乳状液膜法在处理含氨基J酸工业废水的初步研究

采用乳状液膜分离技术处理氨基Ｊ酸工业废水，研究表面活性种类和浓度，流动功体种类，内相ＮａＯＨ的浓度和外相酸度等因素对分离效率的影响，结果表明，采用ＬＭＡ－１（３ｇ／１００ｍｌ煤油），ＴＯＡ（２ｍｌ／１００ｍｌ煤油）和１０％ＮａＯＨ的液膜时，分离效率可达６０％以上，油相多次重复使用时其分离效率基本不变。     

热处理对含氮活性碳纤维脱除SO_2能力的影响

考察中高温热处理对含氮沥青基活性碳纤维［ＰＡＣＦ（ＮＨ３）］脱除ＳＯ２的能力的影响结果表明，在９００—１１００℃尤其是在１０００℃下热处理可显著提高ＰＡＣＦ（ＮＨ３）脱除ＳＯ２的能力．当在３０℃下模拟烟气中ＳＯ２、Ｏ２和Ｈ２Ｏ的浓度分别为０．００２ｍｌ／ｍｌ、０．１ｍｌ／ｍｌ和０．１ｍｌ／ｍｌ，气体流动速率为１００ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ时，０．２５ｇ的３种不同比表面积的ＰＡＣＦ（ＮＨ３）完全除去ＳＯ２的时间分别从热处理前的０．２５ｈ、１ｈ和１ｈ延长到热处理后的１ｈ、２ｈ和３．５ｈ，ＳＯ２穿透后的稳态浓度从热处理前的７３％、５４％和３８％下降到热处理后的３２％、２４％和１０％．脱硫活性的提高主要是由于热处理增强了ＰＡＣＦ（ＮＨ３）对ＳＯ２和Ｏ２的吸附作用，加速了ＳＯ２的氧化反应．     

热处理对含氮活性碳纤维脱除SO2能力的影响

考察中高温热处理对含氮沥青活性碳纤维「ＰＡＣＦ（ＮＨ３）」脱除ＳＯ２的能力的影响结果表明,在９００－１１００℃尤其是在１０００℃下热处理可显著提高ＰＡＣＦ（ＮＨ３）脱除ＳＯ２的能力,当在３０℃下模拟烟气中ＳＯ２、Ｏ２和Ｈ２Ｏ的浓度分别为０．００２ｍｌ／ｍｌ,０．１ｍｌ／ｍｌ和０．１ｍｌ／ｍｌ,气休流动速率为１００ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ时,０．２５ｇ的３种不同比表面物ＰＡＣＦ（ＮＨ３）完全除去ＯＳ２的时间分别     

乳状液膜法处理造纸黑液的研究

本文介绍了液膜法处理造红黑液的传质机理及膜配方：黑液中有机物选择性透过液膜，属Ⅰ型促进迁移。实验结果表明，以煤油，ＬＭＡ－１，Ｈ２ＳＯ４组成的体系较稳定，且ＬＭＡ－１含量为３ｇ／１００ｍＬ煤油，内相试剂Ｈ２ＳＯ４溶液浓度为４ｍｏｌ／Ｌ，黑液中ＣＯＤ去除率为９８％以上。     

固定化光合细菌处理豆制品废水产氢研究

以海藻酸钠做包埋材料制备的固定化光合细菌,可以在不同浓度豆制品废水中进行光照放氢。豆制品废水ＣＯＤ浓度在７５６０—１２６００ｍｇ／Ｌ时,可以维持稳定产气２６０ｈ以上,平均产气率为１４６．８—３５１．４ｍｌ／（Ｌ·ｄ）,气体中Ｈ２含量在６０％以上,废水ＣＯＤ去除率为６２．３％─７８．２％;当废水ＣＯＤ浓度在１２６０—５０４０ｍｇ／Ｌ时,可以维持产气９３ｈ,平均产气率为１２０．７—１４０．ｏｍｌ／（Ｌ·ｄ）,气体中Ｈ２含量在７５％以上,废水最终ＣＯＤ去除率为４１％─６０．３％。     

载体对负载钯催化剂的CO氧化活性的影响

采用ＣＯ－ＴＰＳＲ和ＣＯ氧化活性测试等方法考察了不同载体对Ｐｄ催化剂的ＣＯ表面氧化性能的影响，结果表明，载体对Ｐｄ催化剂的ＣＯ氧化性能、ＣＯ吸附能力影响很大，ＣＯ的吸附能力顺序为Ｐｄ／ＣｅＯ２（吸附量、０．５９ｍｌ／１００ｍｇ）〉Ｐｄ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３（吸附量：０．０５２ｍＬ／１００ｍｇ）〉Ｐｄ／ＴｉＯ２（吸附量：０．００１ｍＬ／１００ｍｇ），催化剂的ＣＯ氧化活性与ＣＯ吸附能力有很好的对应关系，尤其是Ｐ     

冶炼厂SO2烟气化学催化吸收扩大试验研究

在单层塔板泡沫吸收塔中的ＳＯ２液相催化氧化进行了扩在试验研究,当ＳＯ２净化效率（单板效率）为５０％时,得到１６％（Ｗｔ）Ｈ２ＳＯ４,硫酸生成速率为１８％／ｈ,ＳＯ２吸收最佳敢化５Ｌ／Ｎｍ＾３,添加表面活性剂Ａｌ２（ＳＯ４）３及鼓氧操作对ＳＯ２液相催化氧化有明显促进作用,冶炼烟气ＳＯ２浓度波动吸收效率影响不大。     

水中痕量Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)交联壳聚糖吸附和DPCI光度法测定

研究交联壳糖（ＣＣＴＳ）对Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）的吸附行为,建立了ＤＰＣＩ光度法测定水中痕量Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）和Ｃｒ（Ⅲ）的新方法,在１００－２００ｍｌｐＨ＝３溶液中,ＣＣＴＳ对Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）的吸附率为９７％,用２ｍｌ０．１ｍｏｌ．Ｌ＾－１ＮａＯＨ定量解吸Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）富集倍数达５０－１００倍,本法用于水中痕量Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）和Ｃｒ（Ⅲ）的测定,回收率９０％－１０５％,变异系数１．２％－４．８％,检出限０．０１５μｇ．Ｌ＾－１探讨     

电化学法从废料中回收金银和铅的工艺研究

研究从含Ａｕ,Ａｇ和Ｐｂ废料中综合回收Ａｕ,Ａｇ和Ｐｂ的电化学分离过程,在实验确定的最佳工艺条件（电极组成,７０ｇ／ＬＰｂ＾２＋,１００ｇ／Ｌ∑（ＳｉＦ＾２－６）电解温度４０℃,电流密度１００Ａ／ｍ＾２时,β－萘酚,骨胶浓度分别为０．００２ｇ／Ｌ和０．５ｇ／Ｌ）下制得了纯度为９９％Ｐｂ的平滑致密阴极铅沉淀物,铅电流效率大于９８％,比电能消耗１１７ｋＷ．ｈ／ｔＰｂ,Ａｕ,Ａｇ进入阳极泥的回收率分别为     

提高硫化物标准溶液稳定性的研究

用ｐＨ＝９．２的硼砂缓冲液（内含一定量的Ｚｎ（Ａｃ）２－ＮａＡｃ）作硫化物的保存剂，配制５．０μｇ／ｍｌ的标准溶液。此种标液均匀性好，稳定性强，置冰箱保存一年，浓度基本不变，标准曲线斜率年内变化率〈４％。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.