GIS技术在区域土壤有机碳储量估算方面的应用--以柴达木盆地为例

目前在估算土壤有机碳储量方面的方法较多,并且都有其各自的特点所在。地理信息系统(GIS)技术作为当今一种在地学统计分析方面具有强大空间分析功能的计算机应用技术,在地学及相关研究领域得到了广泛的应用。文章首次尝试了利用该技术估算柴达木盆地土壤有机碳储量,该方法与其它计算方法相比,有简单、易操作、可视性好等优点。经计算,柴达木盆地的土壤有机碳储量约为62754.442 t,土壤平均碳面密度为6.105 kgm-2。     

中国科学院生态环境研究中心简介

中国科学院生态环境研究中心始建于一九七五年,原名中国科学院环境化学研究所,一九八六年与我院生态学研究中心筹建处合并建成。中国科学院学部委员马世骏研究员任中心名誉主任,庄亚辉研究员任中心主任。 中心的建立,旨在实现环境化学、生物学和地学的互相渗透,发挥多学科、综合性的优势,促进综合研究和解决我国重大生态环境问题。中心的研究方向是:(1)与中国重大生态环境问题相结合,开展局地性的、大区域性的和全球性的生态系统研究,建立     

松嫩盆地资源环境信息系统空间数据库的设计与开发

文章介绍了松嫩盆地资源环境信息系统空间数据库的设计思路，总体目标、构成及功能以及系统建立的关键技术。该系统的建立，使得对松嫩盆地资源开发管理和相关信息的查询、检索更方便，同时对松嫩盆地资源合理开发利用和管理决策提供了科学依据。     

哈尔滨市绿地景观格局与过程的连通性和完整性

城市绿地景观的空间结构和生态过程的研究是城市景观生态系统研究的重要内容和基本特色之一．应用景观生态学原理，在遥感和地理信息系统(GIS)技术支持下对哈尔滨城市现有景观生态格局进行了研究和分析，认为主要存在以下景观生态问题：景观生态连通性低；景观结构单一；绿地面积少，且绿地空间分布不均衡．在现有景观格局基础上，哈尔滨市可望通过以下几个方面改善景观生态过程和格局的连续性：在景观生态战略点开辟新的绿色斑块；建立和完善生态化的水系廊道网络；建立城效绿化网络，连接绿地系统的点、线、面；增加城市绿地系统中的景观异质性和多样性；在城市扩展中维护景观生态过程与格局的连续性．图4表4参19     

基于服务式GIS的区域环境信息系统集成技术与应用

利用面向服务的技术（SOA）,建立环境管理基础数据库系统,实现环境污染源和环境质量信息的共享与应用;利用GIS和数据库技术建立环境污染源与环境质量的分析系统。围绕污染源及其不同应用层次的数据研究建立深层次的挖掘展示与应用平台,并尝试分析了污染源对环境质量的影响。     

网址要览

联合国环境署(UNEP)创办的这个网站汇集了大量的曾被多个机构和网站零星使用的经过仔细研究的环境信息．目的是使查找解决环境问题所需的信息更容易,为科技同行发表评论提供论坛,交流思想和见识。     

计算机网络系统结构设计在环境监测中的应用

天津市环境监测中心计算机网络系统的建立，解决了天津市监测中心与下属19个县站监测信息传递的问题，也改变了以往用报表和软盘上报国家环保总局，国家环境监测总站监测数据的方式，实现了环境监测信息的快速传递和办公自动化管理。     

珠江三角洲典型区景观生态聚类分析

珠海是珠江三角洲地区一个海陆交互作用与人类干扰活动频繁的典型区域。文章以2000年TM数据为基础数据源，编制珠海地区景观类型图，并以镇(区)为基本空间单元将珠海划分为20个景观生态子区，在GIS与景观斑块分析软件Patch Analyst 2．0支持下计算各子区的景观特征指数。通过各子区的景观指数对比分析，探讨研究区范围内景观格局的空间差异，揭示人类活动、自然干扰等各种景观生态机制对区域景观生态的影响。根据各指数反映的景观特征信息，选择平均斑块大小(MPS)、斑块大小变异系数(PSCOV)、边缘密度(ED)、面积加权分维数(AWMPFD)、破碎度指数(F)、多样性指数(SDI)及人为干扰指数(DT)进行珠海景观生态聚类分析，根据聚类分析结果可多层次客观地对珠海地区进行景观生态类型区划分。     

国家环境保护总局南京环境科学研究所网络中心简介

由国家环境保护总局南京环境科学研究所承担的国家“九五”科技攻关项目“环境信息共享示范”和“自然保护区与生物多样性信息共享示范”2专题于2000年11月通过科技部验收。在此基础上建设的环境信息网络中心，自1998年运行以来，受到了广泛关注。中心利用网络新技术，解决了环境信息存取与查询的关键技术难题，对可供社会公众共享的环境信息进行改造、添补，建立了环境基本数据信息系统和基本应用模型体系，设计了属性数据库集中无偿共享与分布式有偿共享并存的信息共享体系，完成了文本型数据的中文全文检索，建立了空间数据库与WebGIS的动态链接。共享数据量达1 180 M。     

基于PCA的森林生物量遥感信息模型研究

森林生物量和遥感多光谱数据、植被指数及地学因子存在相关关系,但这些因子间可能存在着多重相关性,如利用这些因子直接建模估测森林生物量,则可能出现病态模型。因此,文章采用主成分分析方法,提取遥感及地学因子的主成分,再建立主成分与生物量多元线性回归模型,估测森林生物量,达到既可保留多个遥感及地学因子的主要信息,又可避免因子间共线性的问题,以及降维,简化模型的作用。文章以高黎贡山自然保护区常绿阔叶林为研究对象,利用地面样地胸径每木调查数据,结合生物量相对生长式,得样地生物量。利用2006年印度卫星(IRS)数据,包括B2、B3、B4、B5四个波段,提取DVI、NDVI、PVI、RVI、VI3、SLAVI六种植被指数,利用DEM提取海拔、坡度、坡向值共13个遥感及地学因子。在此基础上,提取13个因子的主成分,第一主成分至第五主成分的累计贡献率达98.7%。以前5个主成分值作自变量,建立主成分与地面生物量的回归模型,模型经方差分析及相关性检验,达到显著相关水平,相关系数R=0.7129,可用于森林生物量估测。     

Using GIS for siting artificial reefs—Data issues, problems and solutions: ‘Real World’ to ‘Real World’

As GIS becomes an increasingly more ‘user-friendly’ tool, and more people recognize the benefits of the technology in their work environment, inevitably greater use will be made of it for a wide range of applications. The ease with which a GIS can now be used often overshadows the complexity underlying this technology and the potential difficulties that can (and do) arise when this is not fully understood. In practice, there are two routes open to the application of GIS technology for environmental studies. The first is to commission new data for the research. The second is to make use of existing data sets. Data are at the heart of any GIS application. A detailed knowledge about the data sources, the method of collection, capture, scale and sampling strategy, especially if the data are to be used in any analysis, modelling or simulation studies, is fundamental to any application. Unfortunately, information about data (metadata) is seldom available, especially for archival or legacy data sets. Furthermore, although it is now relatively easy to acquire digital data, to input, store, manipulate and display this data, and to output the results of any GIS analysis in the practical sense, little consideration is given to the problems associated with data quality and how this will ultimately affect present and future analyses and use of the output for planning and decision-making. The need to raise awareness about data quality for applications is set in the context of the development of an environmental database for the Moray Firth. Northeast Scotland, and more specifically the use of selected data sets from the database to aid in the proposed siting of an artificial reef. Using this example, this contribution explores the problems associated with the use of both existing analog and digital data sets as the basis for environmental applications, the problems of data acquisition, data quality, data standards, error and how these can affect the operational use of the data in GIS analyses. The solution to such problems appears to lie with improved error assessment and reporting. The outcome of this contribution is an attempt to offer guidance and solutions to researchers and applications specialists undertaking similar studies, by suggesting to what extent studies, such as the artificial reef siting, can safely make use of existing data sets without risking the problems associated with judgements based on inadequate information, and generated or inherent error.     

Teil V: Das Umweltinformationssystem der Universität Osnabrück

The basis for the first energy and flow analysis of the University of Osnabrück and the resulting ecobalance was an extensive data collection, preparation and processing. To simplify drawing up the balance in the following years and to facilitate an eco-controlling based on this data, a concept for a University’s Environmental Information System (EIS) was developed. It consists of three parts: the operative level includes the data bases of the individual administrative departments; at the central data base level, the ecobalance and the environmental characteristic values are computed; and the processing and presentational level serves as an interface between the data and users. The implementation of the EIS is intended within the framework of the general Management Information System, the development of which was started in 1998.     

Fully integrated approach: an alternative solution of coupling a GIS and diffuse pollution models

As a tool for management, query, visualization and analysis of spatially referred information, GIS has been recognized as a method to aid the modeling of diffuse pollution and visualize the results in a spatial context. A common question in integrating diffuse pollution models and GIS is to choose a suitable coupling approach, in which the feature of diffuse pollution models should be taken into account. In this paper, we report on our experience in coupling a distributed diffuse pollution model with a GIS. A prototype of fully integrated system is developed in this paper. This system has high flexibility, extendibility and great data management efficiency. Differences in applicability of loose coupling, tight coupling and fully integrated approaches are addressed. It is concluded that the fully integrated approach can avoid tanglesome data exchange and routine execution and more robust than loose and tight coupling approaches and is suitable for distributed diffuse pollution modes.     

战略环境影响评价(SEA)在中国的开展—区域环境评价(REA)

实践和研究表明 :传统的环境影响评价 (EIA) ,即在项目层次上开展的EIA ,不尽完美。而包含有战略环境影响评价的新一代EIA体系将很好的弥补项目EIA的不足 ,并且将可持续发展的思想真正贯彻到实际中去。中国在开展环境影响评价方面 ,也逐渐注重两个层次上EIA的开展 ,特别是结合当前发展的新特点 ,开展了区域环境影响评价。文章论证了区域环境评价 ,无论从层次上 ,还是从评价的对象、内容上都是属于战略环境影响的形式。并基于这个观点 ,介绍了区域环评在中国的开展及今后发展应注意的一些问题。     

Integrated maritime policy for the European Union — consolidating coastal and marine information to support maritime spatial planning

Launch of the Integrated Maritime Policy for the European Union in 2007 served as important factor that stimulates consolidation of coastal and marine information to support policy implementation. Policy’s action plan provides approaches for maritime governance, research and planning relevant to information. In particular, roadmap for maritime spatial planning stimulates development of coastal and marine GIS. Article reviews the current general status of coastal and marine systems and puts them in the context of the policy actions. Main focus is on formation of geospatial information platform for integrated assessment and ecosystem-based management of coastal and marine areas. Recent developments in data, indicator and information systems are summarized in European perspective: better characterization of maritime space and marine ecosystems, development of GMES Marine Core service and related in situ data collection; data harmonisation, interoperability and access, promoted by Shared Environmental Information System principles.     

推进GIS在环境规划中应用的探讨

本文在分析了地理信息系统引入环境规划带来的优越性的基础上，通过对目前我国环境领域中ＧＩＳ应用现状及实例研究，得出要深化ＧＩＳ在我国环境科学中的应用，就必须加强ＧＩＳ上的模型分析，并最终建立起ＧＩＳ模型库。     

Constructing meaningful environmental indices: A nonparametric frontier approach

Environmental information disclosure programs seek to motivate firms to reduce their environmental impact. A variety of environmental impacts are reported in these programs and often this information is aggregated into a composite environmental index (CEI) for easier communication. The challenge is to create a meaningful index that allows environmental performance to be compared over time and space without ambiguity. In this paper, we argue that it is important to develop a cardinally meaningful and standardized CEI and use a nonparametric frontier approach to constructing such an index. This approach has the advantage to handle issues associated with data irregularity and the mixed measurability of underlying variables. We apply this approach to constructing a CEI for evaluating the environmental performance of manufacturing facilities in different industrial sectors in Los Angeles based on data from the toxic release inventory. We show how the CEI can be used to improve facility-level environmental performance. A sensitivity analysis is conducted with respect to the uncertainty in data accuracy, which demonstrates the robustness of the nonparametric frontier approach in constructing meaningful environmental indices.     

3S与在线监测技术在环境模型研究中的应用

结合环境信息系统的研究现状和研究实例，首先分析了3S和在线监测技术与环境模型研究结合的必要性，并分析指出了3S、在线监测技术在环境模型研究中潜在的应用范围，然后剖析了3S技术与环境模型研究结合的三阶水平，最后介绍了3S在环境规划模型研究中的理想结合框架。     

System theory formulation of site-specific water quality standards and protocols

Habitat variability makes site-specific considerations a necessity in the specification of water quality standards. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has recognized this in its development of procedures for site-specific modification of national standards. These procedures involves translation of laboratory toxicology data into field situations where such data are often poor predictors of biotoxicity. The whole problem is poorly specified.This paper formulates a system theory approach to better specification of the problems associated with setting water quality standards. A state space model of the general environmental protection problem is presented: Find a set of diagnostic variables whose maintenance within specifiable limits (standards) is both necessary and sufficient to protect all variables of a subject ecosystem. The program for this comprises a site-specific protocol.Stages in such a protocol include (1) choice of diagnostic variables, (2) establishment of necessity and sufficiency for these variables, and (3) determination of standards through (4) toxicity testing. Problems associated with the latter include (a) spatiotemporal variability, system (b) linearity-nonlinearity, and (c) stationarity-nonstationarity, and (d) monitoring for: baseline information, impact detection, determining compliance, establishing causality and making predictions. Each of these problems is structured in terms of the state space model. Then, current procedures of the EPA site-specific methodology are reviewed, and a set of recommendations proposed for their improvement using the system theory formulation to guide further developments.     

公共管理与公众参与策略：于桥水库水质改善项目

环境问题是在人类的发展与资源的开发过程中产生的 ,是多种因素综合作用的结果 ,解决任何一个环境问题都将涉及到若干部门和公众 ,决不是一个部门所能完全胜任的。因此 ,采用公共管理与公众参与的模式解决环境问题 ,是改善环境质量的必然途径 ,是一个政府环境管理能力的综合体现。文章阐述了公共管理与公众参与的内涵、目标、目的、基本原则和实施程序等。