接种纤维素降解菌对牛粪堆肥微生物群落的影响

以牛粪和稻草为堆肥原料,利用传统培养法和PCR-DGGE技术相结合对接种纤维素降解菌后堆肥的微生物群落的动态变化进行了分析.结果表明,接种菌堆肥与自然堆肥相比,微生物数量的变化趋势快于自然堆肥,接种菌在堆肥初期能够激发微生物增殖,快速启动堆肥发酵,缩短堆肥进程.接种菌堆肥比自然堆肥的DGGE凝胶图谱条带的差异性大,接种...     

分阶段接菌对中药残渣堆肥腐熟度及微生物多样性的影响

堆肥通常用于处理有机固体废弃物,可通过接种木质纤维素降解功能菌群提高堆肥进程及产品品质.然而,堆肥过程中传统的功能菌群一次性添加方式,不仅造成了堆肥过程中较低的堆肥效率,而且堆肥产品品质也并不稳定.为了探究基于不同接种方法对堆肥过程腐熟度和品质的影响,设置M0（不接菌）、M1（分阶段接菌）及M2（一次性接菌）3个好氧堆肥处理,考察各处理堆肥过程中理化性质变化、木质纤维素降解及微生物群落多样性.结果表明:M1处理下,堆肥至第20天,堆体温度达到51.2℃且拥有最高的嗜热温度（67.8℃）;堆肥至第67天,发芽指数达到83.61%.此外,M1处理下腐殖质增长率、总有机碳降解率、纤维素降解率和木质素降解率均最高,分别为50.20%、53.86%、59.87%和40.61%,远高于其他2个处理.变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）分析显示,在嗜热期,真菌种群对于木质纤维素生物降解的作用比细菌种群更加突出,并且受到总磷含量、pH、碱解氮含量和碳氮比的显著影响.研究显示,分阶段接菌可以显著提高堆体温度及堆体中木质纤维素降解酶活性,促进堆体腐熟进程及堆肥产品中腐殖质等养分积累.      

Bioamendment of petroleum contaminated ultisol: effect on oil content, heavy metals and pH of tropical soil

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＭｏｓｔｓｏｉｌｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎｓｉｔｕａｔｉｏｎｓｉｎｖｏｌｖｅｓｅｖｅｒａｌｐｏｌｌｕｔａｎｔｓａｃｔｉｎｇｓｉｍｕｌｔａｎｅｏｕｓｌｙ .Ｔｈｅｐｒａｃｔｉｃａｌａｓｓｅｓｓｍｅｎｔｏｆｔｈｅｏｖｅｒａｌｌｔｏｘｉｃｉｔｙｈａｓｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅｒｅｍａｉｎｅｄａｍａｊｏｒｐｒｏｂｌｅｍ .ＡｍｏｎｇｔｈｅｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆｅｘｐｌｏｒａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓｉｎｏｉｌｐｒｏｄｕｃｉｎｇｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｉｅｓｉｎＮｉｇｅ…     

Effect of aeration rate on composting of penicillin mycelial dreg

Pilot scale experiments with forced aeration were conducted to estimate effects of aeration rates on the performance of composting penicillin mycelial dreg using sewage sludge as inoculation. Three aeration rates of 0.15, 0.50 and 0.90 L/(min·kg) organic matter(OM) were examined. The principal physicochemical parameters were monitored during the 32 day composting period. Results showed that the higher aeration rate of 0.90 L/(min·kg) did not corresponded to a longer thermophilic duration and higher rates of OM degradation;but the lower aeration rate of 0.15 L/(min·kg) did induce an accumulation of NH+4-N contents due to the inhibition of nitrification. On the other hand, aeration rate has little effect on degradation of penicillin. The results show that the longest phase of thermophilic temperatures ≥ 55°C, the maximum NO-3-N content and seed germination, and the minimum C/N ratio were obtained with 0.50 L/(min·kg) OM. Therefore, aeration rates of0.50 L/(min·kg) OM can be recommended for composting penicillin mycelial dreg.     

Effects of metal ions on the catalytic degradation of dicofol by cellulase

A new technique whereby cellulase immobilized on aminated silica was applied to catalyze the degradation of dicofol, an organochlorine pesticide. In order to evaluate the performance of free and immobilized cellulase, experiments were carried out to measure the degradation efficiency. The Michaelis constant, K_m, of the reaction catalyzed by immobilized cellulase was 9.16 mg/L, and the maximum reaction rate, V_max, was 0.40 mg/L/min, while that of free cellulase was K_m = 8.18 mg/L, and V_max = 0.79 mg/L/min, respectively. The kinetic constants of catalytic degradation were calculated to estimate substrate affinity. Considering that metal ions may affect enzyme activity, the effects of different metal ions on the catalytic degradation efficiency were explored. The results showed that the substrate affinity decreased after immobilization. Monovalent metal ions had no effect on the reaction, while divalent metal ions had either positive or inhibitory effects, including activation by Mn^2 +, reversible competition with Cd^2 +, and irreversible inhibition by Pb^2 +. Ca^2 + promoted the catalytic degradation of dicofol at low concentrations, but inhibited it at high concentrations. Compared with free cellulase, immobilized cellulase was affected less by metal ions. This work provided a basis for further studies on the co-occurrence of endocrine-disrupting chemicals and heavy metal ions in the environment.     

磺胺甲噁唑对猪粪堆肥过程中堆料性质与酶活性的影响

以猪粪、小麦秸秆为材料,研究了磺胺甲噁唑（SMZ）对高温堆肥过程中理化性质（温度、pH值、E₄/E₆）和酶活性（纤维素酶、磷酸酶、脲酶、多酚氧化酶）的影响.结果表明：SMZ对堆肥理化性质的影响与其浓度有关.高浓度（95 mg·kg^-1）SMZ会对微生物活性产生显著抑制作用,表现出堆肥温度难以达到无害化标准,堆料pH值较低（<9.0）.但高浓度（95 mg·kg^-1）SMZ能激活多酚氧化酶活性,且水提浸液E₄/E₆值较低.在堆肥过程中,SMZ对纤维素酶和脲酶活性呈现出“抑制-激活-抑制”的作用,50 mg·kg^-1的SMZ对纤维素酶产生不同程度的激活作用.相比之下,脲酶活性对SMZ的敏感性比纤维素酶更敏感,5 mg·kg^-1的SMZ即能显著抑制脲酶活性,中浓度（50 mg·kg^-1）的SMZ对碱性磷酸酶活性产生了显著的抑制作用.综上,SMZ通过影响酶活性而影响堆肥过程的物质转化.此外,SMZ浓度越大,种子发芽指数越低.当SMZ≥50 mg·kg^-1时,堆肥难以腐熟而对植物毒性较大.     

土霉素降解菌TJ-1在猪粪无害化处理中的作用

利用普通理化分析结合Biolog微平板技术研究了土霉素高效降解菌Staphylococcus sp.TJ-1在新鲜猪粪无害化处理中的作用.结果表明,土霉素高效降解菌的接种能显著提高猪粪中土霉素的降解效率(p＜0.05),21d堆肥结束时可将土霉素降解率从62.7％提升至82.0％.堆肥结束后,不接种降解菌的普通堆肥工艺和接种降解菌的高效堆肥工艺中NH+4-N含量分别为189.34、42.36 mg·kg-1,NO-3-N含量分别为439.38、238.06 mg·kg-1.Biolog结果显示,土霉素降解菌TJ-1对土霉素中碳源的代谢有利于堆体中氨基酸类及芳香族化合物等氮源的降解,缓解了堆体中有毒有害物质对其他微生物的损伤,保证了微生物群落的多样性和活性,对维护堆体生态系统的稳定性具有良好作用.因此,接种高效降解菌进行堆肥是一种良好的消除抗生素残留的猪粪无害化工艺.     

Nitrogen transformations during pig manure composting

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＩｎｒｅｃｅｎｔｙｅａｒｓ,ｉｎｔｅｎｓｉｖｅａｎｉｍａｌｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｈａｓｒｅｓｕｌｔｅｄｉｎｈｉｇｈｄｅｎｓｉｔｙｏｆａｎｉｍａｌｓｉｎｓｍａｌｌａｒｅａｓ,ｐｒｏｄｕｃｉｎｇｌａｒｇｅｑｕａｎｔｉｔｉｅｓｏｆｗａｓｔｅｗｉｔｈｉｎｓｕｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔｎｅａｒｂｙｌａｎｄｆｏｒａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎ .ＩｎＨｏｎｇＫｏｎｇ ,ｔｈｅｐｉｇｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙｈａｓｓｅｅｎａｓｔｅａｄｙｇｒｏｗｔｈｉｎｒｅｃｅｎｔｙｅａｒｓ .Ｉｔｒｅｓｕｌｔｅｄｉｎｉｎｄｉｓｃｒｉｍｉｎ…     

餐厨降解菌的生物特性研究

为了研究餐厨降解菌的生物特性,选取耐盐性、基质迁移性及其在餐厨降解中的酶活特性展开研究,以此来揭示各菌种在降解过程中的优势特性及其各自发挥的作用.结果表明,混合菌产酶优于单菌种;菌株在2.5%NaCl浓度下可正常生长,耐盐性排序为:博德特氏菌(Bordetella petrii)汉氏硝化细菌(Nitrobacter hamburgensis)螺旋巴克斯霉(Backusella circina),迁移性排序为:博德特氏菌(Bordetella petrii)汉氏硝化细菌(Nitrobacter hamburgensis)螺旋巴克斯霉(Backusella circina).综合来看,博德特氏菌在降解前期作用明显,蔗糖酶活后期保持稳定表明堆肥矿质化趋于稳定,脱氢酶和多酚氧化酶活在后期逐步降低并趋于稳定表明堆肥腐熟性良好且稳定.     

Turnover and loss of nitrogenous compounds during composting of food wastes

Few people have so far explored into the research of the dynamics of various nitrogenous compounds (including water-soluble nitrogen) in composting of food wastes. This study aimed to investigate the solid-phase nitrogen, water-soluble nitrogen, nitrogen loss together with ammonia volatilization in the process of food wastes composting. A laboratory scale static aerobic reactor in the experiment was employed in the composting process of a synthetic food waste, in which sawdust was used as the litter amendment. In the experiment, oxygen was supplied by continuous forced ventilation for 15 days. The results have shown that the concentrations of total nitrogen and organic nitrogen decrease significantly in the composting process, whereas NH₄ ⁺-N concentration increases together with little fluctuation in NO₃ ⁻-N. After composting, the total content of the water-soluble nitrogen compounds in the compost greatly increased, the total nitrogen loss amounted to 50% of the initial nitrogen, mainly attributed to ammonia volatilization. 56.7% of the total ammonia volatilization occurred in the middle and late composting of the thermophilic stage. This suggested that the control at the middle and late composting of thermophilic stage is the key to nitrogen loss in the food waste compost. __________ Translated from Environmental Science and Technology, 2006, 29(12): 54–56, IV–V [译自: 环境科学与技术]     

四环素对人粪便好氧堆肥过程及微生物群落演替的影响

以人粪便和锯末为实验材料,研究了四环素(TC)对好氧堆肥过程中理化性质、酶活性以及微生物群落演替的影响.实验共设4个处理:CK(不添加TC)、TC100(100 mg·kg~(-1)TC)、TC250(250 mg·kg~(-1)TC)和TC500(500 mg·kg~(-1)TC).采用高通量16S rRNA基因测序技术对堆肥中微生物群落结构进行分析.结果表明,TC对堆肥理化性质的影响与其浓度有关,堆肥中TC浓度的增加显著抑制了堆肥温度的升高,增加了水溶性碳(WSC)的残留,降低了种子发芽率(GI)并抑制了脱氢酶活性(DHA).堆肥温度、WSC、GI和DHA等堆肥参数都可以用来表征堆肥的腐熟度,以上结果表明堆肥中TC浓度高达500 mg·kg~(-1)时,TC阻碍了人粪便好氧堆肥过程并影响堆肥产物的腐熟.而且,TC浓度的增加显著改变了堆肥中的微生物群落演替,降低了微生物的多样性和丰度.TC对堆肥过程和堆肥产物腐熟的主要不利影响是对微生物群落结构的干扰和对生物活性的抑制.     

利用DGGE-菌落原位杂交法分离土壤中精喹禾灵降解菌

从自然环境中分离到的可降解农药的土著微生物,因其对环境的友好性及原位修复的可行性,受到了高度关注.为从土壤中筛选精喹禾灵降解菌株,首先利用PCR-DGGE技术分析了除草剂精喹禾灵胁迫下土壤细菌群落结构及多样性的变化.结果表明,添加精喹禾灵后,土壤细菌群落结构发生了明显的改变.精喹禾灵使细菌多样性呈现出增加-减少-增加的变化趋势,其中第9 d变化最大,后期趋于稳定.根据DGGE图谱条带的测序结果推断,Pseudomonas、Massilia、Burkholderia等属中的细菌对精喹禾灵具有耐受性或降解潜力,这些微生物类群可作为减少农药残留的土著微生物资源进行分离筛选.根据条带的测序结果,合成了地高辛(Digoxigenin)标记的探针,并进行了菌落原位杂交,筛选到了3株具有降解潜力的菌株,其中L1可以利用精喹禾灵作为唯一碳源生长,经16S rRNA基因鉴定该菌株属于假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.).利用高效液相色谱法测定了菌株L1在无机盐培养基中降解精喹禾灵的效果.结果表明,培养7 d后,精喹禾灵的含量减少了近50%,且随着精喹禾灵含量的降低,L1菌体数量增加,证实了菌株L1具有降解精喹禾灵的能力.这一结果为今后研究菌株L1降解精喹禾灵的机制、功能基因等奠定了基础.     

Comparison the effects of bioaugmentation versus biostimulation on marine microbial community by PCR–DGGE: A mesocosm scale

In order to better understand the effects of biostimulation and bioaugmentation processes on a marine microbial community, three different mesocosm experiments were planned. Natural seawater(10.000 L) was artificially polluted with crude oil(1 L) and(1) inorganic nutrients(Biostimulating Mesocosm, BM),(2) inorganic nutrients and an inoculum of Alcanivorax borkumensis SK2(Single Bioaugmentation Mesocosm, SBM),(3) inorganic nutrients and inoculums of A. borkumensis SK2 and Thalassolituus oleivorans MIL-1(Consortium Bioaugmentation Mesocosm, CBM). During the experimental period(20 days), samples were taken from each mesocosm and the community structure was analyzed by PCR–DGGE. The 16 S r RNA gene DGGE banding patterns and sequence analysis demonstrated that biostimulation had the lowest effect on microbial biodiversity in the mesocosms; however, the biodiversity of the marine microbial community dramatically decreased in the CBM(Shannon index was 0.6 in T3). The community structures among the three mesocosms were also markedly different,and major bacteria derived from DGGE bands were related to uncultured Gamma Proteobacteria. The biodegradation results show that the Single Bioaugmentation Mesocosm(SBM) system had the highest percentage of degradation(95%) in comparison to the BM mesocosm(80%) and CBM(70%).     

外源酶对秸秆堆肥进程的影响及腐熟度模糊评价

为探讨外源酶制剂对秸秆堆肥腐熟进程的影响,通过模拟堆肥试验研究了分别添加纤维素酶、蛋白酶,以及纤维素酶与蛋白酶混合添加情况下堆肥各项指标的动态变化规律,并利用模糊综合评价法对堆肥腐熟度进行了评价.结果表明,纤维素酶与蛋白酶配合使用对堆肥中纤维素的降解及氮素释放都有较强的促进效果,与对照处理相比,纤维素含量降低了14.9%,C/N降低了18.4%,发芽指数提高了6.0%;单施外源纤维素酶主要是促进了纤维素类物质降解速率,显著提高了发芽指数;单施外源蛋白酶则显著促进了含氮物质的分解,铵态氮及硝态氮含量提高;通过对E4/E6、NH+4-N、NO-3-N、C/N、发芽指数等指标进行模糊综合评价,得出纤维素酶与蛋白酶的配合使用对于促进堆肥腐熟效果最佳,其次是纤维素酶堆肥和蛋白酶堆肥,常规堆肥腐熟程度最低.可见,纤维素酶与蛋白酶配合使用对堆肥腐熟有更好的促进效果,可以推测外源纤维素酶和蛋白酶对于促进堆肥腐熟具有协同作用.     

堆肥化处理TNT红水污染土壤

DNTS[二硝基甲苯磺酸盐,主要包括2,4-DNT-3-SO₃-(2,4-二硝基甲苯-3-磺酸盐)和2,4-DNT-5-SO₃-(2,4-二硝基甲苯-5-磺酸盐]是TNT (2,4,6-三硝基甲苯)红水污染土壤中主要污染物质,为研究堆肥化对土壤中DNTS的降解效果,采用有机废物堆肥方法,探讨堆肥化对TNT红水污染土壤中DNTS降解的可行性,以及温度、含水率和pH变化对降解效果的影响.结果表明,有机废物堆肥能处理TNT红水污染土壤,在堆肥60 d内,5个堆肥体系(猪粪+木屑、猪粪+麦壳、污泥+木屑、污泥+麦壳和马粪+木屑)对2,4-DNT-3-SO₃-的降解率为65.5%~88.4%,对2,4-DNT-5-SO₃-的降解率为60.9%~100%.在第4天各堆肥体系的高温阶段(29.7~53.6℃),5个堆肥化体系中2,4-DNT-3-SO₃-总量的49.5%~67.3%被降解,说明各堆体的中温-高温阶段对有机物的降解起重要作用.堆体含水率随堆肥时间的延长呈下降趋势,在堆肥第8天,外源补水至体系含水率为50%,猪粪+麦壳体系对2,4-DNT-3-SO₃-的降解率从70.2%增至88.4%,说明适当的外源补水可提高2,4-DNT-3-SO₃-的降解率.5个堆肥体系中pH均呈初期上升、后期下降并趋于稳定的趋势,但在整个堆肥过程中,堆体pH始终保持在7.3~8.3之间.研究显示,5个堆肥体系中猪粪+麦壳体系对DNTS的降解率最高,分别为88.4%和100%.      

CO2 capture performance of bi-functional activated bleaching earth modified with basic-alcoholic solution and functionalization with monoethanolamine: isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamics

CO_2 capture performance of bifunctional activated bleaching earth(ABE) was investigated at atmospheric pressure. The sorbents were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction(XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller(BET), Caron-Hydrogen-Nitrogen analysis(CHN), Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR) and thermal gravimetric analysis(TGA). The CO_2 capacity was enhanced via basic-modification and monoethanolamine(MEA) loading of the ABE sorbent to obtain a bifunctional surface property. Here, basic-modified calcined ABE with a 30 wt.%MEA loading(SAB-30) showed the highest CO_2 capture capacity, but this was decreased with excess MEA loading( 30 wt.%). At a 10%(V/V) initial CO_2 concentration feed, the maximum capacity of SAB-30 increased from 2.71 mmol/g at 30℃(without adding moisture to the feed) to 3.3 mmol/g at 50℃ when adding 10%(V/V) moisture to the feed. Increasing the moisture concentration further reduced the maximum CO_2 capacity due to the blocking effect of the excess moisture on the sorbent surface. However, SAB-30 could completely capture CO_2 even in a 100%(V/V) initial CO_2 concentration feed. A maximum CO_2 capacity of5.7 mmol/g for SAB-30 was achieved at 30℃. Varying the ratio of sorbent weight to total flow rate of the gas stream had no discernible effect on the equilibrium CO_2 capture capacity. Avrami's equation and Toth's isotherm model provided a good fitting for the data and suggested the presence of more than one reaction pathway in the CO_2 capture process and the heterogeneous adsorption surface of SAB-30. Thermodynamics studies revealed that CO_2 capture on the bifunctional SAB-30 is feasible, spontaneous and exothermic in nature.     

磺胺抗性消长与堆肥进程的交互特征

基于添加和不添加磺胺药[m(磺胺二甲嘧啶SM2)∶m(磺胺-6-甲氧嘧啶SMM)=1∶1]的好氧堆肥试验,分析堆肥过程中鸡粪理化性质、微生物群落代谢特征、磺胺抗生素以及5种抗性基因变化,探明磺胺抗性消长与堆肥过程的交互特征.结果表明,磺胺药添加抑制了堆肥基础呼吸,延长了堆体达到高温的时间,减缓了养分转化速度,显著影响堆肥中期微生物群落结构特征.鸡粪中SMM和SM2在堆肥14 d内即可完全降解,且SMM降解速率高于SM2.随堆肥进行,sul1和sul2呈先下降后轻微回升的趋势,磺胺药添加对sul1和Int I1丰度无明显提高作用,但可促进sul2扩散.堆肥过程中,tet Q和tet W变化与磺胺抗性基因不同,但磺胺药添加亦增加tet Q和tet W相对丰度.冗余分析结果显示,温度与sul1、sul2和Int I1明显负相关,与tet Q和tet W无明显相关性;5种抗性基因相对丰度均与碳氮比和硝态氮含量负相关,与p H、含水率和铵态氮含量正相关.     

The roles of active species in photo-decomposition of organic compounds by microwave powered electrodeless discharge lamps

Knowledge of the effective radiation spectrum irradiating substrates from microwave powered electrodeless discharge lamps(MEDLs), and the active species that directly oxidize substrates in the photolytic process, is fragmentary and unclear. In this work, we conducted a comparative study using MEDLs made with quartz envelopes(MEDL-quartz) and with borosilicate Pyrex envelopes(MEDL-Pyrex) targeting the degradation of Rhodamine B(Rh B)via radical-extinguishing tests. We found that UVC/UVB radiation is essential to generate·OH and H2O2 in the MEDL-quartz system. The degradation of Rh B mostly originates from·OH species, which account for a contribution of 53.8%, while the remaining contribution is attributed to oxidation by H2O2 and direct photolysis. This degradation is influenced by several parameters. Acidic and neutral p Hs, but not extreme alkaline p H, benefit the degradation. To ensure a high intensity of UVC/UVB, the optimum ratio of the MEDL volume to the aqueous solution volume(VL/VS) is 0.4. Concentrations of 0.15–0.20 mmol/L of Rh B are suitable to obtain an effective quantum absorbance in the MEDL-quartz system,showing a high decomposition rate of 5.6 × 10-3(mmol/L)min-1. Moreover, two other substrates, Reactive Brilliant Red X-3B and Safranine T, were tested and found to be efficiently degraded in the MEDL-quartz system.     

堆肥嗜热纤维素分解菌的筛选鉴定及其强化堆肥研究

对采集于农业堆肥高温期的微生物样品进行30d的高温驯化,驯化完成后从中筛选得到15株嗜热纤维素分解菌,经形态学特征、生理生化反应及16S rDNA序列同源性比对鉴定为:Bacillus sp3株,Paenibacillus sp1株,Bacillus licheniformis3株,Bacillus subtilis4株,Brevibacillus borstelensis1株,Bacillus coagulans3株.将筛选得到的菌种添加至高纤维素含量的堆体进行效果验证,结果表明添加嗜热纤维素分解菌对堆肥pH变化无显著影响,但可提高堆肥高温期温度、延长高温期并显著地降低堆肥产品的C/N和有机质含量,显著降低纤维素和半纤维素含量,加快堆肥腐熟.堆体有机质降解动力学结果表明,堆体接菌和不接菌处理的有机质最大降解度分别为62.5481%和61.7101%,速率常数分别为0.1250d-1和0.1051d-1,接菌处理的堆肥比对照堆肥提前6d达到稳定.研究表明,添加筛选的嗜热纤维素分解菌能缩短堆肥周期.     

过磷酸钙和腐烂苹果联合添加对猪粪堆肥过程中碳素转化和腐熟的影响

调控堆肥过程中CO_2的排放,对于保证堆肥进程的有效进行和减少碳素损失具有重要意义.本文以过磷酸钙和腐烂苹果为添加剂,共设置4个处理:不添加添加剂(CK)、过磷酸钙处理(P)、腐烂苹果处理(A)及混合添加处理(1/2过磷酸钙+1/2腐烂苹果,PA),研究在自制堆肥反应箱猪粪堆肥过程中碳素转化特征及其对堆肥腐熟的影响.结果表明,单加过磷酸钙处理进入高温期的时间晚于其他处理3～4 d,而混合添加处理并没有出现高温期推迟的现象.整个堆肥过程中,CK、P、A和PA处理CO_2-C的累积排放量分别占起始碳素的37.0%、33.0%、40.1%和36.7%,碳素损失分别为54.1%、50.3%、59.4%和55.7%.虽然单加过磷酸钙处理降低了堆肥中碳素损失,但却抑制了有机质的降解,增加了电导率值,而混合添加处理促进了有机质的降解,并使腐殖质含量较对照提高了11.8%.此外,单加过磷酸钙处理的种子发芽指数在40 d时才达到80%,而混合添加处理在24 d时已达到80%.综上分析,1/2过磷酸钙+1/2腐烂苹果联合添加是一种可行的畜禽粪便堆肥添加剂使用方法.