好氧颗粒污泥的研究进展

污泥颗粒化(granulation)是指废水生物处理系统中的微生物在适当的环境条件下,相互聚集形成一种密度较大、体积较大、体质条件较好的微生物聚集体.按照微生物代谢过程中电子受体的不同,颗粒污泥可分为好氧颗粒污泥和厌氧颗粒污泥两类.目前对污泥颗粒化的研究主要集中在两个方面:一方面是从宏观层面探讨颗粒化的形成模式,优化运行参数以达到更好的颗粒化效果;另一方面是从微观层面去研究颗粒化的机理、微生物菌群及其他化学成分在颗粒化过程中所起的作用.本文综述了好氧颗粒污泥近年来的研究进展.主要包括:好氧颗粒污泥的性质(形态及粒径、沉降性能、密度与强度、生物活性、细胞表面疏水性、胞外多聚物等)及结构,颗粒污泥的培养条件、形成机理及影响因素(有机负荷、基质成分、剪切力、沉淀时间、运行周期、进水模式、微生物饥饿期、反应器结构、溶解氧、温度等),以及颗粒污泥的应用(工业废水处理、城市污水处理、有毒污染物降解、脱氮除磷、重金属及放射性核素的去除等).此外,还介绍了全自养颗粒污泥,如硝化颗粒污泥方面的研究.分析表明,随着对好氧颗粒污泥研究的不断深入,将好氧颗粒污泥应用于实际废水处理得到越来越多的关注.好氧颗粒污泥的形成机理、颗粒污泥的微生物特性、颗粒污泥的长期运行稳定性及其工业化应用是今后需要重点关注的研究方向.     

好氧颗粒污泥稳定性影响因素分析

在内循环气升式间歇反应器对好氧颗粒污泥颗粒化过程进行了研究,从污泥负荷率和碳源特性分析了好氧颗粒污泥的稳定性。以蔗糖为碳源时,反应器在较低的曝气量下生长有大量的丝状真菌,而在较高的曝气量下有利于污泥形成表面光滑的颗粒,但当污泥负荷过低时,光滑的颗粒污泥表面开始迅速生长丝状真菌而导致颗粒污泥不稳定。试验表明以蔗糖为碳源物质形成好氧颗粒污泥速率快,但其操作条件难控制,容易引起丝状真菌的大量生长;以乙酸钠为碳源物质,形成颗粒污泥速度慢,污泥颗粒化程度不高;而以蔗糖与乙酸钠为混合型碳源进行好氧颗粒污泥的培养证明了形成的好氧颗粒污泥表面光滑,没有丝状菌的存在,并且颗粒污泥易于稳定运行。     

好氧颗粒污泥颗粒化影响因素及应用现状

好氧颗粒具有良好的沉降性能、较高的生物量和高容积负荷条件下降解高浓度有机废水的良好生物活性,是提高生物反应器效能的重要物质。文章综述了好氧颗粒污泥的形成机制、颗粒化过程的主要影响因素以及在污水处理中的应用现状等三方面国内外好氧颗粒污泥的研究成果,并提出了好氧颗粒污泥的研究方向及发展趋势。     

SBR工艺处理屠宰废水好氧颗粒污泥的形成条件及性能分析

针对生猪屠宰及肉类加工企业采用SBR处理工艺好氧颗粒污泥的形成条件及性能进行了分析,同时对三个分厂SBR池好氧颗粒污泥进行了对比,证明了在处理屠宰废水SBR..工艺中可以实现好氧污泥颗粒化.通过对好氧颗粒污泥的性能分析,得出好氧污泥颗粒化可以有效增加反应池内污泥浓度,提高污染物的去除率,降低工程基建投资.因工程应用隈制...     

好氧污泥颗粒化过程中Zeta电位与EPS的变化特性

研究了好氧颗粒污泥在形成过程中Zeta电位、胞外多聚物的变化以及两者之间的关系.通过对污泥调控生长,形成完全颗粒化的好氧污泥.在好氧颗粒形成过程中,污泥的Zeta电位由接种时的-19.1 mV逐渐降至-10.1 mV.完全颗粒化以后,成熟后的好氧颗粒污泥Zeta电位稳定维持在-10 mV左右,说明维持污泥较低的Zeta电位是好氧颗粒污泥形成的重要条件.颗粒化过程中污泥EPS中多糖含量基本不变,蛋白含量增加明显,从13.65 mg.g-1增加到54.12 mg.g-1,蛋白/多糖比值从0.67增加到3.31;污泥的Zeta电位与蛋白/多糖的比值呈正相关,相关系数为0.849,这些结果说明蛋白质对降低污泥表面电位,促进污泥聚集以及好氧颗粒污泥的形成生长等可能起着重要作用.     

好氧颗粒污泥快速培养影响参数及方法研究进展

针对好氧颗粒污泥培养速度慢、启动周期长等突出问题,通过综述好氧颗粒污泥的形成机理、颗粒化主要影响参数以及促进颗粒化的方法,发现调整反应器的水力剪切力、沉降时间、有机负荷、饥饿期等参数有利于诱导微生物分泌更多的胞外聚合物(EPS),促进初期微生物聚集体的快速形成,从而缩短好氧颗粒化时间。因此,当前快速颗粒化的方法基本上是基于诱导初期颗粒聚集体快速形成或直接投加聚集体的方法缩短好氧颗粒化时。最后,总结好氧颗粒快速培养过程中存在问题,并提出好氧颗粒污泥形成机理的明晰、好氧颗粒化的标准以及培养指标体系的建立是解决相关问题的关键,以及今后的研究重点。     

不同好氧颗粒污泥中微生物群落结构特点

为了探讨活性污泥好氧颗粒化过程对微生物种群的影响、不同底物及不同颗粒化方法培养的好氧颗粒污泥中微生物群落结构的差异,以接种污泥、模拟废水好氧颗粒污泥和分别投加粉末活性炭和硅藻土的实际生活污水好氧颗粒污泥为研究对象,利用PCR-DGGE对比分析了接种污泥和好氧颗粒污泥中的微生物群落结构.结果表明:活性污泥好氧颗粒化过程会减少微生物种群多样性,影响颗粒污泥稳定性的细菌被淘汰,而聚磷菌、反硝化菌、难降解有机物降解菌等污水处理功能微生物都在颗粒化过程中得到保留.活性污泥好氧颗粒化过程中能够实现亚硝化细菌(AOB)一定程度的富集.与接种活性污泥相比,好氧颗粒污泥中AOB的多样性指数与均匀性指数均有提高.好氧颗粒污泥中的优势菌群主要分布于变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和未培养菌(uncultured bacterium).其中AOB均属于β-Proteobacteria的亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomonas).     

进水碳源对好氧颗粒污泥特性的影响

采用气升式内循环间歇反应器对好氧污泥颗粒化过程进行了研究,考察了反应器分别以蔗糖和乙酸钠为进水碳源时好氧颗粒污泥的特性.实验结果表明:好氧颗粒污泥的形成特性与进水碳源有很大的关系;以蔗糖为碳源时,好氧污泥颗粒化速度快,好氧颗粒污泥表面被丝状物包裹,颗粒中w(VSS)为92%;以乙酸钠为碳源时,污泥颗粒化速度慢,好氧颗粒污泥表面光滑,w(VSS)只有55%左右;不同碳源下形成的好氧颗粒污泥沉降性能差别不大,但好氧颗粒污泥胞外多聚物的含量有很大差别.结果表明,由于进水碳源不同,好氧颗粒污泥特性和废水处理能力有一定的差别.      

序批式气提生物反应器(SABR)处理氯苯胺类有机废水好氧污泥颗粒化研究

研究了序批式气提生物反应器(SABR)处理氯苯胺类(CAs)有机废水过程中好氧污泥的颗粒化.SABR运行15d后,反应器内出现细小污泥颗粒,通过缩短循环时间与污泥沉降时间,并逐步提高COD与CAs进水负荷,SABR运行48d后污泥颗粒化明显;反应器在循环时间为12h、污泥沉降时间为6min、表面气速为2.4cm.s-1、COD负荷为1.0~3.6kg.m-3.d-1、CAs负荷逐步提升至800g.m-3.d-1的条件下继续运行50d,SABR污泥颗粒化趋于成熟,COD、CAs去除率稳定在90%、99.9%以上.根据污泥形态、最小沉降速率、SVI和目标污染物降解性能的变化,好氧污泥颗粒化过程可分为启动期、颗粒污泥形成期、生长期和成熟期.成熟好氧颗粒污泥粒径为0.9~2.5mm,平均颗粒密度为64g.L-1(以MLVSS计),污泥最小沉降速率为68.4m.h-1,SOUR为167mg.g-1.h-1;颗粒污泥外形为圆形或椭圆形,呈橙黄色,结构较致密,颗粒内外分布有丰富的类球菌、类短杆菌,与胞外多聚物交织共存.     

不同培养方式下絮状污泥颗粒化特性和灰色关联度分析

为探索好氧颗粒污泥形成机理,开展了不同培养方式下絮状污泥颗粒化特性研究.选取3种培养方式:人工配水培养、海藻酸钠强化培养和农村模拟污水培养,利用灰色关联分析法,对比3种不同培养方式下,污泥颗粒化过程中各影响因素灰色关联度系数,筛选好氧颗粒污泥培养的关键因素.研究发现,人工配水培养方式下经过40 d成功出现好氧颗粒污泥,投加海藻酸钠强化培养方式下经过20 d出现好氧颗粒污泥,农村模拟污水经过55 d培养出好氧颗粒污泥.3种培养方式下出现的好氧颗粒污泥均具有密实的结构和较好的沉降性能,同时可实现对污染物的高效去除.利用数据处理系统(Data Processing System,DPS)对各影响因素的灰色关联度进行分析,发现不同培养方式下污泥颗粒化过程中起主导作用的影响因素并非唯一,水力停留时间和胞外聚合物在各培养方式中均具有较高的关联度系数,对好氧颗粒污泥的形成具有关键作用.     

Rapid aerobic granulation in an SBR treating piggery wastewater by seeding sludge from a municipal WWTP

Aerobic sludge granulation was rapidly obtained in the erlenmeyer bottle and sequencing batch reactor (SBR) using piggery wastewater. Aerobic granulation occurred on day 3 and granules with mean diameter of 0.2 mm and SVI₃₀ of 20.3 mL/g formed in SBR on day 18. High concentrations of Ca and Fe in the raw piggery wastewater and operating mode accelerated aerobic granulation, even though the seed sludge was from a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Alpha diversity analysis revealed Operational Taxonomic Units, Shannon, ACE and Chao 1 indexes in aerobic granules were 2013, 5.51, 4665.5 and 3734.5, which were obviously lower compared to seed sludge. The percentages of major microbial communities, such as Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were obviously higher in aerobic granules than seed sludge. Chloroflexi, Planctomycetes, Actinobacteria, TM7 and Acidobacteria showed much higher abundances in the inoculum. The main reasons might be the characteristics of raw piggery wastewater and granule structure.     

好氧颗粒污泥的形成机制、特性及应用研究进展

好氧颗粒污泥凭借其密实的结构、多样的微生物种群以及优良的沉降性能,已经引起了污水生物处理领域许多学者的兴趣.本文总结了近年来国内外好氧颗粒污泥技术和应用的最新研究成果,包括好氧颗粒污泥的形成机制、好氧颗粒污泥的特性及其微生物相、环境条件对好氧颗粒污泥形成的影响、好氧颗粒污泥模型以及在处理市政污水和含毒工业废水上的应用,并展望了好氧颗粒污泥的应用前景.     

Influence of microbial community structure of seed sludge on the properties of aerobic nitrifying granules

In order to evaluate the influence of microbial community structure of seed sludge on the properties of aerobic nitrifying granules, these granules were cultivated with different seed sludge, and the variation of microbial community and dominant bacterial groups that impact the nitrogen removal efficiency of the aerobic nitrifying granules were analyzed and identified using 16s rDNA sequence and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiles. The results presented here demonstrated that the influence of the community structure of seed sludge on the properties of aerobic nitrifying granules was remarkable, and the granules cultivated by activated sludge from a beer wastewater treatment plant showed better performance, with a stable sludge volume index (SVI) value of 20 mL/g, high extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) content of 183.3 mg/L, high NH₄⁺-N removal rate of 89.42% and abundant microbial population with 10 dominant bacterial groups. This indicated that activated sludge with abundant communities is suitable for use as seed sludge in culturing aerobic nitrifying granules.     

连续流膜生物反应器中好氧颗粒污泥的形成及机制探讨

为了探讨好氧颗粒污泥在连续流膜生物反应器(MBR)中的形成过程和机制,采用连续流试验的方法,研究了好氧颗粒污泥形成过程中膜反应器内污染物的去除效果和好氧颗粒污泥特性的变化,并对连续流MBR中好氧颗粒污泥的形成机制进行了探讨.结果显示,连续流MBR中好氧颗粒污泥的形成增强了MBR的运行稳定性和抗冲击能力.废水中微生物抑制...     

运行调控方式对好氧颗粒污泥特性的影响

采用厌好氧交替的SBR反应器培养好氧颗粒污泥,研究不同运行调控方式形成的好氧颗粒污泥性质的差异。结果表明,通过进料负荷和沉降时间的调控,都可以实现好氧污泥完全颗粒化。通过进料负荷调控培养出的好氧颗粒,污泥浓度大,颗粒周围原后生动物丰富,颗粒存在核心,从中心到表面有明显分层;使用短沉降时间调控培养出的好氧颗粒污泥,颗粒粒径均匀,表面有丝状微生物伸出,污泥浓度较小,颗粒周围少见原后生动物,颗粒从中心到表面无明显分层。两种颗粒的微生物分布具有相似性,即颗粒表面多为杆菌,中心以球菌为主。两种颗粒形成过程中,污泥浓度变化很大,但污泥均保持较高的沉降性,污泥良好的沉降性是形成好氧颗粒污泥的必要前提。     

高浓度Vc生产废水培养好氧颗粒污泥的试验研究

采用高浓度难降解的Vc生产废水可以在SBR反应器中培养出好氧颗粒污泥.转化母液反应器中污泥实现完全颗粒化,得到的好氧颗粒污泥粒径为0.2～1 mm,平均沉降速度为31.2 m·h^－１;精制或提取母液反应器中污泥部分颗粒化,得到的颗粒粒径为0.5～2.5 mm,平均沉降速度为26.3 m·h^－１.由于形成好氧颗粒污泥,反应器系统表现出良好的运行性能,在进水COD 1 000～1 500　mg·L^－１时去除率达到80%左右.如果反应器进水中补充加入一定浓度的易降解有机物,处理系统的去除效率还可进一步提高并能缩短启动时间.通过观察和比较不同进水反应器中的生物相发现,好氧颗粒污泥中出现的原后生动物种类及生物相丰富程度不仅与反应器运行状态有关,更重要的是取决于反应器中的进水水质.实验中好氧颗粒污泥的形成过程经历了污泥复活、污泥驯化和污泥颗粒化3个阶段.在运行控制过程中通过将沉降时间作为培养好氧颗粒污泥的一个关键控制参数,它既可以去除反应器中沉降性差的污泥还可以在短时间内调节反应器中的运行负荷,从而促进反应器中好氧污泥快速实现颗粒化.     

Effect of seed sludge on characteristics and microbial community of aerobic granular sludge

Aerobic granular sludge was cultivated by using different kinds of seed sludge in sequencing batch airlift reactor.The influence of seed sludge on physical and chemical properties of granular sludge was studied;the microbial community structure was probed by using scanning electron microscope and polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(PCR-DGGE).The results showed that seed sludge played an important role on the formation of aerobic granules.Seed sludge taken from beer wastewater treatment plant(inoculum A) was more suitable for cultivating aerobic granules than that of sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plant(inoculum B).Cultivated with inoculum A, large amount of mature granules formed after 35 days operation, its SVI reached 32.75 mL/g, and SOUR of granular sludge was beyond 1.10 mg/(g·min).By contrast, it needed 56 days obtaining mature granules using inoculum B.DGGE profiles indicated that the dominant microbial species in mature granules were 18 and 11 OTU when inoculum A and B were respectively employed as seed sludge.The sequencing results suggested that dominant species in mature granules cultivated by inoculum A were Paracoccus sp., Devosia hwasunensi, Pseudoxanthomonas sp., while the dominant species were Lactococcus raffinolactis and Pseudomonas sp.in granules developed from inoculum B.     

Qualitatively and quantitatively assessing the aggregation ability of sludge during aerobic granulation process combined XDLVO theory with physicochemical properties

Inexact mechanism of aerobic granulation still impedes optimization and application of aerobic granules. In this study, the extended Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey, and Overbeek(XDLVO) theory and physicochemical properties were combined to assess the aggregation ability of sludge during aerobic granulation process qualitatively and quantitatively. Results show that relative hydrophobicity of sludge and polysaccharide content of extracellular polymeric substances(EPS) increased, while electronegativity of sludge decreased during acclimation phase. After 20 days' acclimation, small granules began to form due to high aggregation ability of sludge. Since then, coexisted flocs and granules possessed distinct physicochemical properties during granulation and maturation phase. The relative hydrophobicity decreased while electronegativity increased for flocs, whereas that for granules presented reverse trend. Through analyzing the interaction energy using the XDLVO theory, small granules tended to self-grow rather than self-aggregate or attach of flocs due to poor aggregation ability between flocs and granules during the granulation phase. Besides, remaining flocs were unlikely to self-aggregate owing to poor aggregation ability, low hydrophobicity and high electronegativity.     

Production and application of anaerobic granular sludge produced by landfill

Sludge granulation is considered to be the most critical parameter governing successful operation of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket and expanded granular sludge bed(EGSB)reactors.Pre-granulated seeding sludge could greatly reduce the required start- up time.Two lab-scale and a pilot-scale EGSB reactors were operated to treat Shaoxing Wastewater Treatment Plant(SWWTP) containing wastewater from real engineering printing and dyeing with high pH and sulfate concentration.The microbiological structure and the particle size distribution in aerobic excess sludge,sanitary landfill sludge digested for one year,and the granular sludge of EGSB reactor after 400 d of operation were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and sieves.The lab-scale EGSB reactor seeded with anaerobic sludge after digestion for one year in landfill showed obviously better total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD)removal efficiency than one seeded with aerobic excess sludge after cation polyacrylamide flocculation-concentration and dehydration.The TCOD removed was 470.8 mg/L in pilot scale EGSB reactor at short hydraulic retention time of 15 h.SEM of sludge granules showed that the microbiological structure of the sludge from different sources showed some differences.SEM demonstrated that Methanobacterium sp.was present in the granules of pilot-scale EGSB and the granular sludge produced by landfill contained a mixture of anaerobic/anoxic organisms in abundance.The particle size distribution in EGSB demonstrated that using anaerobic granular sludge produced by sanitary landfill as the seeding granular sludge was feasible.