克拉玛依生态廊道植被恢复途径探讨

克拉玛依是我国重要的石油城市,为我国的现代化建设提供了大量的能源物质。克拉玛依市地处温带干旱荒漠区,气候环境恶劣,自然灾害频繁,加上一系列人为不合理开发利用,导致生境恶化。《克-白新区绿地系统规划》依据克-白城镇城市发展空间格局、大型基础设施布局和自然地貌特征,提出需要建立多层次、多功能的绿地系统结构。其中,贯穿于克白城镇组群间的12条生态廊道是重要的绿地结构层次,它与区域内各类绿地共同构成完整的城市生态安全屏障。本文章提出城市外围生态廊道植被恢复一系列途径和对策,旨在为保障城市生态安全、建设宜居城市、实现城市可持续健康发展提供科学参考。     

和田的混农林业

和田地区属极端干旱荒漠区，生境十分严酷。实现农田林网化后，为进一步改善农业生产条件和充分利用农业自然资源，结合林种和树种结构的调整，形成了以农田林网为骨架，绿洲边缘或内部失荒地薪炭养畜林，绿洲内部形式多样的农村复合经营以及庭院经济等构成的混农林业，获得了显著的生态、经济和社会效益。     

鞍山铁矿植被恢复中物种选择的探讨

通过对鞍山市铁矿岩土理化性质的分析，探讨铁矿植被恢复中的物种选择。     

青海经济植物资源简介

青海省地域辽阔,自然条件多变,生境复杂,植被分异强烈,既有暖温或凉温型湿润的森林和高寒灌丛,又有干旱的荒漠森林类型,植物种类大部是青藏高原隆起后遗留的物种,也有从西南、华北、蒙新高原和秦岭侵入的成份,因而野生经济植物资源比较丰富。     

试论荒漠区植被扩展的可能性及其策略

本文从荒漠区的植被现状及荒漠植物对生存环境的适应规律等方面探讨了荒漠区植被扩展的可能性,并进一步提出了扩展荒漠植被的对策;①充分认识荒漠植物对环境的适应规律;②合理利用水资源;③利用或改造微地形;④注意土层给合。     

植被混凝土在官地水电站的试验分析

本文主要对官地水电站高陡边坡植被混凝土前期绿化试验成果进行分析,以寻求在干湿季节明显、雨量集中、干旱季节漫长、温度高、蒸发量大等干热河谷气候特征条件下的最佳生境构筑方法,为官地水电站乃至雅砻江流域水电工程高陡边坡生态恢复提供技术依据。     

《国家重点保护野生植物名录》

【学名】：百山祖冷杉 【别名】：冷杉 【英文名】：Beshanzufir 【保护级别】：国家I级重点保护野生植物，濒危物种 【科目】：松科冷杉属 地理分布百山祖冷杉仅分布于浙江南部庆元县百山祖南坡海拔约1700米的林中，属于濒危物种。由于当地群众有烧垦的习惯，自然植被多被烧毁，分布范围狭窄。加以本种开花结实的周期长，天然更新能力弱。目前，百山祖冷杉自然仅存五株，其中一株衰弱，一株生长不良，极其濒危。     

干旱区绿洲农业生态系统及其物质循环特证

在干旱荒漠区,高山流下的冰雪水滋润了沙漠边缘的土地,形成了一片片绿色植被带,也即自然绿洲。由于人类的开垦灌耕作用,在自然绿洲的基础上出现了繁荣的人造绿洲,也即人们一般所指的绿洲。但也有一些绿洲,是在植被十分稀疏的荒漠地区中开垦出来的,石河子莫这索湾就是这种类型,而石河子附近的绿洲则属前一种类型。     

古尔班通古特沙漠公路扰动带植被恢复研究

古尔班通古特沙漠区域伴随多条沙漠公路的修筑，公路沿线形成了生态扰动带（包括施工扰动带和运营扰动带）。它使地表空气流场改变、地表覆被剥离、风沙源出现、地表径流过程受阻、地表水分重分配以及生境隔离。野外考察和样品分析表明，扰动带的植被恢复取决于消面稳定性、降水的地表分配、时间、地下水位、种源和风场等因素，并初步总结出如下规律：①草方格内部表面沙层的有机质随时间逐渐增多；②草方格固沙措施加速了植被恢复的速度；③迎风坡自然覆沙，种子易于着床和萌发；④路肩上形成长营养期的中生植物，边坡形成旱生植物，路边优动带内的植被恢复情况因水分条件而变化；⑤植被恢复与时间成正比，演替过程为：短命植物、三芒草→蒿类→梭梭或白梭梭。最后提出改进草方格沙障的材料、增加土壤的有机质含量、使用干水、适时播种等恢复措施。     

内蒙探区勘探开发生态影响及恢复措施

以位居草原化荒漠区的达尔其和桑合油区为对象,分析了内蒙探区石油勘探开发过程中占地和污染物两大因素的影响程度、可逆性及时效性,提出了预防管理、工程治理、植被恢复和施工期治理等综合防治措施,并进行了6a的跟踪监测。结果显示：丰富度、盖度、生物量等生态指标随恢复年限呈增长趋势;在植物品质分析中,铅、砷含量自然恢复曲线与背景恢复曲线基本吻合,证明所用原辅物料中没有加入铅、砷等有毒有害材料;因固化作用,人工恢复植被中铅、砷含量分别低于背景值13％和18％。表明人工恢复措施可加快生态恢复效应,3～4a可恢复至背景值。     

Impact of selective herbicide right-of-way vegetation treatment on birds

Power line rights-of-way provide a major portion of the shrub habitat in New York. Since this habitat type is on the decline, many of the birds dependent on shrub habitat are also declining. The methods used to control right-of-way vegetation could therefore have serious impacts on several birds of conservation concern. Since New York is increasingly using selective herbicide treatments in vegetation management, we sought to investigate the potential impacts of these treatments on nesting birds. The study looked at plots in two adjacent rights-of-way before and after a selective herbicide treatment in one of the rights-of-way. We investigated three bird species: alder flycatcher (Empidonax alnorum), chestnut-sided warbler (Dendroica pensylvanica), and gray catbird (Dumetella carolinensis). All three species exhibited a preference for shrub vegetation around nest sites. The selective herbicide treatment did not significantly decrease that shrub vegetation, and neither the density nor the nesting success of the three species declined following the treatment. We conclude that selective herbicide vegetation management encourages the development of shrub habitat without negatively impacting the birds nesting in the habitat.     

Comparing the Use of Indigenous Knowledge with Classification and Ordination Techniques for Assessing the Species Composition and Structure of Vegetation in a Tropical Forest

dentification of groups that are similar in their floristic composition and structure (habitat types) is essential for conservation and forest managers to allocate high priority areas and to designate areas for reserves, refuges, and other protected areas. In this study, the use of indigenous knowledge for the identification of habitat types in the field was compared against an ecological characterization of habitat types, including their species composition obtained by using classification and ordination techniques for a tropical landscape mosaic in a rural Mayan area of Quintana Roo, Mexico. Plant diversity data calculated from 141 sampled sites chosen randomly on a vegetation class’s thematic map obtained by multispectral satellite image classification were used for this propose. Results indicated high similarity in the categorization of vegetation types between the Mayan classification and those obtained by cluster and detrended correspondence analysis. This suggests that indigenous knowledge has a practical use and can be comparable to that obtained by using science-based methods. Finally, identification and mapping of vegetation classes (habitat types) using satellite image classification allowed us to discriminate significantly different species compositions, in such a way that they can provide a useful mechanism for interpolating diversity values over the entire landscape.     

A practical scientific approach to riparian vegetation rehabilitation in Australia

The clearance of indigenous riparian vegetation and removal of large woody debris (LWD) from streams combined with the planting of exotic plant species has resulted in widespread detrimental impacts on the fluvial geomorphology and aquatic ecology of Australian rivers. Vegetation exerts a significant influence on fluvial geomorphology by affecting resistance to flow, bank strength, sediment storage, bed stability and stream morphology and is important for aquatic ecosystem function. As the values of indigenous riparian vegetation are becoming better recognised by Australian river managers, large amounts of money and resources are being invested in the planting of indigenous riparian vegetation as part of river rehabilitation programs. This paper summarises the results of an investigation into the survival, growth and regeneration rates of a series of trial native riparian vegetation plantings on in-channel benches in the Hunter Valley of southeastern Australia. The trials were poorly designed for statistical analysis and the paper highlights a number of shortcomings in the methods used. As a result, a new approach to riparian vegetation rehabilitation is outlined that promotes the use of scientific principles and understanding. Appropriate species should be selected using a combination of remnant vegetation surveys, historical records, palynology and field trials. A number of important factors should be considered in the rehabilitation of riparian vegetation to achieve worthwhile results. These include flood disturbance, vegetation zonation, vegetation succession, substrate composition, corridor planting width, planting techniques, native plant regeneration, LWD recruitment and adaptive ecosystem management. This approach, if adopted, revised and improved by river managers, should result in greater success than has been achieved by previous riparian vegetation rehabilitation efforts in Australia.     

Structure and diversity of Erica ciliaris and Erica tetralix heathlands at different successional stages after cutting

In NW Europe, it is known that cutting is a useful tool for managers with regard to decisions about the conservation and management of wet heathlands. Nevertheless it is rarely described quantitatively in the international literature. In Spain, knowledge about this is scarce or lacking. In this study, twenty communities were selected in Galicia (NW Spain) that would represent from one to four stages of vegetation development after cutting. Two 5?×?5?m plots were established for each stage to characterise the vegetation on the basis of its species composition, frequency values, vertical structure and linear cover features. The Diversity Shannon index was calculated and multivariate analyses were performed. As succession advanced, notable changes were produced in the cover of dominant species, Erica ciliaris and Ulex gallii in the first stages and Erica tetralix and Genista berberidea in mature ones. Also, the species richness decreased because of the reduced number of herbs species in the mature stages and, finally, the cover values are indicators of the degree of vegetation development, together with the other parameters of height, overlayering or diversity. Cutting is a useful tool for management of heathlands because the existence of vegetation units belonging to different succession stages increases the internal diversity of communities. On the other hand, the vertical and horizontal structure reflects the formidable resilience of the vegetation community to this practice. This study offers a global vision of the dynamics of wet heathlands after cutting, with very useful ecological information that can be used by the people responsible for their management.     

Effect of Grazing and Climatic Changes on Alpine Vegetation of Tungnath,Garhwal Himalaya,India

Effect of grazing and changing climate on vegetation composition of alpine pasture at Tungnath, Garhwal Himalaya was observed. Growth form pattern and phytosociological attributes were analyzed during 1988 under grazed (exposed to extensive grazing) and ungrazed (protected from grazing) conditions. These observations were repeated during 1998. It was observed that number of early growing species and long vegetative growth cycle species had increased at both sites in 1998 in comparison to 1988. Further, some species, viz., Poa alpina, Polygonum spp., Ranunculus hirtellus, Anemone spp., are predominantly found near the timberline-subalpine region. These species are less palatable and were present at both sites with higher dominance (TBC) and niche width in 1998 indicating wide distribution of the species along an altitudinal gradient. These observations indicated the migration of these species towards upper slopes of alpine. Species diversity was also higher after ten years. However, it is clear that climatic changes alone are not responsible for these vegetational shifts. In fact, human-induced changes are the main reason for habitat destruction and changes in vegetation composition of the alpine region of Garhwal Himalaya. Before final conclusions can be made, long-term studies on vegetation composition and changes are needed, especially in Himalayan region.     

Measuring Plant Cover in Sagebrush Steppe Rangelands: A Comparison of Methods

Methods that are more cost-effective and objective are needed to detect important vegetation change within acceptable error rates. The objective of this research was to compare visual estimation to three new methods for determining vegetation cover in the sagebrush steppe. Fourteen management units at the US Sheep Experiment Station were identified for study. In each unit, 20 data collection points were selected for measuring plant cover using visual estimation, laser-point frame (LPF), 2 m above-ground-level (AGL) digital imagery, and 100-m AGL digital imagery. In 11 of 14 management units, determinations of vegetation cover differed (P < 0.05). However, when combined, overall determinations of vegetation cover did not differ. Standard deviation, corrected sums of squares, coefficient of variation, and standard error for the 100 m AGL method were half as large as for the LPF and less than the 2-m AGL and visual estimate. For the purpose of measuring plant cover, all three new methods are as good as or better than visual estimation for speed, standard deviation, and cost. The acquisition of a permanent image of a location is an important advantage of the 2 and 100 m AGL methods because vegetation can be reanalyzed using improved software or to answer different questions, and changes in vegetation over time can be more accurately determined. The reduction in cost per sample, the increased speed of sampling, and the smaller standard deviation associated with the 100-m AGL digital imagery are compelling arguments for adopting this vegetation sampling method.     

Resource Selection Probability Functions for Gopher Tortoise: Providing a Management Tool Applicable Across the Species’ Range

The gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) is protected by conservation policy throughout its range. Efforts to protect the species from further decline demand detailed understanding of its habitat requirements, which have not yet been rigorously defined. Current methods of identifying gopher tortoise habitat typically rely on coarse soil and vegetation classifications, and are prone to over-prediction of suitable habitat. We used a logistic resource selection probability function in an information-theoretic framework to understand the relative importance of various environmental factors to gopher tortoise habitat selection, drawing on nationwide environmental datasets, and an existing tortoise survey of the Ft. Benning military base. We applied the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) as an index of vegetation density, and found that NDVI was strongly negatively associated with active burrow locations. Our results showed that the most parsimonious model included variables from all candidate model types (landscape features, topography, soil, vegetation), and the model groups describing soil or vegetation alone performed poorly. These results demonstrate with a rigorous quantitative approach that although soil and vegetation are important to the gopher tortoise, they are not sufficient to describe suitable habitat. More widely, our results highlight the feasibility of constructing highly accurate habitat suitability models from data that are widely available throughout the species’ range. Our study shows that the widespread availability of national environmental datasets describing important components of gopher tortoise habitat, combined with existing tortoise surveys on public lands, can be leveraged to inform knowledge of habitat suitability and target recovery efforts range-wide.     

Species composition and soil erosion on a ski area in Hokkaido,northern Japan

In 1986 and 1987, a study on factors governing revegetation on ski grounds was conducted at Teine ski ground (built in 1971) located near the city of Sapporo in northern Japan. Soil movement, slope gradient, distance from forest edge, vegetation cover, and number of species on the ski ground were examined. Although artificial sowing of exotic plants was undertaken in the whole ground surface at the time of opening, bare land occurred in ca. 50% of surveyed plots and the ski ground was mostly covered with native plants. The number of species was positively correlated to vegetation cover, which was low in the sites where intensive soil erosions occurred in winter. A principal component analysis of plant species distinguished three major groups of factors, i.e., vegetation cover (first axis, contribution rate 30.3%), soil erosion in winter and slope gradient (second, 23.1%), and distance from forest edge (third, 16.3%). The vegetation characteristics on the ski ground were not determined by a single environmental gradient but by the combination of factors described above. In particular, soil movements, which are mostly derived from snowmelt, are considered to be the initiator of vegetation changes.     

Quantitative assessment of tidal wetlands using remote sensing

Effective management of tidal wetlands requires periodic data on the boundaries, extent, and condition of the wetlands. In many states, wetlands are defined wholly, or in combination with other criteria, by the presence of particular emergent halophytic plants. Many important characteristics of the wetlands ecosystem are related directly to the production of emergent plant material or may be inferred from knowledge of the distribution of emergent plant species. Remote-sensing techniques have been applied to mapping of the distribution of wetland vegetation but not to quantitative evaluation of the condition of that vegetation.Recent research in the tidal wetlands of Delaware and elsewhere has shown that spectral canopy reflectance properties can be quantitatively related to the emergent green biomass ofSpartina alterniflora (salt marsh cord grass) throughout the peak growing season (April through September, in Delaware). Periodic measurements of this parameter could be applied to calculations of net aerial primary productivity for large areas ofS. alterniflora marsh in which conventional harvest techniques may be prohibitively time consuming. The method is species specific and, therefore, requires accurate discrimination ofS. alterniflora from other vegetation types. Observed seasonal changes in species spectral signatures are shown to have potential for improving multispectral categorization of tidal wetland vegetation types.     

Woodlot scale: A method for rapid assessment of woodlot values

A method is described for the rapid survey and determination of the ecological value of woodlots. The three dominant tree species in a stand are given a visual ranking that is converted to awoodlot index through the use of species adaptation values. The woodlot index is scaled by presettlement vegetation type to yield awoodlot scale. The ecologically most valuable woodlots in a region are identified by using the woodlot scale and data on woodlot area, human disturbance, and tree density. The woodlot index corresponds closely to results from conventional methods of woodlot surveys. This method should be valuable to land-use planners for environmental impact assessment and regional planning.