氧化铝载体下二氧化氯催化氧化处理印染废水

研究了二氧化氯化学氧化体系和二氧化氯催化氧化体系。实验结果表明:单用二氧化氯化学氧化处理COD为2700mg/L的活性艳红染料配制废水时,最佳反应pH值为10,氧化剂经济用量为800mgClO2/L废水,反应时间为30min,COD去除率可达63%左右,氧化指数(COD削减量∶ClO2投加量)=2.18。当二氧化氯与自制催化剂所组成的催化氧化体系用于对活性艳红染料配制废水的处理时,最佳反应pH值为10左右,氧化剂经济用量为1000mgClO2/L废水,反应时间为90min,COD去除率可达83.4%,氧化指数=2.25。结果表明,二氧化氯催化氧化法是一种新型高效的处理难降解废水的技术,有着广阔的应用前景。     

高浓度乳化废水处理中铜系催化剂催化活性比较

研究了几种铜系列催化剂在高浓度乳化废水进行湿式氧化(WAO)和催化湿式氧化(CWAO)处理中的效果。在160～240℃反应温度条件下,以CODcr,和TOC为参数,系统考查了均相/多相催化剂的催化性能,筛选出具有优良催化性能的过渡金属多相催化剂。结果表明,在温度200℃和初始氧分压P。1.2MPa条件下,控制氧化反应2h,无催化剂存在时,乳化废水的CODcr去除率为75％,TOC去除率为66%;均相催化剂[Cu(NO3)2]具有很好的氧化催化能力;当使用Cu/Alumina或Mn-Ce/Alumina催化剂时,CODcr去除率分别89.5％和84.2％,TOC去除率则分别达到了81.7％和81.2％;与WAO同等CODcr及TOC去除率水平相比,借助Cu/Alumina催化剂,CWAO反应温度可降低30℃左右。初步探讨了湿式氧化出水的可生化性。     

催化氧化—碱渣回流深度处理高浓度染料废水

在多种酸碱染料废水进行混合、中和的基础上,以铁屑为催化剂,H_2O_2为氧化剂,控制适当的pH,进行催化氧化,破坏染料分子结构,再辅以石灰碱渣回流中和,炉渣过滤,出水中有机质和色度均可大幅度下降,COD_(cr)的去除率>95％,色度去除率>99％。     

高浓度有机化工废水处理新技术——催化氧化

提出了一种处理高浓度有机化工废水中COD、色度的新技术。该技术是用二氧化氯为氧化剂，在自制催化剂存在的条件下将废水中的有机物氧化分解，COD去除率≥70%，色度去除率≥95％，一般高浓度有机废水经该法处理后接续生化可以达标。     

高浓度有机化工废水处理新技术--催化氧化

本文提出了一种处理高浓度有机化工废水中COD、色度的有效新技术，该技术是用二氧化氯为氧化剂，在自制催化剂存在的条件下将废水中的有机物氧化分解，COD去除率≥70%，色度去除率≥95％，一般高浓度有机废水用本法处理后接续生化处理可以达标。     

高级催化氧化法降解有机工业废水的研究

用煤灰渣加入活性组分复合成催化剂,以H₂O₂作为氧化剂处理有机工业废水.结果表明,该方法对有机工业废水具有很高的处理效率.在ρ(H₂O₂)/ρ(COD_Cr)为0.6,pH为4,反应2 h条件下,COD_Cr去除率可达83%以上.该催化剂是以一定粒度的燃煤锅炉废渣为载体,加入FeSO₄, MnO₂, Al₂O₂和SiO₂多种活性组分复合而成.      

Al2O3负载Cu2O-臭氧催化氧化芴酮生产废水

以Al2O3负载Cu2O为催化剂,研究芴酮废水在臭氧条件下的氧化降解反应,为芴酮废水的治理提供一种新的处理方法。研究表明,Al2O3负载Cu2O的催化剂加速了臭氧氧化反应,使芴酮废水的氧化降解加快。影响芴酮废水氧化降解的主要因素有臭氧流量、废水的pH值、催化剂用量以及反应器的高度等。加大臭氧流量及增加催化剂用量,均有利于芴酮废水的降解。处理3 L芴酮废水时适宜的反应条件：臭氧流量为25 mg/h,催化剂用量为20 g,反应器的高度H为1 600 mm,废水初始pH为11。在该条件下1.75 h,废水的脱色率为91.2%,COD去除率为90.5%。     

非均相芬顿氧化处理乙二醛废水的初步研究

以乙二醛废水为处理对象,采用将Fe3+负载在活性炭纤维为载体的催化剂,以H_2O_2为氧化剂,初步研究了非均相芬顿氧化技术对于乙二醛废水的处理效果,并与均相芬顿氧化处理方法作比较。结果表明:非均相芬顿氧化技术比均相芬顿氧化法处理乙二醛废水的效果更好,不仅大大提高COD_(Cr)、甲醛的去除率以及双氧水利用率,还能较大程度降低氧化后的产泥量。     

粉煤灰基催化剂深度处理印染废水的研究

采用粉煤灰基催化剂催化臭氧氧化深度处理印染废水。通过正交试验考察了O3输出体积分数、催化剂的投加量、pH值、反应时间对处理效果的影响,影响程度从大到小依次为:O3输出体积分数>pH值>催化剂投加量>反应时间。并通过单因素实验确定在最佳反应条件下:O3的输出体积分数为40%(即质量浓度为9.22 mg/L),催化剂的投加量为4 g,pH值为6.5,反应时间为60 min;COD的去除率能从单独臭氧氧化的41.44%提高到73.87%,色度去除率也能达到98%。各项指标均达到了印染废水的回用要求。     

催化湿式过氧化氢法处理三氯吡啶酚模拟废水

研究催化湿氧化法处理三氯吡啶酚模拟废水的过程,考察了温度、氧化剂用量及催化剂对反应过程及污染物降解的影响。结果表明:WPO和CWPO均能降解三氯吡啶酚模拟废水。当催化剂为6 g/L,进水质量浓度为5 000 mg/L,过氧化氢用量为15.26 mL/L,反应温度为160℃,反应120 min后,STCP去除率可达98.1%。经CWPO法预处理后的废水进行生物处理,其可生化性明显提高。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn(Ⅱ) on the growth of a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

Toxic effect of Zn(Ⅱ) on a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidasa) in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated.The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C.pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples (without adding any clay or Zn(Ⅱ)).When Zn(Ⅱ) was added,the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples,which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn(Ⅱ) concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ) on the clays.When the solution system was diluted,the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn(Ⅱ) concentration as in the diluted system.This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn(Ⅱ) from the zinc-contaminated clays,although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite.Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ) played an important part in its toxicity,and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.