环境条件对浮游藻色素特征的影响及应用研究进展

基于色素分析的浮游藻化学分类方法已经成为从宏观上对浮游藻群落组成和丰度进行定量研究的良好工具。浮游藻化学分类方法的应用需要对藻类色素特征及其在不同环境条件下的变化特点有较充分的了解。本文对在实验室培养条件下,光照和营养盐条件对不同藻种单位细胞色素含量、特征色素对叶绿素a比值的色素特征的影响,以及在淡水、高浑浊河口环境下,多种因素的综合作用、非藻类色素引起的误差等因素的研究进展进行了综述,并阐述了相关应用、存在的问题及未来的展望。     

贵州百花水库浮游藻类功能群时空分布特征及影响因子分析

为了探究百花水库浮游藻类功能群时空分布特征及其环境影响因子,于2012年11月（枯水期）、2013年4月（平水期）和2013年7月（丰水期）对浮游藻类群落结构与水环境理化指标进行采样分析.基于浮游藻类功能群、综合营养状态指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、RDA（冗余分析）等方法,分析浮游藻类功能群的群落组成和时空分布特征.结果表明:①共鉴定浮游藻类7门67属58种,其可划分为21个功能群.浮游藻类丰度从枯水期→平水期→丰水期递增,分别为131.99×104、592.27×104、53 140.81×104 L-1.②根据浮游藻类丰度,B功能群小环藻（Cyclotella sp.）,J功能群栅藻（Scenedesmus sp.）、盘星藻（Pediastrum sp.）、空星藻（Coelastrum sp.）,P功能群颗粒直链藻（Melosira granulate）、鼓藻（Penium sp.）,S1功能群湖泊假鱼腥藻（Pseudanabaena limnetica）、湖丝藻（Limnothrix sp.）为优势功能群;浮游藻类功能群季节变化明显,其时空分布特征（枯水期→平水期→丰水期,下同）为P+B+J→J+P→S1.在垂直层面上,枯水期以硅藻组成的P、B功能群在各采样点底层藻类丰度达到最大,中层和底层丰度远高于表层,与P、B类群耐受低光的因素有关;平水期以绿藻组成的J功能群在各采样点15 m藻类丰度达到峰值,与J类群耐受低光的因素有关;丰水期以蓝藻组成的S1功能群在各水层表层藻类丰度达到最大,与S1适宜较高水温的因素有关.③RDA分析结果表明,WT（水温）是影响百花水库浮游藻类时空分布的主要环境因子.研究显示,根据浮游藻类绝对优势功能群（P、B、J、S1）以及不同季节生长策略（R/CR/CR→CR/R→R）可以判定百花水库处于中-富营养化状态.      

癸二烯醛对3种常见浮游植物光合色素的影响

本研究选取东海原甲藻（Prorocentrum donghaiense）、并基角毛藻（Chaetoceros decipiens）和小普林藻（Prymnesium parvum）等3种常见海洋浮游藻类为材料,将处于指数生长期的藻细胞置于不同浓度的癸二烯醛（2E,4E-Decadienal,DEC）中,癸二烯醛是一种毒性较强的常见多不饱和醛,观察癸二烯醛对藻类光合色素种类及含量的影响。利用高效液相色谱技术检测到东海原甲藻含有5种光合色素,并基角毛藻含有8种光合色素,小普林藻含有9种光合色素,3种藻类的共有色素有4种。经浓度为1 mg/L癸二烯醛处理后,3种藻类的光合色素浓度无显著变化。癸二烯醛浓度为3 mg/L时,对东海原甲藻光合色素浓度产生显著的抑制作用,其所有色素浓度在第一天内几乎都未检测到;而并基角毛藻的硅甲藻黄素和硅藻黄素浓度均在第一天显著增加,其他色素浓度则无显著变化;小普林藻的硅甲藻黄素、硅藻黄素、岩藻黄素的浓度在实验的不同时间有不同程度下降,其余色素不受该浓度的癸二烯醛影响。当癸二烯醛浓度达到5 mg/L时,并基角毛藻中除玉米黄素外的其他7种光合色素浓度显著下降;小普林藻中除玉米黄素外的多种色素浓度受到显著影响。     

淀山湖浮游藻类群落的早期增长

对2004～2009年淀山湖浮游藻类群落生物量[以叶绿素a（Chla）表示]随时间的变化进行了数学模拟.模拟结果表明,Logistic增长模型能够很好地描述淀山湖浮游藻类群落春季和夏季的早期增长.一般说来,淀山湖春季以硅藻和绿藻为主的浮游藻类群落于2月下旬进入指数级增长,到3月上旬浮游藻类密度已经达到始盛点的2倍,浮游...     

博贺港及领近海域浮游藻类叶绿素a及氧生产率研究

对博贺港、水东港、鸡打港及水东湾以及其３０ｍ外海海域进行四个典型潮期的浮游藻类叶绿素的调查，得到海域浮游藻类叶绿素ａ含量大小的区域性及潮汐性差异；同时在四个水层进行连续２４小时的原位挂瓶培养，得到以氧计的浮游藻类光合作用毛光合产氧率（ＧＯＰ）及净光合产氧率（ＮＯＰ）大小，以及生物体呼吸、有机物分解耗氧率（Ｒ）的大小。计算水域以碳计的总碳生产力（ＧＣＰ），从而推出水体初级生产力的大小。     

博贺港及邻近海域浮游藻类叶绿素a及氧生产率研究

对博贺港、水东港、鸡打港及水东湾以及其３０ｍ外海海域进行四个典型潮期的浮游藻类叶绿素的调查，得到海域浮游藻类叶绿素ａ含量大小的区域性及潮汐性差异；同时在四个水层进行连续２４小时的原位挂瓶培养，得到以氧计的浮游藻类光合作用毛光合产氧率（ＧＯＰ）及净光合产氧率（ＮＯＰ）大小，以及生物体呼吸、有机物分解耗氧率（Ｒ）的大小。计算水域以碳计的总碳生产力（ＧＣＰ）及净碳生产力（ＮＣＰ），从而推算出水体初级生产力的大小。     

阳澄西湖浮游藻类功能群演替特征及其与环境因子的关系

采用浮游藻类功能群、RDA（冗余分析）、多元回归分析等方法,对阳澄西湖浮游藻类功能群的演替特征及其影响因子进行了研究.2015年3月~2016年2月逐月对阳澄西湖浮游藻类和环境因子进行调查分析,结果表明,阳澄西湖浮游藻类可划分为21个功能群,其中10个功能群（B、D、E、G、J、Lo、S1、X1、X2、Y）为该湖的优势功能群,反映的生境特征表明该湖为分层敏感,扰动较少且混合程度较高的中-富营养浅水水体.阳澄西湖不同季节优势功能群演替规律为：由春季的B+X2+Y+X1+J+D,经夏季的B+X2+Y+X1+J+G+S1+Lo+E和秋季的B+X2+Y+Lo+E,转变为B+X2+Y+X1+D.RDA分析结果显示,阳澄西湖浮游藻类功能群分布受环境影响较为明显,但不同季节影响因子不同.整体上,水温（T）、pH值、溶解氧（DO）、氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）和浊度（Tur）是影响阳澄西湖浮游藻类功能群分布格局的主要因素.     

草履虫──针杆藻群落对混合印染废水净化作用的条件实验

本文对混合印染废水的静态净化过程，进行了生物群落观察和条件实验。发现废水净化初期以大量细菌和草履虫（以 Ｐ． Ｃａｕｄａｔｕｍ为主）繁殖为特征，同时伴生着少量浮游藻类。随着净化过程的进行，细菌和草履虫数量下降，以针杆藻（以 Ｓ． ａｕｃｓ为主）为建群种的浮游藻类群落占优势。化学分析表明，净化作用与温度、光照条件及废水起始浓度有关。     

湛江海域浮游藻类生态及其多样性

近岸海域富营养化导致浮游藻类大量繁殖，影响海域生态系统平衡。对湛江海域浮游藻类种类组成、数量分布、群落结构等进行冬、夏二季调查，得出湛江海域以硅藻门（Ｂａｃｉｌｌａｒｉｏｐｈｙｔａ）为主要优势类群。夏季种类多样性高于冬季；赤潮生物种类、数量均夏季高于冬季。     

深圳大鹏澳海湾浮游藻类生物量及与环境因子研究

对大鹏澳海湾进行特征潮位、每隔４ｈ连续６次的浮游藻类生物量及环境因子的研究，得出大鹏澳海区浮游藻类生物量为贫营养水平，且有昼夜波动趋势；浮游藻类生物量受到潮汐影响，并与所在海区区域有关。大鹏澳海湾水质状况良好，浮游藻类生长和氮、磷间无明显相关关系。磷为浮游藻类生长限性因素。海湾拦海筑坝后，浮游藻类将会随着生境的改变而发生生态演替。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.