厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥的培养及影响因素

在EGSB反应器中快速启动厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)工艺,总氮去除速率为0.931±0.006 kg/(m~3·d),总氮去除效率为90.5%±0.8%。培养得到厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥和絮状污泥混合物,污泥平均粒径为307.5μm。高质量浓度的NO_2~-(143.25 mg/L)抑制厌氧氨氧化菌活性;N_2H_4可强化厌氧氨氧化,但高质量浓度的N_2H_4抑制厌氧氨氧化菌活性;短期添加丙酸盐(COD质量浓度0~400 mg/L)对厌氧氨氧化速率几乎无影响;厌氧氨氧化速率随Fe~(3+)浓度(0~1.2 mmol/L)的增加而增加。     

上流式厌氧氨氧化反应器氮负荷提升过程中的运行性状

接种厌氧氨氧化(Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation,ANAMMOX)颗粒污泥至上流式厌氧污泥床反应器(Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket,UASB),并控制进水NO_3~--N/NO_2~--N质量比为1∶1。在(33±1)℃下,通过研究不同进水总氮质量浓度(200 mg/L、400mg/L、600 mg/L)和水力停留时间(12 h、8 h、6 h、4 h)下的脱氮效能、污泥形态及微生物群落结构,多维分析上流式ANAMMOX反应器氮负荷提升过程中的运行性状。结果表明,在进水NO_3~--N和NO_2~--N质量浓度均为200 mg/L、总氮质量浓度为400 mg/L、水力停留时间为6h的运行工况下反应器可获得最佳处理效能,NO_3~--N、NO_2~--N和总氮去除负荷分别达到0.76 kg N/(m3·d)、0.75 kg N/(m3·d)和1.32kg N/(m3·d),三者去除率分别为95.0%、93.8%和82.5%。氮负荷提升过程中的污泥形态和微生物群落结构动态变化显示,相较于水力停留时间的缩短,进水总氮质量浓度增加对上流式ANAMMOX反应器运行过程的影响更为显著,其不仅导致了颗粒污泥解聚,还显著降低了微生物种群的多样性和均匀度。核酸测序结果表明,反应器中分布着3种潜在的ANAMMOX优势功能菌,且三者丰度会随进水总氮质量浓度增加而发生明显演替。研究表明,在上流式ANAMMOX反应器氮负荷提升过程中,进水总氮浓度的控制更为关键。     

HRT对厌氧氨氧化系统运行影响及失稳恢复策略

接种厌氧氨氧化颗粒、絮状混合污泥于SBR反应器中。通过调控pH值、温度等参数,实现厌氧氨氧化稳定运行,针对系统失稳现象采取合理策略使其快速恢复,并探究缩短水力停留时间(HRT)对功能菌胞外聚合物(EPS)和系统脱氮性能的影响,分析不同阶段污泥形态变化。结果表明:1～78 d平均出水NH~+_4-N,NO~-_2-N质量浓度仅为0.34,0.81 mg/L,总氮去除负荷(NRR)在0.25～0.33 (kg·N)/(m~3·d)之间,总氮去除率(NRE)稳定在94.5%以上,系统运行高效。并针对79～178 d系统运行出现的间断失稳现象,通过系统原位清洗、降低系统氮容积负荷(NLR)等策略,迅速恢复脱氮性能。在HRT缩短过程(179～222 d)中,功能菌EPS中蛋白质(PN)/多糖(PS)由197 d的1.35升至213 d的1.86,222 d达到2.08,有效促进污泥颗粒化。逐渐缩短HRT(12 h→8 h→6 h),当HRT值=6 h时,NRR平均值达到0.58 (kg·N)/(m~3·d),NRE均值维持在94.2%,脱氮性能保持稳定。     

厌氧氨氧化反应器中微生物种群结构分析

借助扫描电镜和T- RFLP等分析技术,观察厌氧氨氧化膜生物反应器( Membrane Bioreactor,MBR)中氮素、污泥颜色、颗粒污泥微观结构并对微生物种群进行分析,以为厌氧氨氧化菌的快速富集培养提供有用信息.结果表明,运行的110 d间,厌氧氨氧化MBR的容积总氮负荷达0.245 kg/(m3·d),去除率为80%,NH+4+ -N和NO2- -N去除率分别为81%和91%.污泥的VSS/TSS比由初始的0.66提高到0.77,颗粒污泥颜色转为红褐色,以杆状和球状菌为主,其中,Planctomyce、Pirellula、Gemmata和Pseudomonas等种属均已证明具有厌氧氨氧化活性.     

高效厌氧反应器处理啤酒废水的试验研究

在(35±1)℃条件下,采用高效厌氧反应器对青岛啤酒股份有限公司的生产废水进行处理,研究了厌氧反应器的启动和运行情况,分析了回流比、温度和上升流速等因素对反应器的影响.结果表明,厌氧反应器的容积负荷可达21 kg COD/(m3·d),COD去除率稳定在80%以上,出水挥发酸质量浓度低于350 mg/L,平均每去除1 kgCOD产生0.26 m3沼气.启动结束后,颗粒污泥的平均沉降速度由40.3 m/h提高到73.4 m/h,污泥密度由0.78 g/cm3升高至1.02 g/cm3,0.5～1.5 mm粒径的颗粒污泥占66%.同时,在25℃的运行条件下反应器的容积负荷降至9 kg COD/( m3·d),温度升高后反应器的运行可以较快得到恢复.     

接种不同污泥启动厌氧氨氧化ASBR反应器研究

采用ASBR反应器,分别以好氧硝化污泥和厌氧颗粒污泥为种泥,通过对氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮等指标的监测和数据分析、污泥颜色的观察,研究2个厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的可行性及其差异.结果表明,2个厌氧氨氧化反应器均可成功启动;采用好氧硝化污泥启动厌氧氨氧化反应器耗时142 d,启动前后污泥颜色变化不大,亚硝酸盐氮浓度超过20 mmol/L会对厌氧氨氧化产生明显的抑制作用;采用厌氧颗粒污泥启动厌氧氨氧化反应器耗时249 d,启动前后污泥颜色变化很大,从黑色逐渐变为砖红色,亚硝酸盐氮浓度超过13.4 mmol/L会对厌氧氨氧化产生抑制作用;分别用以上2种污泥启动的厌氧氨氧化ASBR反应器中占优势地位的厌氧氨氧化菌不同.     

利用普通反硝化活性污泥快速启动厌氧氨氧化试验

采用有效容积为6.3 L的上流式流化床接种普通污泥,进行了厌氧氨氧化反应器的启动,研究了先富集反硝化污泥再启动厌氧氨氧化反应器的过程特征。首先投配硝氮质量浓度70 mg/L、以葡萄糖为碳源、COD为200 mg/L的模拟废水增强污泥的反硝化能力。运行6 d后,出水硝氮质量浓度在10 mg/L左右,反应器对硝氮的去除率稳定在80%以上,污泥具有较高的反硝化活性。随后投配氨氮质量浓度50~60 mg/L、亚硝氮质量浓度30~58 mg/L的废水进行厌氧氨氧化菌培养。培养一开始出水氨氮质量浓度就比进水低,第31 d氨氮的去除率达到50%以上。逐步提高进水氨氮和亚硝酸氮质量浓度,从100 mg/L、140 mg/L、200 mg/L到420 mg/L,氨氮和亚硝氮去除率亦不断提高。第40 d后,反应器氨氮去除量、亚硝氮去除量和硝氮增加量之比在1∶(1.3±0.2)∶(0.3±0.1)范围内小幅波动,表明厌氧氨氧化反应已经成为反应器内的主导脱氮反应。经过76 d的培养,在进水氨氮和亚硝氮质量浓度分别为405.23 mg/L和488.24 mg/L时,反应器对它们的去除率达到80%和95.22%,最大氮去除速率为0.93 kg/(m3·d)。研究表明,采用上流式流化反应器先富集反硝化菌再培养厌氧氨氧化菌和采用逐步提高进水负荷的启动策略,对于快速培养高活性Anammox污泥、启动反应器是有效的。     

高盐高浓度有机榨菜废水厌氧生物处理系统构建研究

针对高盐高浓度有机榨菜废水厌氧反应器微生物系统启动时间长的问题,探讨复合式厌氧反应器HAR(Hybrid Anaerobic Reactor)微生物系统的快速构建.结果表明,反应器在温度20～25℃,接种厌氧污泥质量浓度为30 g/L,废水盐度为1.8%(Cl-计),负荷为1.5kgCOD/(m3·d)的条件下,启动运行62d后,可使进水COD为4500mg/L的高盐榨菜废水出水COD为440 mg/L,去除率达到90.11%.反应器pH值为7.3～7.6,VFA小于300mg/L,碱度为1 300～1 500 mg/L,氧化还原电位ORP小于- 330 mV,反应器运行稳定,启动完成,反应器厌氧生物处理系统构建的时间大幅缩短.从中心区到第6反应区的COD降解速率依次降低,COD分担负荷分别为5.01 kgCOD/(m3·d)、2.26 kgCOD/(m3· d)、1.16 kgCOD/(m3·d)、0.70 kgCOD/(m3·d)、0.75kgCOD/( m3·d)、0.29 kgCOD/( m3·d)、0.20 kgCOD/(m3·d),COD去除分担率分别为37.50%、22.16%、11.36%、6.82%、7.39%、2.84%、1.93%.SME监测表明,HAR反应器从中心区到第6反应区存在不同的优势微生物,中心区以甲烷八叠球菌、瘤胃甲烷短杆菌为主,外环第1至第6反应区以索氏甲烷菌为主.     

ABSBR处理啤酒废水的启动试验研究

研究了恒水位操作厌氧生物膜序批式反应器 (简称ABSBR)在 2 0～ 3 0℃条件下 ,采用混合菌种接种、3 6m3/h速度进泥水等措施进行处理综合站啤酒废水的启动。经 2 5天的培养驯化 ,容积COD负荷可达 2 .84kg/(m3·d) ,水力停留时间稳定在 12h ,CODcr去除率已达到 94.7% ,出水达到国家二级排放标准。     

高氨氮稀土废水短程硝化试验研究

本试验以生活污水处理厂CASS池活性污泥为接种污泥,通过好氧-高效沉淀组合反应器进行AOB菌的富集驯化,并用驯化后的污泥对高氨氮稀土废水进行批次试验研究。以人工配水作为模拟废水进行的AOB菌筛选与驯化试验共运行32 d,进水总氮负荷从0.29 kg/(m3·d)提升至5.25 kg/(m3·d),亚硝态氮积累率达90%以上。驯化完成后,用广西某稀土冶炼企业所产生的稀土废水作为进水共进行4个批次试验,考察短程硝化对稀土废水的去除效果。结果表明,经过一个月的培养驯化,短程硝化污泥对高氨氮稀土废水具有较高的转化效果,出水亚硝态氮积累率较高,出水亚硝态氮与氨氮比值约为1.32左右,符合厌氧氨氧化反应器进水的要求。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失，提高滑坡预测的准确性，通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据，在获得多组模拟实验数据后，分析各变量的特性。首先，通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process，AHP)算法，对滑坡进行危险度划分；然后，通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine，SVM)建立模型，遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数，提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据，通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好，实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合，与单一SVM相比，精度更高，结果更好，更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

一起有机过氧化物爆炸事故的调查和分析

阐述一起重大爆炸伤亡事故的现场调查和原因分析，介绍如何通过人证物证材料，用鱼刺图法找出可能引起事故的诸原因，逐项加以分析，将与人证或物证材料相矛盾的原因子以排除，最后剩下无法排除亦即能与人证物证相符的那个原因，就是事故的真正原因。笔者是这起事故调查专家组组长，取证和数据可靠。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.