城市生活垃圾处理方式生命周期评价的比较研究

生命周期评价理论与方法作为一种量化环境影响的工具,在诸多领域中得到了广泛的应用。在垃圾处理领域,生命周期评价最早在20世纪90年代得到应用。生命周期评价与城市生活垃圾处理的有效结合,将促进城市生活垃圾的减量化、资源化、无害化目标的实现。总结了生命周期评价理论与方法在城市生活垃圾处理中的应用现状。对国内不同城市生活垃圾处理方式环境影响因子进行比较分析,诸如全球变暖潜力、酸化潜力和富营养化潜力等因子。针对其目标范围定义、数据收集、评价方法的选择、结果解释及工艺改进等方面指出了目前研究的局限性和不足。并对未来城市生活垃圾处理生命周期评价的发展方向进行展望。     

从LCA角度评价塑料用品与木制用品对环境的影响

通过对一次性塑料与纸制用品（木制品）的评价研究的基础上，对木制品与塑料制品从生命周期评价（LCA）的角度上对问题作进一步的探讨和研究，得出结论为塑料制品为环保型产品。     

城市生活垃圾管理生命周期分析研究

概述了生命周期评价方法、内容及框架,并将其引入城市生活垃圾管理系统中,对城市生活垃圾管理进行了生命周期可行性分析,提出了开展城市生活垃圾生命周期管理的具体实施措施。     

循环流化床锅炉燃煤技术热电厂生命周期评价

运用生命周期评价方法,应用Gabi5.0软件对采用循环流化床锅炉燃煤技术的热电企业进行资源耗竭和环境影响分析,计算各生产单元生命周期清单的全球变暖潜值、酸化效应潜值、富营养化潜值、非生物资源耗竭潜值、人体毒性潜值以及光化学烟雾和臭氧生成潜值等主要环境影响类型,对燃煤发电过程进行生命周期评价。结果表明,全球变暖和非生物资源耗竭为发电运行过程中主要的环境影响因素,分别占53%和15.05%;锅炉燃烧阶段的环境影响最重,占整个生命周期影响值的77.12%,并且除生物耗竭潜值外的其他5项指标均为发电运行阶段各个单元中最高。采用SNCR脱硝技术减少燃烧过程中NOx的排放量,并对该技术方案进行生命周期评价,比较方案实施前后的环境影响。     

中国电子废物回收处理体系的生态效率分析

应用生态效率分析方法,以废弃台式电脑电源为例,对电子废物回收处理体系的2种不同策略进行模拟与比较,以探索适合我国国情的电子废物回收处理模式。其中环境效应的评价采用生命周期评价方法,经济价值采用生命周期成本分析方法。结果表明,以人力收集与人工拆解、元件再利用为特点的电子废物回收处理策略的生态效率要优于以机动车辆运输与破碎、分选处理相结合的策略。从生命周期阶段看,人力收集运输相比机动车辆收集运输模式,并不存在明显优势。但在处理处置阶段,人工拆解与元件再利用的模式生态效率更高。综合考虑,建议在收集运输阶段应鼓励发展高效合理的机动车辆收集运输模式,在处理处置阶段应更多支持人工拆解与元件再利用的模式。     

激光类全新耗材和再生耗材对环境影响的生命周期评价

以激光类打印耗材——TN350为例,应用生命周期评价方法,对全新TN350和再生TN350进行生命周期资源消耗与污染物排放清单分析,在此基础上进行生命周期环境影响评价。重点考虑6种环境影响类型：全球变暖、酸化、富营养化、光化学臭氧、固体废弃物、工业烟尘和粉尘。结果表明,相对于全新TN350,再生TN350的原油消耗量削...     

生命周期评价的回顾与展望

产业生态学的主要理论基础和分析方法－生命周期评价起始于６０年代末,７０年代初。经过２０多年的发展,已经从最初的借助于能源分析方法的“资源与环境状况分析”,发展成为具有基本概念和技术框架的环境管理工具。该研究方法已被企业界,政府管理部门,以及消费者组织所采纳,用于企业产品开发,环境政策制定和环境产品消费。生命周期评价方法的国际标准化正处于积极探索研究之中,将会成为２１世纪最有生命力和发展前途的生态与环境管理工具。     

市政污泥处理处置技术经济性分析与评价

针对由污泥处理处置成本核算复杂导致的技术路线抉择困难的问题,从经济性角度对市政污泥土地、建材2类资源化利用路径典型技术路线进行评估,以帮助决策者权衡污泥处理处置全工艺链条的选择。通过生命周期成本评价方法评价了市政污泥处理处置典型技术路线,并利用敏感性分析方法对产业布局、土地利用季节性、建材产业生产波动与污泥处理处置成本的动态响应机制进行了探究。生命周期成本评价结果表明,土地利用路径生命周期成本为310～523元·t^-1,经济效益为100～255元·t^-1;建材利用的生命周期成本为123～238元·t^-1,经济效益为24～78元·t^-1。综合生命周期成本、经济效益以及绿色低碳原则,市政污泥处理处置路线应以土地利用为主、建材利用为辅。敏感性分析结果表明,在保证污泥处置含水率达标的前提下,降低污泥脱水率、缩短污水处理厂到污泥处理处置中心的运输距离有利于减少成本;好氧发酵-土地利用路线的污泥处置成本对污泥产品临时储存量的敏感度最高,超过30%,故有必要设置储存仓库以稳定成本波动。本研究结果可为市政污泥资源化...     

防水材料生命周期环境影响的比较研究

为客观评价并比较不同类型防水材料的环境影响,选择2种典型防水材料(SBS改性沥青防水卷材和丙烯酸酯乳液水泥防水涂料).根据生命周期评价理论,基于建筑工程环境影响评价系统,通过建立防水材料生命周期环境排放清单,进行货币化加权评价,得到防水材料环境影响的社会支付意愿.评价结果表明,单位面积的SBS改性沥青防水卷材环境影响的...     

燃煤电站工业污泥掺烧技术的全生命周期费用(LCC)分析

采用全生命周期费用(LCC)分析方法,建立燃煤电站工业污泥干化掺烧工程评价指标体系,对一燃煤电站进行直接干化工艺与间接干化工艺全生命周期成本计算(包括设备投资、改造成本、干化运行成本、掺烧成本以及维护管理成本),采用层次-灰关联分析法进行分析,结果表明,在该工程中,间接干化初始设备投资较高而运行成本低,入厂含水率越高、全生命周期越长,间接干化较之直接干化优势越大;污泥干燥初始含水率对该工程的经济性具有较大影响,而目标含水率相差15%,其他条件不变时,其成本变化最大仅为1.25%;评价指标权重分配结果表明,对决策影响最大3项分别为环境成本(0.57)、运行成本(0.177)以及初始设备投资(0.082)。基于此开发了燃煤电站工业污泥掺烧经济性计算软件,实现工业污泥在燃煤电站干化掺烧成本分析的迅速和准确化。     

Life cycle assessment of fuel selection for power generation in Taiwan

Life cycle assessment (LCA) was applied to performance data from 1997-2002 to evaluate the environmental impacts of the energy input, airborne emission, waterborne emission, and solid waste inventories for Taiwan's electric power plants. Eco-indicator 95 was used to compare the differences among the generation processes and fuel purification. To better understand the environmental trends related to Taiwan's electric power industry, three fuel scenarios were selected for LCA system analysis. Results indicate that there are differences in characteristic environmental impact among the 13 power plants. Scenario simulation provided a basis for minimizing environmental impacts from fuel selection targets. Fuel selection priority should be a gas-fired combined cycle substituted for a coal-fired steam turbine to be more environmentally friendly, particularly in the areas of the greenhouse effect, acidification, winter smog, and solid waste. Furthermore, based purely on economic and environmental criteria, it is recommended that the gas-fired combined cycle be substituted for the oil-fired steam turbine.     

广州市生活垃圾高温有氧静态堆肥的生命周期分析

运用生命周期分析(LCA)方法,对广州市生活垃圾高温有氧静态堆肥系统进行分析,计算出全生命周期的资源消耗和环境影响潜值,同时与垃圾焚烧典型工艺的LCA数据进行对比。结果表明,堆肥处理的环境影响负荷为0.023PET90,资源消耗系数为9.238mPET90。环境影响类型中光化学臭氧合成造成的影响最大,占环境总影响的43.8%。与焚烧处理方式相比,高温有氧静态堆肥的环境总影响较小,环境影响负荷相比于焚烧减少20.3%,在降低酸化的影响方面有较为显著的作用。     

Life Cycle Assessment of Fuel Selection for Power Generation in Taiwan

Abstract

Life cycle assessment (LCA) was applied to performance data from 1997–2002 to evaluate the environmental impacts of the energy input, airborne emission, waterborne emission, and solid waste inventories for Taiwan’s electric power plants. Eco-indicator 95 was used to compare the differences among the generation processes and fuel purification. To better understand the environmental trends related to Taiwan’s electric power industry, three fuel scenarios were selected for LCA system analysis. Results indicate that there are differences in characteristic environmental impact among the 13 power plants. Scenario simulation provided a basis for minimizing environmental impacts from fuel selection targets. Fuel selection priority should be a gas-fired combined cycle substituted for a coal-fired steam turbine to be more environmentally friendly, particularly in the areas of the greenhouse effect, acidification, winter smog, and solid waste. Furthermore, based purely on economic and environmental criteria, it is recommended that the gas-fired combined cycle be substituted for the oil-fired steam turbine.     

Ranking potential impacts of priority and emerging pollutants in urban wastewater through life cycle impact assessment

Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA), a feature of the Life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology, is used in this work outside the LCA framework, as a means to quantify the potential environmental impacts on ecotoxicity and human toxicity of wastewater containing priority and emerging pollutants. In order to do this, so-called characterisation factors are obtained for 98 frequently detected pollutants, using two characterisation models, EDIP97 and USES-LCA. The applicability of this methodology is shown in a case study in which wastewater influent and effluent samples from a Spanish wastewater treatment plant located in the Mediterranean coast were analysed. Characterisation factors were applied to the average concentration of each pollutant, obtaining impact scores for different scenarios: discharging wastewater to aquatic recipient, and using it for crop irrigation. The results show that treated wastewater involves a substantially lower environmental impact when compared to the influent, and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are very important contributors to toxicity in this wastewater. Ciprofloxacin, fluoxetine, and nicotine constitute the main PPCPs of concern in this case study, while 2,3,7,8-TCDD, Nickel, and hexachlorobenzene are the priority pollutants with highest contribution. Nevertheless, it must be stressed that the new characterisation factors are based on very limited data, especially with regard to toxicology, and therefore they must be seen as a first screening to be improved in the future when more and higher quality data is available.     

Life cycle assessment of a large water treatment plant in Turkey

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The objective of this study is to assess the environmental sustainability of a large water treatment plant through life cycle assessment (LCA)...     

General prevention and risk minimization in LCA A combined approach

Methods for life cycle assessment of products (LCA) are most often based on the general prevention principle, as opposed to the risk minimization principle. Here, the desirability and feasibility of a combined approach are discussed, along with the conditions for elaboration in the framework of LCA methodology, and the consequences for LCA practice. A combined approach provides a separate assessment of above and below threshold pollution, offering the possibility to combat above threshold impacts with priority. Spatial differentiation in fate, exposure, and effect modelling is identified to play a central role in the implementation. The collection of region-specific data turns out to be the most elaborate requirement for the implementation in both methodology and practice. A methodological framework for the construction of characterization factors is provided. Along with spatial differentiation of existing parameters, two newly introduced spatial parameters play a key role: the sensitivity factor and the threshold factor. The practicability of the proposed procedure is illustrated by an example of its application. Providing a reasonable data availability, the development of separate LCA characterization factors for the respective assessment of pollution levels above and below environmental threshold values seems to be a feasible task that may add to LCA credibility.     

Assessment models and dynamic variables for dynamic life cycle assessment of buildings: a review

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Life cycle assessment (LCA) is widely used to quantify the environmental performance of buildings. Recently, the potential temporal variations in the...     

日用陶瓷实施清洁生产技术的评价

清洁生产是一个系统工程 ,是对生产全过程以及产品的整个生命周期采取污染预防的综合措施。采用LCA的方法对日用陶瓷生产过程进行全面分析与评价 ,并提出了实施清洁生产的途径。