夹层电缆引发火灾的实验研究

模拟现代建筑夹层中贮藏大量未加金属导管防护的电线电缆所引发的火灾效应.在一个全尺寸燃烧套房模型中进行了起火室和顶棚夹层空间电缆火灾的实验研究,并采用大涡模拟的方法对实验中烟气速度场进行了数值模拟.结果表明,加明火源可以加强电缆的火灾功率;通风状况对夹层电缆火灾的温度场、烟气遮光度和火灾功率有明显影响.电缆燃烧产物中主要毒性气体为CO.电缆在夹层燃烧时,CO和CO2浓度均高于目标室和起火室中的浓度.而夹层毒气最为集中,其CO浓度远远超出OSHA和IDLH标准.电缆在夹层燃烧时发生火灾的危险性较大.     

某酒吧特大火灾场景的数值重构

基于FDS对某酒吧特大火灾事故进行数值重构研究,再现了火灾发生、发展的全过程,并与火灾现场勘查报告、现场照片比对;与此同时,详细地分析和研究了火场中典型部位的温度、CO浓度及FED指数等细节性参数的发展变化趋势,结果表明,模拟中的火灾蔓延过程、烟气填充过程、热释放速率、温度等参数与火灾现场勘查笔录和电子物证基本吻合,可与火灾调查其它证据相佐证,完善火灾调查结论,为进一步研究和改善此类场所的防火措施和灭火救援方案提供了依据。     

娱乐场所火灾危险性预先分析

歌厅、舞厅、酒吧、网吧等公共娱乐场所存在火灾隐患多,火灾危险性大,火灾事故所占比例大且人员密集、不易疏散,一旦发生火灾将容易产生群死群伤.笔者采用美国国家技术研究院(NIST)开发的FDS(Fire Dynamic Simulator )软件,建立酒吧娱乐场所模型,对酒吧发生火灾进行全尺寸模拟.实现对其火灾危险性的预先分析.有利于寻找提高娱乐场所安全性的具体消防设计措施.     

可燃装修材料的燃烧温度场数值模拟分析

为研究室内可燃装修材料的耐高温及燃烧特性,该文用火灾动力学模拟软件Fire DynamicSimulator(FDS)对火灾实际场景的温度场进行数值模拟分析。对热释放速率曲线进行拟合分析,发现火灾发展初期是由一个慢速增长火和一个超快速增长火两个阶段组成。比较温度场的模拟结果与实际场景的燃烧图痕,得出火场温度的快速升高源于可燃材料的热释放速率和燃料消耗速率快速增加。同时分析了火场中一氧化碳、二氧化碳等有害气体的浓度与燃烧温度场的变化规律,为选择合适的室内装饰材料提供有效的数值参考。     

顶棚装修材料对地下商业街火灾影响的数值模拟研究

地下商业街处于相对封闭的环境,在强制通风不利的情况下,内装修材料可燃性对火灾影响显得特别重要。应用FDS火灾模拟软件的大涡模拟(LES)模型,对分别采用木质、石膏板、PVC材质顶棚的地下商业街进行火灾模拟,重点讨论了不同顶棚材料对烟气温度、体积分数的影响。模拟结果表明,木质顶棚装修材料明显增加烟气体积分数、加速火灾轰然的形成。烟气蔓延速度快,烟气中CO最高浓度是其他两种材料的40倍,因此应限制地下商业街商户装修中使用木质顶棚材料。     

基于IPSO-BP模型的火灾气体传感器气压补偿算法

为完善飞机火灾检测系统,设计一套方案,模拟试验不同气压下CO、CO2气体传感器采集气体的体积分数值,并与理论值比较,进而提出一种根据粒子适应度值动态调整学习因子的粒子群算法.采用改进的粒子群(IPSO)算法寻找反向传播(BP)神经网络的最优初始权值阈值,再利用寻优后的BP神经网络修正CO、CO2气体传感器的检测结果,消...     

建筑火灾烟气中CO迁移规律的FDS模拟

以T型"侧间-走廊"典型建筑火灾为模拟对象,分析烟气在走廊中的水平和垂直流动特征,并对火源房门高低、走廊端头启闭和多房门启闭等场景使用火灾模拟软件(FDS)进行了模拟和远距离房间CO浓度的迁移规律的分析。结果表明:烟气从火源房间经拱腹溢出在走廊中形成受限空间的顶棚射流;门檐高度决定了CO能够在走廊中的迁移量;烟气在走廊远距离封闭端头形成上部的热烟气层,中部回流层和下层的补气层;其中中部烟气回流层的高低、流速和CO浓度是影响临近非火源房间CO浓度的重要因素。走廊启闭和多房门火灾场景的模拟结果也进一步证明了CO的迁移规律。     

火灾常见有害燃烧产物的生物毒理(Ⅰ)——一氧化碳、氰化氢

火灾中有害燃烧产物对人的毒害是火灾致人伤亡的主要原因之一,文章详细论述了一氧化碳CO、氰化氢HCN两种火灾常见有害燃烧产物的生物毒理,深入地揭示了火灾有害燃烧产物CO、HCN对生物体的损伤机理.     

风速对高层建筑火灾时环境中烟气分布的影响

为了探究风速对高层建筑火灾时环境中温度、烟气浓度、CO浓度分布状态的影响,以央视北配楼火灾为模型背景,应用火灾动力学软件FDS,对火灾进行模拟与分析。通过讨论不同风速下火源温度中心、烟气浓度中心、CO浓度中心离着火面距离与高度之间的关系,得到风速一定时各中心的位置与高度之间的变化规律,以及该变化规律与风速之间的关系,风速小于3m/s时各中心位置随风速变化较明显;风速越大,温度、烟气浓度、CO浓度越高,当风速小于2m/s时各值增量随风速增加明显;与其他因素相比,温度对防火间距的影响最大。     

电动汽车锂离子电池组火灾数值模拟研究

为了探究电动汽车火灾危险性,利用FDS软件建立锂离子电池火灾模型,并对电动汽车锂离子电池组火灾进行数值模拟研究,分析火灾过程中的热释放速率、烟气、能见度、温度、CO和CO2浓度变化规律。研究结果表明:电动汽车内锂离子电池组火灾发展迅速,其烟气、高温、CO等危害影响车内人员的安全;车辆内部锂离子电池组的数量决定其火灾危险性的大小,大电池容量电动汽车火灾风险较高;当电动大巴车后端电池组发生火灾时,人员后门逃离的安全性系数高于前门;电动汽车火灾可能发生蔓延,增大车辆密集型区域的消防安全难度。该模拟结果可为电动汽车消防提供参考。     

Gender differences in DUI offenders in treatment in Texas

OBJECTIVE: This is a study of 8,464 adult women and 21,155 adult males who entered substance abuse treatment in Texas between 2000 and 2005. Participants were either on probation for driving under the influence (DUI), were referred to treatment by DUI probation, or had been arrested for DUI in the past year. METHODS: The female and male clients were compared on demographic characteristics, substance use patterns, DSM-IV diagnoses, and levels of impairment. T tests and chi square tests were used to determine significance and multivariate logistic regression identified predictors of completing treatment and being abstinent at follow-up. RESULTS: The proportion of females who were sent to treatment as a result of DUI increased from 27% in 2000 to 32% in 2005. Females were significantly more likely than males to be White (73% vs. 56%), to have used substances a shorter period of time (17 vs. 19 years), to be seeking custody to regain their children (11% vs. 2%), to meet the DSM criteria for drug dependence (32% vs. 23%), to have injected drugs (31% vs. 23%), to have used substances daily (42% vs. 40%), to have a depressive disorder (16% vs. 7%) or bipolar disorder (12% vs. 5%), and to be have been in treatment before (60% vs. 49%). In contrast, males were more likely to be alcohol dependent (49% vs. 44%). Females were less likely to complete treatment (67% vs. 72%) and reported significantly more days of problems on the 6 domains of the ASI at both admission and at 60-day follow-up. Furthermore, at follow-up, they were more likely to be living with someone who abused alcohol or used drugs (9% vs.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Although females comprised only 29% of the DUI treatment admissions, they were more impaired and experienced more problems than their male counterparts. The findings indicate that additional resources, including treatment for co-occurring mental health problems and living in sober households, may be keys to helping these women achieve abstinence and prevent additional DUI episodes.     

我国非煤矿山安全生产的差距

从我国非煤矿山安全生产立法、安全生产管理体制、监察执法、群众监督、宣传教育、科研、矿山企业等方面与国外矿业进行了对比分析，分析了我国非煤矿山存在的问题以及与国外的差距，最后分析了产生问题与差距的原因。     

Violence in the workplaces in Finland

The aim of this study was to describe violence in Finnish workplaces by comparing it with leisure-time violence. The data were derived from 13,762 interviews made from a representative sample of the Finnish population in 1988. The subjects were asked to report all the violent incidents they had encountered during the previous 12 months. There were 394 victims of violence in workplaces, that is, 40.6 victims per 1,000 workers. The rate of occupational violence was almost identical for males (40.6) and females (40.5). The most hazardous occupations were prison guard, police officer, and mental health nurse. The main reasons for violence at work were related to refusal of an authority's order to go away or to the relationship between doctor or nurse and patient. A typical assailant was an unaccompanied man who was under the influence of alcohol.     

Trends in occupational hygiene in Finland

The aim of this work is to evaluate and describe the current status of, and prospects for, the future of occupational hygiene in Finland. The main sources of information include a seminar held in the annual meeting of Finnish Occupational Hygiene Society and interviews with different stakeholders. Nanotechnology and other new materials, changing work environments, circular economy including green jobs, new medical methods and advances of construction methods were recognized as future challenges. Future work opportunities for occupational hygiene experts included exposure assessments in indoor air surveys, private consulting and entrepreneurship in general, international activities and product safety issues. Unclear topics needing more attention in the future were thought to be in new exposures, sensitive persons, combined effects, skin exposures and applicability of personal protective equipment. Occupational hygiene should broaden its view; occupational hygienists should have to cooperate with other specialists and grasp new challenges.     

Trends in chemical hazards in Japan

In the past, the chemical industry in Japan has been the cause of a number of major industrial accidents. Subsequent to each accident, specific lessons have been learned. These lessons learned have been implemented in terms of safety education of the employees and/or safety measures of the equipment and facilities resulting in a rapid decrease of corresponding accident frequencies. In this paper, we summarized both recent and past major accidents caused by chemical substances in fixed installations in Japan. Case studies show that runaway reactions are among the main causes of major accident occurrences in the chemical process industry in Japan. A recent fatal poisoning accident caused by H₂S gas generated during maintenance work again highlights the necessity of adequate safety management in a chemical factory. Therefore, even if hazard evaluation of chemical substances and chemical processes is necessary to prevent runaway reactions, human error is also an important factor contributing to reaction hazards [Wakakura, M. (1997) Human factor in chemical accidents, J. Safety Eng. High Press. Gas. Safety Inst. Japan, 34, 846].     

九月北京，国际盛会

第二届中国国际安全生产论坛于9月2日在人民大会堂开幕,国务委员、国务院秘书长华建敏,国家局局长王显政,国际劳工组织东亚地区局局长克里斯廷等领导参加开幕式     

在回顾中思考 在创新中发展

2008年,是中国的奥运之年,也是中国林科院建院50周年、哈尔滨林机所建所50周年、<林业劳动安全>杂志创刊20周年. <林业劳动安全>的诞生,为林业安全文化建设开辟了一片广袤的园地,为加强学术交流打开了一洞明亮的牕牖,为行业安全的发展提供了一块方正的铺路石……