Nutrient cycling characteristics of Quercus acutissima and Pinus massoniana mixed forest in the Three-Gorge Reservoir area, China

The cycling characteristics of nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P) and potassium(K) of the Quercus acutissima and Pinus massoniana mixed forest, which is the most common forest type in the Three Gorge Reservoir areas in China, were systematically analyzed. The results showed that N, P and K accumulated in the plant pool and in the litter pool, while total N, P, and K were deficient in the soil pool and in the forest systems. Contents of N in the soil of depth 20-40 cm were the key factor limiting growth of trees. The biological outside cycling coefficients were 8.78, 72.5 and 11.7 times of inside cycling coefficients of N, P and K, respectively. 33.92, 10.26 and 15.88 kg of N, P and K return to the litter pool from branches, leaves and throughfall per year, but, 14.31, 1.32 and 10.48 kg of N, P and K return to the soil from litter pool per year respectively. It is clear that 58% of N, 87% of P, and 34% of K are lost by surface runoff per year. 5.49%, 1.30%, and 8.34% of N, P and K withdraw from leaves to branches, 4.99%, 1.99% and 7.30% of N, P and K withdraw from branches to trunks per year,respectively.     

西南喀斯特土地利用变化对植物凋落物-土壤C、N、P化学计量特征和土壤酶活性的影响

以贵州关岭花江喀斯特峡谷原生林、灌木林、草地和坡耕地这4种典型土地利用方式下的凋落物-土壤为研究对象,研究土地利用变化对西南喀斯特植物凋落物-土壤C、N、P化学计量特征和土壤酶活性的影响及其驱动机制.结果表明,4种不同土地利用方式的凋落物-土壤C、N、P含量和土壤酶活性存在显著差异.与其他区域相比,凋落物和土壤分别具有高C低N高P、低C低N高P的格局.脲酶、蔗糖酶和淀粉酶表现出原生林灌木林草地坡耕地,碱性磷酸酶则是原生林灌木林坡耕地草地.未来的生态建设应重视原生林的保护.土壤养分受凋落物C、N、P及其计量比的显著影响,但土壤酶活性与凋落物无显著联系.冗余分析表明,土壤酶活性与土壤TN、SWC、C∶N极显著相关(P 0. 01),与p H和N∶P显著相关(P 0. 05),重要性大小依次为TN SWC C∶N p H N∶P.     

Nutrient recycling during the decomposition of apple leaves (Malus domestica) and mowed grasses in an orchard

Each year, significant fractions of nutrients absorbed by trees and orchard grasses, return to the soil by abscised leaves and mowed biomass. Using litter bag technique and labelled (¹⁵N) litter, we assessed the decay dynamics and the related nutrient releases in a mature, drip irrigated, apple (Malus domestica) orchard located in the Eastern Po Valley (Italy) on a silty clay loam soil. Litter bags containing abscised apple leaves were placed in December 2001 on the soil surface and collected over a 2-year period, while the decomposition of perennial ryegrass was studied over a 6-month period from May 2002. The dynamics of mass and C losses from decomposing apple leaves fitted to a single exponential decay model. At 1 year from their placement, about 50% of original mass was lost, while and additional 20% was not recovered in the second year. Initial C losses were not accompanied by degradation of cellulose which started only in the spring of the year after their placement on the soil. Along with the decomposition process, the remaining litter was progressively enriched in lignin-like compounds. Net N and S immobilization occurred during the winter–spring period and net release of these nutrients occurred only in the second year. Ryegrass lost about half their mass and original N content after 6 weeks and most of sward derived N was recovered in the underneath soil volume. Both apple and ryegrass released most their initial K content during the period of decomposition. The knowledge of the dynamics of nutrient release on the orchard floor will be useful for predicting nutrient availability for tree uptake and therefore for managing amounts and dynamics of nutrient supply.     

怀柔山地油松林氮、磷、硫生物--地球化学循环的研究

海河流域怀柔山地油松林生态系统N,P,S元素生物地球化学循环研究结果表明,生态系统氮素输入输出基本平衡。氮素、磷素在未来一段时间内将在植物凋落层中累积,硫则在凋落物层、土壤中累积。这种情况形成了城市郊区森林生态系统元素循环的独特特性。     

秃杉人工林营养元素含量、积累与分配特征的研究

对广西南丹山口林场秃杉人工林的N、P、K、Ca和Mg等5种营养元素含量、积累和分配及其随林分年龄的变化趋势进行了研究。结果表明,不同组分营养元素含量大小次序为树叶＞干皮＞树枝＞树根＞干材;林木各组分营养元素含量以N,Ca或K最高,其次是P,Mg最低。8、14和28年生林分营养元素积累总量分别为574.79、833.21和1214.11kg·hm^–2,其中乔木层营养元素积累量依次占92.87%、86.74%和85.88%,林下植被层依次占2.02%、2.99%和4.62%,地表现存凋落物层依次占5.11%、10.27%和9.50%;乔木层均以N或Ca积累量最多,Mg最少;秃杉人工林不同组分营养元素积累量的分配随林分年龄的增长发生变化,由8年生和14年生以树叶和树枝为主,逐渐转移到28年生以干材和树皮为主。3个林分年龄秃杉林每积累1t干物质需要5种营养元素总量分别为8.97、6.40和4.21kg,其中对N或Ca的需求量最大,Mg最少。     

N and P dynamics in the litter layer and soil of Mexican semi-arid forests, state of Morelos

In central Mexico, it is common for farmers to retain useful trees in abandoned lands after maize cultivation, creating a park-like landscape of scattered trees for extensive livestock grazing, among other land uses (mature forests, secondary forests, and livestock grazing in secondary forests). Among these trees Acacia cochliancantha and Ipomoea arborescens are the most common species associated with this land use in the region. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of both tree species on soil N and P recycling. To this end, we measured N and P concentrations in leaves of both species; and the seasonal N and P (total and dissolved) content in the litter, and total N and P, inorganic N, and bicarbonate-extractable-P concentrations, and the N transformations in the soil, in samples collected under crown of Acacia and Ipomoea and in open areas. Trees of different species varied in their capacity to cycle N. The leaves of Acacia were richer in N than those of Ipomoea (29.7 and 25.0 mg N g⁻¹, respectively), and nutrient resorption was higher in leguminous trees than in Ipomoea (by 20% in the case of N, and 35% in the case of P). Acacia trees had higher effects on soils than Ipomoea trees, like consistent increases of N concentrations (by 30% in the case of total N, and by 50% in the case of inorganic N) and transformations (N mineralization and nitrification in rainy season increases by a factor of 20 and 36, respectively). On the other hand, Ipomoea produced senescent leaves and accumulated forest litter with less P concentration (0.8 and 0.7 mg P g⁻¹, respectively) in relation to Acacia (senescent leaves: 1.3 mg P g⁻¹; litter: 1.1 mg P g⁻¹), reflecting the lower availability of the nutrient in the soil. The total litter N and P pools decreased in the rainy season under crown of both species, as the dissolved P pool did. The total soil N and P concentrations did not change with sampling season. However, potential N transformations and bicarbonate P under both species were higher in dry season than in rainy season samples. Comparison with other land uses in the region suggests that the Acacia–Ipomoea system cycles low quantity of nutrients, but there are no notable differences in the availability of P in the soils. These results demonstrate that scattered trees improve the N and P cycling following the discontinuation of agricultural practices, and the effects will vary depending on the tree species.     

西藏原始林芝云杉林凋落物养分归还规律

论文对西藏南伊沟原始林芝云杉林凋落物养分归还规律进行了观测和研究。结果表明:原始林芝云杉林年凋落物量为3.40 t·hm^-2,凋落物中除Ca元素之外,其它元素含量均低于活体物中含量。5种元素的年归还总量为82.14 kg·hm^-2,其中Ca在凋落物归还总量中占的比例最大,其次是N和K元素。凋落物层厚度达5.0 cm,现存量约为40.65 t·hm^-2,凋落物层的年平均分解率为0.08 t·hm^-2,5种元素的总储量为937.65 kg·hm^-2,其中已分解层储量占57.28%。     

黄土丘陵区退耕时间序列梯度上草本植被群落与土壤C、N、P、K化学计量学特征

研究草本植被群落生态化学计量学特征、营养元素分配及其变化规律对阐明草本植被群落对环境变化的响应和适应性具有重要意义.本文以延河流域8个不同退耕年限的草本植被群落叶片、根系及土壤为对象,分别对其C、N、P、K化学计量学特征进行了研究.结果表明,黄土丘陵区草本植被群落叶片C、N、P、K含量平均值分别为444.21、22.34、1.49、14.66mg·g~(-1),C/N、C/P、C/K、N/P平均值分别为21.86、424.72、39.82、20.27;根系C、N、P、K含量平均值分别为285.16、5.79、0.27、6.07 mg·g~(-1),C/N、C/P、C/K、N/P平均值分别为60.56、1 019.33、46.55、21.36;土壤C、N、P、K含量平均值分别为2.28、0.18、0.28、4.33 mg·g~(-1),C/N、C/P、C/K、N/P平均值分别为16.43、8.40、0.54、0.66.在退耕1~35年间,草本植被群落叶片C含量上升,N含量先上升后下降,磷含量整体下降,K含量先下降后上升;叶片C/N、C/P、C/K、N/P总体呈上升趋势.根系C、N、P、K含量及其特征的变化规律与叶片不尽相同.随着退耕年限的增加,土壤C、N含量上升,P含量呈反正弦函数状变化,K含量呈抛物线状变化,C/N下降,C/P、C/K、N/P均上升.在退耕时间序列梯度上,C、P、K在叶片和根系中含量的比值存在不同程度的下降趋势,C、N、P在叶片和土壤中含量的比值下降,C、N在根系和土壤中含量的比值下降.植物营养元素的限制状况及分配规律均与退耕恢复时间响应关系及程度均存在差异.     

Variation of soil fertility and carbon sequestration by planting Hevea brasiliensis in Hainan Island, China

The development of rubber industry depends on the sustainable management of rubber plantation. To evaluate the environmental effects of planting Hevea brasiliensis on a subsystem of tropical forest ecosystem, the variation of soil fertility and carbon sequestration under rubber plantation within 30-year life period were investigated in Hainan Island. Results showed that （1） with the increase of stand age of rubber plantation, soil fertility decreased all along. From 1954 to 1995, soil organic matter, total N, available K and available P decreased by 48.2%, 54.1%, 56.7% and 64.1%, respectively. （2） If the complete return of litters was considered without additional fertilizer application to the soil of the rubber plantations, the consumption periods for P, N, K, Mg were only 825 years, 329 years, 94 years and 65 years, respectively~ To improve soil fertility is essential for rubber plantation development. （3） The C sequestration of rubber trees per hectare accounts for 272.08 t within 30-year life period and 57.91% of them was fixed in litters. In comparison with C sequestration by rain forest （234.305 t/hm^2） and by secondary rain forest （150.203 t/hm^2）, rubber forest has more potentials for C fixation. On the base of above results, the following measures would benefit the maintenance of soil fertility and the development of rubber industry, including applying fertilizer to maintain the balance of soil nutrients, intercropping leguminous plant to improve soil fertility, reducing the collection of litters, optimizing soil properties to improve element P availability such as applying CaCO3. The information gathered from the study can be used as baseline data for the sustainable management of rubber plantation elsewhere.     

Functional traits of poplar leaves and fine roots responses to ozone pollution under soil nitrogen addition

Concurrent ground-level ozone（O₃） pollution and anthropogenic nitrogen（N） deposition can markedly influence dynamics and productivity in forests.Most studies evaluating the functional traits responses of rapid-turnover organs to O₃ have specifically examined leaves,despite fine roots are another major source of soil carbon and nutrient input in forest ecosystems.How elevated O₃ levels impact fine root biomass and biochemistry remains to be resolved.This study was...     

黄土高原纸坊沟流域不同植物叶片及枯落物的生态化学计量学特征研究

以黄土高原纸坊沟流域3种不同植物类型(乔、灌、草)下优势物种的叶片及其枯落物为研究对象,通过对其碳、氮、磷、钾含量及生态化学计量学特征的研究,探讨退化生态系统植物内稳性、NP限制率以及营养元素的回流关系,以期为黄土高原植被恢复与重建以及不同物种的合理配置提供合理建议,为完善生态化学计量学理论提供支撑.结果表明,不同植物类型叶片碳氮磷含量变化较小,钾含量变化较大,表现为草本植物叶片钾含量显著高于乔木与灌木;叶片在凋落前将大量的养分转移至其它器官,防止养分的流失,使得枯落物碳氮磷钾含量均小于叶片.碳、氮、磷、钾的回流率分别为6.16%~22.84%、24.38%~65.18%、22.38%~77.16%、60.99%~89.35%,其中碳、磷、钾的回流率以草本最大,磷的回流率以灌木最大.乔木与灌木叶片与枯落物N∶P、N∶K、C∶N比差异不显著,草本植物差异显著.植物叶片N∶P比变化范围为12.14~19.17,叶片枯落物N∶P比变化范围为12.84~30.67.通常将N∶P比为16作为评价植物生长受氮或者磷限制的临界值,不同植物类型叶片N∶P比表现为灌木(19.17)乔木(15)草本(12.14),说明该区灌木主要受磷含量的限制,草本植物主要受氮含量限制,乔木主要受氮磷含量共同限制.叶片钾含量与N∶P呈极显著的负相关,枯落物钾含量与C∶P比呈极显著的负相关.综合研究表明,该区3种植物类型碳氮磷含量无差异,钾含量差异显著,叶片碳氮磷钾回流率较大,不同植物类型受氮与磷限制作用不一致植物在生长演替阶段对氮磷等元素的累积与回归表现出一定的特异性.     

林下凋落物去除与施氮对针叶林和阔叶林土壤氮的影响

通过野外模拟试验,选择中亚热带针叶林(杉木林)和阔叶林(浙江桂林和罗浮栲林)森林生态系统,设3个施氮水平CK(对照)、低氮〔30kg/(hm2·a) 〕和高氮〔100kg/(hm2·a)〕及2个凋落物处理,研究施氮对土壤主要形态氮质量分数的影响、动态变化及凋落物在其中的作用. 结果表明:与CK相比,高氮处理可瞬时(3d)提高森林土壤氮质量分数,但施氮后持续效应的影响降低. 与保留凋落物相比,去除凋落物在施氮的持续效应中,可降低阔叶林土壤w(铵态氮)18.2%,而杉木林土壤的氮质量分数则略有升高.去除凋落物下施氮的持续和瞬时效应可增加各种林下土壤的w(硝态氮),其中浙江桂林土壤w(硝态氮)分别增加58.9%和38.2%,罗浮栲林土壤分别增加7.0%和30.0%,杉木林土壤分别增加-17.1%和9.0%. 可见凋落物在施氮连续事件中存在复杂的短期和长期相互影响. 阔叶林土壤w(SON)(SON为可溶性有机氮)较高,并且其微生物w(SON)及其占微生物w(TN)的比例高于杉木林土壤,而杉木林土壤微生物w(铵态氮)及其占微生物w(TN)的比例高于阔叶林土壤.      

藏东南高山松天然林水文过程中养分元素变化特征

对藏东南高山松天然林内的穿透雨、树干茎流以及林外大气降水进行了观测和取样,测定了水样中的N、P、K、Na、Ca、S、Mg、Si、Mn、Fe、Cu和Zn元素的含量,分析了其降水过程中养分元素浓度变化特征和输入规律。结果表明：大气降水、穿透雨和树干茎流中,养分元素浓度值的最大变异系数分别是1.485（Zn）、0.844（Na）和0.809（P）,最小变异系数分别为0.255（S）、0.304（S）和0.318（Si）。3种形式水样中,微量元素之间以及微量元素与其他元素之间浓度值相关性不显著,其他元素俩俩之间浓度值相关性大部分达到显著水平。3种水样中,Cu元素年平均浓度值均最小,分别为0.023、0.047和0.066 mg/L,最大浓度分别为1.604 mg/L（N）、3.401 mg/L（Na）和4.371 mg/L（Na）。3种水样中各养分元素浓度值差异显著,并且均表现为：树干茎流>穿透雨>大气降水,各养分元素浓度月变化主要呈“∩”型、“N”型或“∪”型。所有元素的树干茎流和穿透雨淋溶系数均大于1,并且前者均大于相应的后者。研究期间,3种形式的养分输入量分别为64.172、79.949和15.623 kg/hm²。养分净淋溶量为34.057 kg/hm²（N除外）,净淋溶量排序为：Na>Ca>K>Mg>Si>S>P>Mn>Fe>Zn>Cu,N元素净淋溶为-2.658 kg/hm²。     

云南哀牢山大气降雨过程中养分输入及输出变化的初步研究

本文以滇西南中山湿性常绿阔叶林为研究对象,分析了大气降雨对该森林生态系统养分输入和输出的影响。结果表明,该地区在大气降雨过程中养分输入：Ｎ以大气降雨为主；Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｍｇ以穿透雨为主,它们分别占总输入量的６９．８５％、７７．３３％、９８．１９％和８０．４０％；Ｃａ养分输入,大气降雨和穿透雨约各占总输入量的一半,分别是４５．３５％和５４．３８％。养分输出以地下土壤渗漏为主,Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ分别占总输出量的９６．５２％、８６．７９％、６９．１３％、９８．１７％和９７．２１％。在养分循环中Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ分别增加了１５．９４１ｋｇ／ｈａ．ａ、０．３５３ｋｇ／ｈａ,ａ、３．８３ｋｇ／ｈａ．ａ和１．２６４ｋｇ／ｈａ．ａ．,而Ｍｇ则减少了０．６５４ｋｇ／ｈａ．ａ。     

氮添加对亚热带森林土壤有机碳氮组分的影响

为了研究氮添加对森林土壤有机碳氮组分稳定性的影响,选取我国亚热带典型常绿阔叶林(浙江桂天然林和罗浮栲天然林)和针叶林(杉木人工林),开展为期5年的野外模拟氮沉降试验,分别设置对照〔0 kg/(hm2·a),以NH₄NO₃中的N计,下同〕、低氮〔75 kg/(hm2·a)〕和高氮〔150 kg/(hm2·a)〕3个氮添加水平,用H₂SO₄分2步酸水解获得LPⅠ(活性有机库Ⅰ)、LPⅡ(活性有机库Ⅱ)和RP(惰性有机库),定量研究土壤活性和惰性有机碳氮组分以及微生物生物量碳氮对氮添加的响应. 结果表明:氮添加仅对w(LPⅡ-C)(LPⅡ-C为活性有机碳Ⅱ)有显著影响,而对其他活性和惰性有机碳氮组分的影响不显著,并且对不同林分的影响存在差异. 与对照处理相比,低氮处理下浙江桂天然林、罗浮栲天然林和杉木人工林土壤w(LPⅡ-C)的增幅分别为15.3%、29.8%、68.8%;高氮处理下杉木人工林土壤w(LPⅠ-C)(LPⅠ-C为活性有机碳Ⅰ)、w(LPⅠ-N)(LPⅠ-N为活性有机氮Ⅰ)和w(RP-C)(RP-C为惰性有机碳)的增幅分别为32.4%、78.6%、28.7%;氮添加使得土壤w(SMB-C)(土壤微生物生物量碳)的增幅为18.1%~202.5%、w(SMB-N)(土壤微生物生物量氮)的增幅为0%~103.6%;在氮添加处理下,除杉木人工林土壤SMB-N/LPⅠ-N〔w(SMB-N)/w(LPⅠ-N)〕是随着氮添加水平的增加而降低外,微生物对其他林分土壤活性有机氮的利用均表现为随着氮添加水平的增加而增加. 研究显示,氮添加对阔叶林和针叶林土壤活性和惰性有机碳氮组分的影响存在差异,但差异不显著,这与它们归还土壤的凋落物性质差异有关,并且凋落物的分解差异也可能是影响土壤不同碳氮组分变化的原因.      

闽江口秋茄红树林凋落物产量及分解动态

于2017年以闽江口粗芦岛秋茄(Kandelia obovata)红树林为研究对象,分别采用凋落物收集框和分解袋法,研究秋茄凋落物产量及其碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量月动态及凋落叶分解过程中C、N、P含量与水解酶活性.结果表明:①秋茄凋落物年产量为618.79 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1),其中,叶占61.2%,果、枝和花分别占23.7%、10.5%和4.6%.②凋落叶总氮(TN)含量8月显著高于其他月份(p0.05),而TP含量在1—3月显著高于其他月份;C/N在8月显著低于其他月份(p0.05),而C/P及N/P在9月显著升高(p0.05).③在凋落叶分解过程中,C、N、P含量及其化学计量比随时间存在明显差异(p0.01),并且地上组TC、TN、C/N和C/P明显不同于地下组(p0.05).④在分解过程中,4种水解酶随时间存在明显差异(p0.01).⑤凋落叶酸性磷酸酶活性与土壤温度、电导率和凋落叶TP含量存在显著相关关系(p0.01).这些结果说明,秋茄凋落物产量及元素含量随季节变化存在明显差异;沉积作用对凋落叶分解过程中元素含量有显著影响,水解酶活性主要受凋落叶元素含量和土壤环境因子的控制.     

鼎湖山主要森林生态系统地表N_2O通量

利用静态箱-气相色谱法对鼎湖山3 种处于演替不同阶段的森林类型(季风常绿阔叶林、针阔叶混交林和马尾松林)的地表N2O 通量进行了 1 年的原位观测和研究.结果表明,3 种林型地表 N2O 通量按从大到小的顺序为:季风林>混交林>松林;不同林型间的 N2O 通量差异与森林土壤的性质有密切关系,C/N 比值较低的季风林凋落叶对土壤中产生N2O 的微生物过程有较为明显的促进作用;从全年来看,松林地表N2O 通量的季节变化不明显,而季风林和混交林的地表 N2O 通量在雨季存在明显的降雨驱动效应,统计分析显示在该地区影响森林地表N2O 通量的主要因子是土壤湿度.     

不同农田生态系统土壤碳库管理指数的研究

用高锰酸钾氧化法讨论了土壤活性碳库和碳库管理指数（ＣＰＭＩ）。结果表明：不同农田土壤活性碳含量为０４９～４９９ｍｇ／ｇ、ＣＰＭＩ为５１６～１６５。不同施肥处理对红壤ＣＰＭＩ的影响为绿肥（ＧＭ）＞厩肥（ＦＹＭ）＞ＦＹＭ＋ＮＰＫ＞参考（ＲＥＦ）＞ＮＰＫ＞对照（ＣＫ）；对水稻土为：稻草（ＲＳＣ）＞ＦＹＭ＞ＦＹＭ＋ＮＰＫ＞ＲＥＦ＞ＮＰＫ＞ＣＫ。黄棕壤ＧＭ、ＦＹＭ和ＦＹＭ＋ＮＰＫ处理的ＣＰＭＩ分别比ＲＥＦ提高了５０％、４５９％和２１９％,ＮＰＫ和ＣＫ下降了６％和３８１％。潮土施肥１０年的ＣＰＭＩ与施肥５年相比,ＦＹＭ和ＦＹＭ＋ＮＰＫ提高了２８４％和１９７％,而ＮＰＫ和ＣＫ下降８７％和１７９％。相关分析表明,ＣＰＭＩ与土壤全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、ｐＨ相关或极相关。这表明ＣＰＭＩ可灵敏地反映农业生产措施对土壤碳库的影响     

Nitrogen cycle of a typical Suaeda salsa marsh ecosystem in the Yellow River estuary

The nitrogen (N) biological cycle of the Suaeda salsa marsh ecosystem in the Yellow River estuary was studied during 2008 to 2009. Results showed that soil N had significant seasonal fluctuations and vertical distribution. The N/P ratio (15.73±1.77) of S. salsa was less than 16, indicating that plant growth was limited by both N and P. The N absorption coefficient of S. salsa was very low (0.007), while the N utilization and cycle coefficients were high (0.824 and 0.331, respectively). The N turnover among compartments of S. salsa marsh showed that N uptake from aboveground parts and roots were 2.539 and 0.622 g/m2, respectively. The N translocation from aboveground parts to roots and from roots to soil were 2.042 and 0.076 g/m2, respectively. The N translocation from aboveground living bodies to litter was 0.497 g/m2, the annual N return from litter to soil was far less than 0.368 g/m2, and the net N mineralization in topsoil during the growing season was 0.033 g/m2. N was an important limiting factor in S. salsa marsh, and the ecosystem was classified as unstable and vulnerable. S. salsa was seemingly well adapted to the low-nutrient status and vulnerable habitat, and the nutrient enrichment due to N import from the Yellow River estuary would be a potential threat to the S. salsa marsh. Excessive nutrient loading might favor invasive species and induce severe long-term degradation of the ecosystem if human intervention measures were not taken. The N quantitative relationships determined in our study might provide a scientific basis for the establishment of effective measures.     

Fluxes of CH4 and N2O from soil under a tropical seasonal rain forest in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China

CH4 and N2O fluxes from soil under a tropical seasonal rain forest in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China were measured for one year using closed static chamber technique and gas chromatography method. Three treatments were set in the studied field: (A) litter-free,(B) with litter, and (C) with litter and seedling. The results showed that the soil in our study was a sink of atmospheric CH4 and source of atmospheric N2O. The observed mean CH4 fluxes from treatments A, B, and C were -50.0±4.0, -35.9±2.8,-31.6±2.8 μgC/(m2·h),respectively,and calculated annual fluxes in2003 were -4.1,-3.1,and -2.9kgC/hm2,respectively.The observed mean N2O fluxes from treatments A,B,and C were 30.9±3.1,28.2±3.5,50.2±3.7μgN/(m2·h),respectively,and calculated annual fluxes in 2003 were 2.8, 2.6, and 3.7 kgN/hm2, respectively. Seasonal variations in CH4 and N2O fluxes were significant among all the three treatments. The presence of litter decreased CH4 uptake during wet season (P ＜ 0.05), but not during dry season. There was a similar increase in seedlings-mediated N2O emissions during wet and dry seasons, indicating that seedlings increased N2O emission in both seasons. A strong positive relationship existed between CH4 fluxes and soil moisture for all the three treatments, and weak relationship between CH4 fluxes and soil temperature for treatment B and treatment C. The N2O fluxes correlated with soil temperature for all the three treatments.