我国清洁生产审核现状分析

清洁生产是我国工业可持续发展的一项重要战略.但目前有些清洁生产审核机构的清洁生产审核工作还存在着“粗放”现象,不利于清洁生产可持续发展.本文结合清洁生产审核现状,针对清洁生产审核过程中存在的问题,进行了系统分析.作者认为,树立群体意识、加强领导的表率作用,对促进我国清洁生产审核工作持续、稳定、健康发展,推进环境污染防治工作具有重要意义.     

化工企业第二轮清洁生产审核的实践与思考

某专用化学品生产企业在内部需求和外部要求的共同作用下启动并完成了第二轮清洁生产审核工作。通过总结第二轮审核工作实践,发现:可从深入总结首轮清洁生产审核工作、重新规划第二轮审核工作内容、选择性完成第二轮审核的平衡建立工作、强化实施清洁生产方案等方面统筹调整第二轮审核工作的工作方式,从而将清洁生产理念持续推进。此外,在持续推进清洁生产审核工作时,需额外关注第二轮审核工作与第一轮审核工作的不同之处,并充分发挥员工积极性以广泛收集合理化建议,为持续推进清洁生产审核工作创造基础条件。     

重庆市积极推进清洁生产,促进经济与环境协调发展

近年来,重庆市认真贯彻落实<中华人民共和国清洁生产促进法>和<国务院关于推进重庆市统筹城乡改革和发展的意见>(国发[2009]3号)等法规,文件要求,把推行清洁生产作为加快企业技术进步、发展循环经济以及实现"十一五"节能减排目标的重要举措,着力开展工业企业清洁生产审核,促进全市企业污染防治由末端治理为主向以源头削减转变,取得明显成效.     

山东:规范强化重点企业污染减排

近年来,山东省环保厅认真贯彻实施<清洁生产促进法>,以重点企业强制性清洁生产审核为抓手,把推动重点污染行业和企业实施清洁生产作为落实科学发展观、转变经济发展方式、调整产业结构,实现污染物减排目标的重要举措.     

浙江省余姚市电镀企业清洁生产审核绩效后评估的思考

2010年颁布的环保部《关于深入推进重点企业清洁生产的通知》要求电镀企业开展两年一轮的清洁生产审核,针对清洁生产审核取得的成绩进行再次验证和评估管理的过程,通过该工作的实施,可检验清洁生产方案实施的绩效,巩固电镀企业污染整治成效,对余姚市电镀行业的可持续发展具有重要的意义。     

健全清洁生产法规 助推绿色发展之路——《清洁生产审核办法》解读

随着清洁生产审核制度的深度推进及2012年《清洁生产促进法》的修改,清洁生产审核制度在诸多方面表现出创新和调整的需求。2016年5月16日,国家发改委和环境保护部发布了《清洁生产审核办法》(38号令)。本文针对《清洁生产审核办法》的修订背景、总体框架和内容及主要亮点进行了分析,同时结合有效贯彻实施办法,提出了进一步做好清洁生产审核制度实施技术支撑的相关建议。     

推动法规修订 保障清洁生产审核有效开展——《清洁生产审核暂行办法》修订的研究与分析

清洁生产审核制度作为我国近年来推进清洁生产主要的途径和手段,在2002年颁布实施的《清洁生产促进法》(以下简称《促进法》)中就被写进了法律条款中,具有明确的法律依据。2004年,国家发改委和原国家环境保护总局按照法律要求制定、颁布了《清洁生产审核暂行办法》(16号令),规定了清洁生产审核范围、实施、组织和管理、奖励和处罚要求,指导全国清洁生产审核工     

清洁生产审核验收标准框架研究

清洁生产审核作为实施清洁生产的重要手段已得到社会的广泛认同,但与之相配套的清洁生产审核验收标准的制定相对滞后,阻碍了清洁生产审核工作的规范化、制度化进程.本文结合清洁生产审核的实际,对清洁生产审核验收标准的框架进行了分析和研究,为清洁生产审核验收标准的早日建立提供一些科学依据.     

关于编制清洁生产审核报告的几点思考

清洁生产审核报告是清洁生产审核工作的重要成果,本文在分析编写清洁生产审核报告的意义及作用的基础上,结合实际工作经验,对清洁生产审核报告编制易出现的问题进行了思考,并探讨其解决途径,以便提高清洁生产审核报告的编写质量。     

重庆:全面推进强制性清洁生产审核

近年来,重庆市把清洁生产审核作为摸清企业产污排污状况,淘汰落后产能,调整技术工艺,优化产业布局,削减污染物排放总量,提高企业清洁生产水平的有效手段,将清洁生产审核与环境管理各项制度相结合,系统、整体推进重点行业开展企业清洁生产审核工作,取得了一定成效.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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