北京城区和农村地区生活垃圾组成特性的对比分析

掌握垃圾各组分含量及特性,是制订生活垃圾分类收集和处理方案的前提。研究对比分析了北京城区和农村地区生活垃圾的物理组成、含水率和热值。结果表明,北京市农村生活垃圾的物理组分向城区垃圾组分变化,灰土含量明显降低,厨余垃圾、塑料和纸类含量明显增加,农村地区的厨余垃圾和灰土含量略高于城区,而塑料和纸类含量低于城区。从垃圾的湿基低位热值来看,城区生活垃圾热值普遍高于5 000 kJ/kg,适合直接进行焚烧处理,农村地区生活垃圾需要脱水预处理后才适合进行焚烧处理。城区生活垃圾中塑料与厨余垃圾呈极显著负相关,与热值呈极显著正相关。农村地区生活垃圾中的厨余垃圾与湿基低位热值极显著负相关,与灰土显著负相关,生活垃圾中塑料与热值呈极显著相关。该研究结果为北京市城区和农村地区生活垃圾的管理和设施规划提供了参考依据。     

生活垃圾填埋场陈垃圾基本特性及再利用

填埋场已填埋陈垃圾具有丰富的资源,我国填埋量已达几千万吨.通过对上海老港生活垃圾填埋场6年填埋龄和10年填埋龄陈垃圾基本特性的测试研究,揭示出填埋6年以上的陈垃圾已具有相当稳定的性状,原始垃圾特征已完全消失,开挖后没有异味,在组成上除部分大颗粒无机物和大块难降解有机物外,其余部分已腐化为类土壤物质,可以开采再利用.陈垃圾中类土壤部分在物理化学性质、水力学和微生物学性质上均表现出在自然条件下难以形成的、极为优良的基质特征,可用作污染物生物处理基质或作物培育基质.     

进场垃圾的筛分特性试验研究及优化处理

通过深入现场的调查、实验研究,对深圳老虎坑环境园的进场垃圾进行物理成分及理化特性分析.测定了进场垃圾的容重、物理组成、含水率、发热值等基础数据,为废弃物的减量化、无害化与资源化提供了依据.特别是通过垃圾的筛分实验,提出了80 mm、60 mm的筛上物进垃圾焚烧厂的优化处理方案.     

城市生活垃圾三元二级分类体系的构建及应用前景

城市生活垃圾的精细分类是高效高值化垃圾处理的基础和前提,城市生活垃圾处理的关键在于阻遏垃圾混合和如何充分利用湿垃圾。城市生活垃圾三元二级分类体系,即首先将垃圾分为3种类型:干垃圾、湿垃圾和特种垃圾;然后再分别进行二次单一化精细分类。源头分类阻遏了垃圾进入混合状态;对有机垃圾则通过物理破碎、微生物混合发酵预处理、环境昆虫过腹转化的"三位一体处理技术系统"实现资源化利用。城市生活垃圾三元二级分类体系是一个简化垃圾分类体系,改变了"可回收"与"不可回收"垃圾难以快捷界定的难题。     

中再生协会蒋省三会长会见广州市市长陈建华

<正>2015年11月20日,中国再生资源回收利用协会蒋省三会长在广州会见了广州市陈建华市长,陈市长表示,垃圾的资源化处理,实质上就是在开发"城市矿产"。广州在垃圾分类处理方面,实现了减量化、资源化,希望进一步加强与中国再生资源回收利用协会的合作,大力破解"垃圾围城"难题。蒋会长表示,广州市在垃圾分类、减量化处置方面探索出一条合理的道路,所形成的经验值得向全国推广。     

矿化垃圾治理技术的应用

以某非正规垃圾填埋场为例,对填埋年限15年以上的矿化垃圾进行治理,开展矿化垃圾筛分治理技术的应用,其成分腐殖质可与营养土混合用作绿化使用,其可燃物、金属等回收利用,剩余渣土运至卫生填埋场处置,实现垃圾的资源化处理,消除污染来源,释放填埋场地。     

合肥市餐饮有机垃圾的资源和处理展望

调查了合肥市餐饮业现状,初步得出了合肥市餐饮行业餐饮有机垃圾的排放量、组成、性质.合肥市现有餐饮企业 3 350家,包括大中型连锁酒店、星级宾馆、集体食堂,每天产生餐饮有机垃圾 500～700 t.有机垃圾主要由蛋白质、淀粉、蔬菜、脂类以及无机盐组成,掺有少量餐巾纸、方便盒、塑料袋等杂物.有机垃圾的含水率为 83.76%、有机物含量为 83.23%、蛋白质含量为 15.92%、脂肪含量 16.77%、淀粉含量 32.83%、pH值为 6.13.针对合肥市餐饮业的结构和餐饮有机垃圾目前的处理状况,为合肥市餐饮有机垃圾的综合管理提出了建设性的建议.     

两网融合5个运作环节及其对再生资源行业转型的意义——写在“广州会议”之后

总结了全国城乡生活垃圾年产生量以及生活垃圾各种成分所占比例,分析了我国生活垃圾处理现状和存在问题,并参照广州经验,提出了建立我国生活垃圾收运处理体系的5个环节。特别强调,两网融合是破解垃圾围城的有效模式,而建立生活垃圾分类投放模式,是实施两网融合、促进垃圾减量化的重要环节。最后指出了两网融合是再生资源行业实现跨越转型的可行途径。     

山东省城镇居民生活垃圾分类行为研究

分析山东省城镇居民垃圾分类的现状,研究山东省城镇居民垃圾分类行为的影响因素。运用主成分分析法对居民垃圾分类行为的影响因素进行研究。居民认为处理垃圾分类时较复杂;阻力决定垃圾分类行为;居民易受到外界环境的影响。加强垃圾分类知识宣传力度、完善政策、提高技术水平等,是提高居民生活垃圾分类参与度的关键。     

我国生活垃圾处置技术现状及发展趋势分析

由于生活垃圾产量大、成分复杂,如何对其进行资源化处理,是我国城市与村镇垃圾处理面临的重要难题。因此,近年来,寻求环境友好型处理技术手段,快速、高效处理生活垃圾,成为学者们研究的重点和热点。介绍生活垃圾的处理现状、传统工艺技术及改进措施和新兴热点技术的研究进展,以期为研发低成本、高效率生活垃圾处理技术提供理论依据。     

欧盟包装废物管理和总体产生特性分析

欧盟旱在1994年就颁布了包装和包装废物的指令，提出了包装废物管理的目标和管理内容，要求各成员国采取积极的经济和法律措施，建立自由流通的公平市场秩序。通过研究评估表明，包装和包装废物指令的实施产生了多方面的积极影响。统计数据表明，历年包装废物回收总量平稳增加，处置量平稳下降，单位GDP产值产生包装废物的系数基本保持稳定，但各国包装废物人均产生量存在较大差异。     

Oil Spill Modeling towards the Close of the 20th Century: Overview of the State of the Art

The state-of-the-art in oil spill modeling is summarized, focusing primarily on the years from 1990 to the present. All models seek to describe the key physical and chemical processes that transport and weather the oil on and in the sea. Current insights into the mechanisms of these processes and the availability of algorithms for describing and predicting process rates are discussed. Advances are noted in the areas of advection, spreading, evaporation, dispersion, emulsification, and interactions with ice and shorelines. Knowledge of the relationship between oil properties, and oil weathering and fate, and the development of models for the evaluation of oil spill response strategies are summarized. Specific models are used as examples where appropriate. Future directions in these and other areas are indicated     

Pyrolysis of tyres. Influence of the final temperature of the process on emissions and the calorific value of the products recovered

A study was made of the pyrolysis of tyre particles, with the aim of determining the possibilities of using the products resulting from the process as fuel. Three final temperatures were used, determined from thermogravimetric data. The design of the experiment was a horizontal oven containing a reactor into which particles of the original tyre were placed. After the process, a solid fraction (char) remained in the reactor, while the gases generated went through a set of scrubbers where most of the condensable fraction (oils) was retained. Finally, once free of this fraction, the gases were collected in glass ampoules. Solid and liquids fractions were subjected to thermogravimetric analyses in order to study their combustibility. The gas fraction was analysed by means of gas chromatography to establish the content of CO, CO2, H2 and hydrocarbons present in the samples (mainly components of gases produced in the pyrolysis process). A special study was made of the sulphur and chlorine content of all the fractions, as the presence of these elements could be problematic if the products are used as fuel. Tyre pyrolysis engenders a solid carbon residue that concentrates sulphur and chorine, with a relatively high calorific value, although not so high as that of the original tyre. The liquid fraction produced by the process has a high calorific value, which rises with the final temperature, up to 40 MJ/kg. The chlorine content of this fraction is negligible. Over 95% of the gas fraction, regardless of the final temperature, is composed of hydrocarbons of a low molecular weight and hydrogen, this fraction also appearing to be free of chlorine.     

Economic aspects of the rehabilitation of the Hiriya landfill

The Hiriya landfill, Israel's largest, operated from 1952 to 1998. The landfill, located in the heart of the Dan Region, developed over the years into a major landscape nuisance and environmental hazard. In 1998, the Israeli government decided to close the landfill, and in 2001 rehabilitation activities began at the site, including site investigations, engineering and scientific evaluations, and end-use planning. The purpose of the present research is to perform a cost-benefit analysis of engineering and architectural-landscape rehabilitation projects considered for the site. An engineering rehabilitation project is required for the reduction of environmental impacts such as greenhouse gas emissions, slope instability and leachate formation. An architectural-landscape rehabilitation project would consider improvements to the site to make it suitable for future end uses such as a public park. The findings reveal that reclamation is worthwhile only in the case of architectural-landscape rehabilitation of the landfill, converting it into a public park. Engineering rehabilitation alone was found to be unjustified, but is essential to enable the development of a public park.     

Comparative Thermodynamic Study on the Contribution of the Autocondensation and Copolymerization Reactions for the Tannins of the Subspecies of Acacia nilotica

Autocondensation and copolymerization reactions of the Acacia nilotica subspecies tomentosa (Ant) and the subspecies adansonii (Ana) tannins extracts solutions have been studied at several pH values by thermomechanical analyzer. Results of chemical analysis of these tannins revealed that the studied tannins, Ant and Ana contained high percentages of extractable tannins (54 and 57 %) for and polyphenolic materials (78 and 80 %) respectively. Different hardeners such as paraformaldehyde, Urea and pMDI were added at different ratios and their polycondensation reactions was studied and compared with their autocondensation ones. The aim was to evaluate the tannins suitability for the production of commercially and technically viable tannin adhesives with reduced Formaldehyde emission for wood products and to study the interference between the autocondensation and the copolymerization reaction. The obtained results of autocondensation reaction for both of the tannins studied showed that the best Young’s modulus values for Ant (3,500 and 2,750 MPa) and Ana (2,650 and 2,620 MPa) were obtained at pH 5 and 7. The Young’s modulus values obtained by the tannins Ant were higher than those achieved by Ana. This indicates that the Ant is more reactive than Ana. These results were also in line with results achieved by the gel time for both of the tannins. Gel time results indicate that the reactivity of both tannins increased towards alkalinity with Ana being more reactive at alkaline pH. Addition of 8 % of paraformaldehyde was adversely affecting the autocondensation reactions, as the best Young’s modulus values were achieved at pH 4 for Ant tannins. As for Ana the higher Young’s modulus values (2,000 and 2,310 MPa) were achieved at pH 5 and 7. This indicates that autocondensation reaction was contributed to the final network of the copolymerization reaction. When smaller ratio of paraformaldehyde and Urea (5 %) was added to Ant tannins it favors the autocondensation reaction and the best Young’s modulus values were obtained at pH 5 and 7. Addition of pMDI (10–30 %) was found to decrease the temperature of copolymerization and the obtained Young’s modulus values by Ant were lower than those obtained by autocodensation reaction. Best Young’ modulus values were obtained by Ant at pH 5 and 7. Ana gave the best Young’s modulus values at pH 4 and 5 indicating that the autocondensation appears to depress the copolymerization reactions. The obtained results by both reactions were very important from technical and economical point of view as they concluded that it is very possible to produce adhesives system with zero emission depending on the tannins autocondensation reaction and pH values. Reduction of formaldehyde emission was also possible upon addition of smaller amount of paraformaldehyde and Urea.     

日本包装废物管理体系和产生特性分析

介绍了日本的资源循环法律体系和促进容器包装分类回收和再商品化的法律和有关方针，介绍了日本容器和包装的管理体制和主要措施，以及各类包装废物回收利用状况和特点。     

A comparison of the comprehensive municipal solid waste management systems of the region of Prague and the principality of Asturias. the influence of collection systems and municipality size on the waste collection and the recycling rates

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - The correct management of municipal solid waste (MSW) is a critical factor in the protection of the environment, as well as a source for the...     

On the Methods for the Delimitation of Seasons

It is well known that air pollution is one of the major factors affecting human health and the activities in a town. Among the various air pollutants an interesting one, especially for sunny climates, is the reactive O₃. O₃ varies significantly through the year; it is therefore very important to know the onset and the duration of the warm period of the year since at that time O₃ concentrations increase significantly. In this work, an attempt was made to determine the onset of warm season of the year as well as its duration in various sites located in Northeastern Mediterranean. For this purpose, a fuzzy clustering method is used. The method was applied on the isobaric thickness between 1000 and 500 hPa for the period from 1974 to 1997. The results were compared to conventional methods based on synoptic classification and were found to be in good agreement.