性Na+的含量呈正相关关系.与5～10 cm土层水溶性Na+的含量呈负相关关系,并科学的提出表层土壤5～10 cm土层是水溶性Na+对环境因子(蒸发量与降雨量)反应的灵敏层.     

Influence of sea salts on drainage water and soil chemistry of two different soil types: soil leaching experiments under laboratory conditions

The effects of sea-salt on drainage water and soil chemistry was studied using two different soil types and setting up five soil-leaching experiments under controlled laboratory conditions. The objectives of the soil-leaching experiments were to provide information of the variability of soils and their drainage water chemistry following the input of different sea-salt solutions with different times which was similar to the precipitation input experienced during the storms in fields. Analyses were presented of major ions (Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, NO3-, SO4(2-) and NH4+) and pH for drainage water. At the end of the experiment, CEC (cation exchange capacity), %BS (percent base saturation), exchangeable capacity of Na, Ca and Mg and pH were also analysed for soil horizon chemistry. The results showed an increase in concentration of most of the major ions in the drainage water, though some adsorption of Na, Ca and Mg had taken place; so the result being a significant decrease in soil water pH. The chemical characteristics of each soil horizons also showed significant changes with the sea-salt applications compared to initial chemical characteristics. However, comparison of data from the four different sea-salt applications under different soil type or land-use didn't indicate the additional role that different land management could play in drainage water or soil chemistry.     

不同干扰程度下高原湿地纳帕海土壤酶活性与微生物特征研究

采用In-situ野外取样技术与室内实验分析相结合,对不同人为干扰程度下滇西北高原湿地纳帕海土壤酶活性和微生物数量特征进行研究。结果表明：（1）在人为活动干扰下,湿地类型从原生沼泽向沼泽草甸-草甸-垦后湿地逆向演替,F检验显示土壤脲酶、蛋白酶和蔗糖酶活性在各类型湿地间差异显著（F脲酶=14.246,F蛋白酶=13.760,F蔗糖酶=15.392）,表现为垦后湿地〉沼泽草甸〉草甸〉原生沼泽,过氧化氢酶活性差异不显著（F过氧化氢酶=2.697）,且与上述三种水解酶变化规律不同。（2）F检验显示,土壤细菌数量差异显著（F细菌=10.883）,呈现沼泽草甸〉草甸〉垦后湿地〉原生沼泽;土壤真菌与放线菌数量差异显著（F真菌=18.032,F放线菌=15.078）,呈现沼泽草甸〉垦后湿地〉草甸〉原生沼泽。（3）回归分析表明,土壤脲酶与过氧化氢酶极显著正相关。在草甸湿地类型中,土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、蛋白酶间呈显著线性正相关。土壤酶活性虽与微生物数量相性不显著。（4）纳帕海湿地土壤微生物数量与酶活性变化是对人为不同干扰类型与强度的响应。     

Drainage affects tree growth and C and N dynamics in a minerotrophic peatland

The lowering of the water table resulting from peatland drainage may dramatically alter C and N cycling in peatland ecosystems, which contain one-third of the total terrestrial C. In this study, tree annual ring width and C (delta(13)C) and N (delta(15)N) isotope ratios in soil and plant tissues (tree foliage, growth rings, and understory foliage) in a black spruce-tamarack (Picea mariana-Larix laricina) mixed-wood forest were examined to study the effects of drainage on tree growth and C and N dynamics in a minerotrophic peatland in west-central Alberta, Canada. Drainage increased the delta(15)N of soil NH4+ from a range of +0.6% per hundred to +2.9% per hundred to a range of +4.6% per hundred to +7.0% per hundred most likely through increased nitrification following enhanced mineralization. Plant uptake of 15N-enriched NH4+ in the drained treatment resulted in higher plant delta15N (+0.8% per hundred to +1.8% per hundred in the drained plots and -3.9% per hundred to -5.4% per hundred in the undrained plots), and deposition of litterfall N enriched with 15N increased the delta15N of total soil N in the surface layer in the drained (+2.9% per hundred) as compared with that in the undrained plots (+0.6% per hundred). The effect of drainage on foliar delta(13)C was species-specific, i.e., only tamarack showed a considerably less negative foliar delta(13)C in the drained (-28.1% per hundred) than in the undrained plots (-29.1% per hundred), indicating improved water use efficiency (WUE) by drainage. Tree ring area increments were significantly increased following drainage, and delta(13)C and delta(15)N in tree growth rings of both species showed responses to drainage retrospectively. Tree-ring delta(13)C data suggested that drainage improved WUE of both species, with a greater and more prolonged response in tamarack than in black spruce. Our results indicate that drainage caused the studied minerotrophic peatland to become a more open ecosystem in terms of C and N cycling and loss. The effects of forested peatland drainage or drying on C and N balances deserve further research in order to better understand their roles in future global change.     

地下水中Am的形态分布及影响因素

利用日本原子力学研究所于2010年9月提供的最新数据库,以北山的地下水为例,使用地球化学软件PHREEQC进行模拟.结果表明,结晶固体AmCO3OH.0.5H2O的溶解度很低,北山地下水中AmCO3＋占主导优势,其次为AmSiO（OH）23＋;Am在pH=4.5—5.8的条件下以Am3＋和AmSO4＋形态为主,在pH=5.8—8.3的条件下以AmCO3＋和AmSiO（OH）23＋为主,在pH=8.3—9.5的条件下以Am（CO3）2-为主;pH对Am存在形态影响很大,而pE对Am存在形态影响较小.CO2分压越大,水溶液中CO23-的摩尔浓度越低,使得Am（CO3）2-摩尔浓度降低,AmCO3＋与Am（CO3）2-摩尔浓度之和也降低,而Am3＋、AmHCO23＋和AmSO4＋的摩尔浓度升高.     

三江源国家公园不同草地土壤微生物功能基因的差异性分析

土壤微生物在陆地生物地球化学循环过程中起着非常重要的作用。为了探索青藏高原高寒草地类型地上植被特性和地下土壤环境与土壤微生物功能基因之间关系,以三江源国家公园高寒草原、高寒沼泽化草甸及高寒草甸3种典型草地类型为研究对象,利用基因芯片(GeoChip 5.0)技术测定其微生物功能基因丰度,并分析它们之间的差异及影响因素。结果表明:(1)3种草地类型地上群落结构和地下土壤环境存在差异性,其中高寒草原物种多样性指数、pH值较高,沼泽化草甸中土壤含水量、微生物量碳、地上生物量、土壤速效氮含量较高,高寒草甸中则是土壤微生物量氮含量较高;(2)3种高寒草地类型的碳循环、氮循环、磷循环、有机修复的土壤微生物功能基因丰度存在显著差异,其中这些功能基因的丰度在高寒沼泽化草甸最高,高寒草甸、高寒草原次之;(3)地上植物物种多样性虽对功能基因丰度变化的解释率(r2)在57.1%-61.2%之间,但统计学上不显著(P>0.05),而微生物基因丰度随地上生物量的增加而增加,且解释率(r2)为77.5%-80.0%(P<0.05)。在pH、土壤含水量、土壤微生物量等地下土壤环境因子中,pH对功能基因丰度存在显著影响(P<0.01)解释率在83.4%-87.5%间,且土壤微生物功能基因丰度随土壤pH的增加而降低;土壤含水量、土壤微生物量对土壤微生物功能基因丰度的解释率分别为81.9%-83.1%(P<0.05)和76.8%-86.2%(P<0.05),微生物功能基因丰度随这两者含量的增加呈上升趋势。进一步运用RDA分析发现,pH、土壤微生物量、地上生物量是影响微生物功能基因丰度的主要因子,其中土壤微生物量是土壤有机质的重要组成部分,土壤有机质又是通过地上植被凋落物沉积所得到的。因此,地上植被特性的自上而下控制因子影响了土壤环境中自下而上的控制因子,间接的影响了微生物功能基因丰度。由此得出,地上植被特性和地下土壤环境因子共同作用控制了微生物功能基因丰度使其出现差异性。     

Effect of chemical amendments on remediation of potentially toxic trace elements (PTEs) and soil quality improvement in paddy fields

Remediation of potentially toxic trace elements (PTEs) in paddy fields is fundamental for crop safety. In situ application of chemical amendments has been widely adapted because of its cost-effectiveness and environmental safety. The main purpose of this research was to (1) evaluate the reduction in dissolved concentrations of cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) with the application of chemical amendments and (2) monitor microbial activity in the soil to determine the remediation efficiency. Three different chemical amendments, lime stone, steel slag, and acid mine drainage sludge, were applied to paddy fields, and rice (Oryza sativa L. Milyang 23) was cultivated. The application of chemical amendments immobilized both Cd and As in soil. Between the two PTEs, As reduction was significant (p < 0.05) with the addition of chemical amendments, whereas no significant reduction was observed for Cd than that for the control. Among six soil-related variables, PTE concentration showed a negative correlation with soil pH (r = ?0.70 for As and r = ?0.54 for Cd) and soil respiration (SR) (r = ?0.88 for As and r = ?0.45 for Cd). This result indicated that immobilization of PTEs in soil is dependent on soil pH and reduces PTE toxicity. Overall, the application of chemical amendments could be utilized for decreasing PTE (As and Cd) bioavailability and increasing microbial activity in the soil.     

三江平原农田源头排水沟渠截留排水中氮素动态

通过小尺度野外原位试验,研究排水沟渠水体、底泥和植物中氮含量的变化规律.结果表明,随水体停留时间增加,沟渠对水体氮素的净化能力增强,认为停留8d左右较适宜.沟渠对NH4-N的截留率大于TN和NO3--N.渠水停留11d时,4条试验沟渠[氮浓度高、磷浓度低(NHPL),氮浓度高、磷浓度高(NHPH),氮浓度低、磷浓度低(NLPL),氮浓度低、磷浓度高(NLPH)]对NH4+-N的截留率均达100％,对NO3--N的截留率分别为84.63％、84.35％、75.67％和76.14％,对TN的截留率分别为88.02％、89.89％、90.88％和88.53％.试验结束时沟渠表层(0～15 cm)底泥氮含量降低,植物氮累积量远大于进水TN总量,说明植物生长同时吸收了水体、土壤和底泥中的氮,建议在秋季适时收割植物,以避免植物分解导致二次污染.     

高原退化湿地纳帕海植物多样性格局特征及其驱动力

对滇西北纳帕海湿地不同退化演替阶段的植物群落结构特征及多样性格局的研究结果表明:纳帕海共有植物115种,隶属38科、82属,植物群落15个,包括3个沉水植物群落、2个浮叶植物群落、6个挺水植物群落、4个草甸群落。其中原生沼泽有湿地植物25种,隶属16科、17属,3个沉水植物群落、2个浮叶植物群落;沼泽化草甸有湿地植物35种,隶属19科、26属,6个挺水植物群落;草甸有湿地植物64种,隶属28科、55属,4个草甸群落;垦后湿地仅有农作物4种,隶属4科、4属。随着原生沼泽、沼泽化草甸向草甸、垦后湿地的退化演替,植物群落伴生种增多,优势种的优势度明显下降,群落结构逐渐变得复杂;原生沼泽、沼泽化草甸植物群落分布面积萎缩,草甸、垦后湿地面积不断增大;物种丰富度与多样性指数随原生沼泽、沼泽化草甸、草甸的退化演替而逐渐增加,草甸植物物种丰富度、多样性指数最大,而垦后湿地为最低值。纳帕海植物多样性格局特征是对不同人为干扰强度与类型的响应,当前影响植物多样格局的驱动力主要是排水垦殖、无序旅游、过度放牧和周边森林的破坏等人为生产活动。     

Early responses of soil ammonium and nitrate nitrogen to forest gap harvesting of a Pinus massoniana plantation in the upper reaches of Yangtze River北大核心CSCD

To understand the short-term effects of forest gap by human harvesting on soil available nutrient in Pinus massoniana plantations, the variations of soil ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) concentrations in the gap center and gap edge during growing season were observed in seven gaps of different size (Gl: 100 m2; G2:225 m2; G3:400 m2; G4:625 m2; G5:900 m2; G6:1225 m2; G7:1600 m2) and pure understory of a 39-year-old masson pine plantation in a hilly area of the upper reaches of Yangtze River. The results showed that in the early stage of gap formation, the gap size had significant effect on NH4+-N, the season changes on NP3--N, and the interaction effect of gap size and seasonal variation on NH4+-N and NO3--N. The difference of NH4+-N and NO3--N between the gap center and gap edge was not significant. (I) The NH4+-N content was 4.30-11.99 mg kg-1, and NO3--N content was 2.57-10.81 mg kg-1. There was no obvious difference in NH4+-N and N03--N among gaps of different size in early or late growing seasons, when both increased first and decreased afterwards in the middle of growing season. The gaps of 100∼400 m2 area had a higher content of available nitrogen. (2) The seasonal dynamic differed between NH4+-N and NO3--N, with the former lower in middle growing season whereas the latter higher in the middle growing season but lower in the end of growing season. The soil NH4+-N was higher than NO3- -N in the early and late periods, but lower in the middle period. (3) The soil NH4+-N and NO3--N in parts of gaps were lower than understory in the early and late growing season. (4) Correlation analyses showed that NH4+-N had significant positive correlation with microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), and NO3--N with soil temperature, MBN and organic matter. But the impact of soil water content on available nitrogen was not significant. These results suggested that soil temperature and microbial activity variation caused by gap harvesting are the main factors affecting soil available nitrogen content of Pinus massoniana plantations.     

Influences of suspended particles on the runoff of pesticides from an agricultural field at Askim, SE-Norway

Field and laboratory experiments were conducted to study the loss of particles from agricultural fields, and the role of suspended particles in carrying pesticides in surface runoff and drainage water. Propiconazole, a widely used fungicide was applied to experimental fields located at Askim, SE-Norway. Samples from surface runoff and drainage water were collected and analyzed for sediment mass, pesticides, particulate and dissolved organic carbon through a whole year. The surface soil and the runoff material were characterized by its particle size distribution, organic carbon content in size fractions and its ability to bind propiconazole. The results show that (1) particle runoff mostly occurred during the rainfall event shortly after harrowing in autumn. The highest particle concentration observed in the surface runoff water was 4600 mg l(-1), and in the drainage water 1130 mg l(-1); (2) the erosion of surface soil is size selective. The runoff sediment contained finer particle/aggregates rich in organic matter compared to its original surface soil; (3) the distribution coefficient (Kd) of propiconazole was significantly higher in the runoff sediment than in the parent soil. According to our calculation, particle-bound propiconazole can represent up to 23% of the total amount of propiconazole in a water sample with a sediment concentration of 7600 mg l(-1), which will significantly influence the transport behavior of the pesticide.