曲霉菌丝球HX对偶氮染料的吸附脱色

采用富积和驯化方法选育出的曲霉菌丝球HX对不同种类染料表现出高效吸附性能，可在12h内完全吸附200mg／L的直接染料、分散染料及活性黄X-R的颜色，并且研究了碳源质量浓度、氮源质量浓度、盐度、培养条件及优化条件组合对菌丝球HX吸附活性艳红X-3B的影响，结果表明：随碳源质量浓度的增加，吸附率相应增加，质量浓度为10．0g／L以上时，72h及以上的吸附率大于92．3％；氮源质量浓度高于0．75g／L时对吸附率影响不大；随盐度增加，染料吸附率有所下降．在温度为25～35℃、染料培养基pH为5．0～7．0、供氧充足的条件下吸附率较高．在所筛选的最佳吸附条件下，菌丝球HX对活性艳红X-3B表现出了更好的吸附效果．图6表3参9     

高抗铜青霉菌的筛选及其对重金属的吸附

从一种铜矿尾矿土壤中分离得到一株高抗重金属盐的青霉菌株,其对Cu2 、Zn2 、Pb2 、Ni2 、Cr2 、Cd2 的抗性水平分别为150、150、35、15、5、5 mmol/L.在40 mmol/L Cu2 的胁迫下,该菌株的最适生长温度为30℃,最适pH为7.0.该菌以淀粉为碳源、以蛋白胨或硫酸铵为氮源时生长速度最快,草酸和柠檬酸也可有效促进菌体的生长.原子吸收结果表明,在pH 5.0、cu2 10 mg/L的铜溶液中,菌株45 min内可吸附98%Cu2 ;pH 6.0、金属离子浓度为100 mg/L时,菌体对Cu2 、Zn2 、Pb2 、Ni2 、Cr6 、Cd2 的吸附量分别为22.8、8.9、18.2、8.4、4.3、5.5 mg/g干菌体,同时Cu2 的存在抑制了菌体对Zn2 、Pb2 、Ni2 、Cd2 的吸附,然而能在小范围内促进对Cr6 的吸附,但促进程度不显著.     

漂白废水白腐菌脱色的条件

碳源、氮源、Mn^2 浓度及pH值对F7菌漂白废水脱色有较大的影响，最佳培养基组成为：ρ（葡萄糖）10g/L，ρ（NH4Cl）0．13g/L，ρ（Mn^2 )20mg/L，随葡萄糖和NH4Cl添国量的增加，菌体生物量增加，但高浓度的NH4Cl对F7菌脱色有抑制作用，F7菌适宜生长pH值为4－5，适宜脱色pHwfhgo 3-6,最适脱色pH值为5．0另外，经脱色处理的漂白废水的毒性明显下降。     

青霉菌对活性艳蓝 KN-R的吸附作用

研究了青霉菌(Penicillium X5)对活性艳蓝KN—R的吸附作用．通过对培养液的波谱分析和宏观现象的观察，结果表明，在72h内，脱色是由吸附引起的．当染料的浓度为100mg/L时，活菌体对染料的吸附率可达88．66％．本实验还研究了对实际应用和吸附过程有影响的几个因素，包括葡萄糖、NaCl、温度和pH.结果表明：葡萄糖浓度在0-20g／L时，随着葡萄糖浓度的增加，菌体的干重相应增加，说明对活性艳蓝KN—R的吸附具有促进作用，但浓度在10-20g／L时，吸附作用不显著；而随着NaCl浓度(0-2％)的增加，吸附率却显著降低．最佳脱色温度为25℃，pH为4．0．活菌体与死菌体的生物吸附均符合Langmuir方程，活菌体比死菌体具有更好的吸附性能．吸附在菌丝体上的染料可以用甲酵进行洗脱，菌丝球在下次使用前用蒸馏水冲洗至pH中性，此菌丝球可重复使用3次．固8表2参11     

含溴氨酸体系中菌株NAX的生长及其吸附特性

从污染土壤筛选到的菌株NAX能在含溴氨酸的体系中生长，并能吸附溴氨酸。随碳源浓度的增加，菌体生长旺盛。体系中高浓度的溴氨酸和盐度抑制菌株生长。菌株对溴氨酸的吸附等温线数据用改型的Pearl生长模型拟合比用Freundlich方程好。这意味菌株吸附溴氨酸存在多层吸附机理。     

耐高盐撕裂蜡孔菌P2对模拟橙黄G染料废水的脱色及废水脱色前后的毒性测试

为评价撕裂蜡孔菌P2处理橙黄G染料废水的应用潜力,采用批次实验在开敞系统中研究静置与摇动、染料初始浓度、pH、温度、盐度、碳源、氮源、金属离子等因子对该菌降解橙黄G染料废水的影响,同时利用植物萌发与微生物抑菌试验进行染料与脱色溶液的毒性测试.结果表明,与摇动培养相比,静置培养更适合于撕裂蜡孔菌的脱色,最适脱色pH与温度分别为9和25℃.盐度测试结果显示撕裂蜡孔菌能在浓度为128 g L-1的盐溶液中能进行高效脱色,可达70%以上.在上述参数体系的优化基础上,分别进行了碳源、氮源与金属离子的添加优化实验,结果显示碳源、氮源与金属离子的最适浓度分别为4 g L-1葡萄糖、0.15 g L-1硝酸铵和0.1 mmol L-1 Zn2+.菌丝吸附在整个脱色过程中作用较小,撕裂蜡孔菌对橙黄G的脱色过程以酶的降解为主,未发现该菌分泌漆酶,只分泌锰过氧化物酶与木质素过氧化物酶,其最高活性分别为230 U mL-1和158 U mL-1.植物与微生物毒性分析显示撕裂蜡孔菌脱色后的产物对植物与微生物的毒性大大降低.因此,撕裂蜡孔菌对于处理橙黄G染料废水具有良好的应用潜力.     

微酸多年卧孔菌产漆酶条件优化及其在染料脱色中的应用

微酸多年卧孔菌(Perenniporia subacida)产漆酶能力对生物漂白等研究具有重要意义.通过单因子和正交试验确定了微酸多年卧孔菌(菌株号:Dai 8224)的最适产酶条件:麦芽糖20 g/L,酵母浸粉5 g/L,pH 5.4,Cu2+2.0 mmol/L,培养温度24℃,转速160 r/min,接种量1.5%(V/V),此时酶活最高可达1.945 U/mL.单独使用微酸多年卧孔菌漆酶粗酶液对染料具有很好的脱色效果.该菌株对于50 mg/L杂环类染料中性红的脱色率可达98.3%,对偶氮染料刚果红的脱色率次之,为91.57%,对亚甲基蓝和铬天青的脱色率也都在80%以上.此外,其催化中性红脱色的最佳底物浓度为60 mg/L,脱色率达到99.42%,其中,生物降解作用占55.92%,菌体吸附作用占43.5%.结果表明该菌对多种染料脱色具有较大的应用潜力.图4表3参31     

一株耐酸耐铜细菌的选育及其吸附铜离子的特性

从某铜矿选矿废水中筛选分离出一株在强酸性条件下对铜去除能力较高的菌株Z-1,经鉴定为克雷伯氏杆菌.考察了碳源、氮源、pH、温度、吸附时间、投菌量等因素对菌株Z-1生长量及吸附Cu2+的影响.结果表明,菌株Z-1的最佳碳源为乙酸钠,其最佳用量为3 g.L-1;最佳氮源为硫酸铵,最佳用量为1.2 g.L-1.在投菌量为4 g.L-1、温度为30℃、吸附时间为4 h的条件下,菌株Z-1对pH=3、Cu2+100 mg.L-1的废水吸附效果最优,Cu2+去除率达到59.7%.菌株Z-1对Cu2+的吸附过程能很好地用吸附模型Langmuir方程描述,菌株Z-1去除的铜离子,有92.3%分布在细胞壁上,其余7.7%分布在细胞质内,说明菌株Z-1对铜离子的去除主要为表面吸附.     

黑曲霉吸附弱酸性艳蓝RAWL机理研究

考察了黑曲霉对染料吸附性能的pH响应模式,红外光谱表征了菌体表面的主要官能团组成,化学修饰定量研究了不同官能团的染料吸附贡献.结果显示,在低pH条件下,菌体表现出最优的染料吸附特性:随着pH值由2.0升至6.0,染料吸附量由39.6mg/g降至9.3mg/g.菌体表面含有氨基、羧基和磷酸根.高pH下,羧基和磷酸根电离导致菌体表面带负电并与染料发生静电斥力,使得染料吸附量下降;低pH下,氨基的质子化使得菌体带正电并通过静电吸引提高染料吸附.甲基化氨基在酸性条件下仍然可以质子化,故氨基甲基化修饰后染料吸附性能不变;乙酰化氨基在酸性体系中失去质子化能力,乙酰化修饰菌体染料吸附性能下降51.6%.氨基质子化引起的菌体正电性和染料负电性之间的静电引力是染料吸附的重要机制.图6参10     

一株新的高效偶氮染料脱色菌Paenibacillus dendritiformis GGJ7及其脱色作用

从刚果红染料中分离到一株刚果红高效脱色菌,经16S r RNA基因序列(NCBI accession No.KY655213)鉴定,该菌株属于类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus),将该菌株命名为Paenibacillus dendritiformis GGJ7(简写为GGJ7).将其运用于偶氮染料脱色,并研究不同营养条件、不同培养条件(温度、pH、溶解氧)和不同染料下的脱色性能.结果表明,GGJ7对刚果红脱色效果远高于以前工作中分离到的YRJ1、YRJ2等8株同样具有脱色功能的细菌;该菌株脱色的最佳条件为30℃、pH 7、25 g/L LB培养基厌氧培养;其脱色机理以生物降解为主,且脱色过程符合一级反应动力学方程:-ln(A_t/A_0)=0.6058t-0.1082.经测试,GGJ7对多种偶氮染料的脱色率高达95%,其中50 mg/L甲基橙、25 mg/L藏花猩红和25 mg/L甲基红仅需1 h,50 mg/L橙黄G和50 mg/L橙黄G6仅需3 h,50 mg/L刚果红仅需4 h.可见GGJ7是一株高效偶氮染料脱色菌,具有处理印染废水的开发应用潜能.     

Decolorization of anthraquinone dye by Aspergillus ficuum in various physiological states

Decolorization of reactive brilliant blue KN-R by Aspergillus ficuum was investigated on suspended spores, mycelial pellets, immobilized cells. It was found that Aspergillus ficuum could effectively decolorize reactive brilliant blue KN-R especially when grown as pelleted mycelia. Many factors affecting the decolorization process in nitrogen-limited media (NLM) were studied, including: initial pH, temperature, and mycelial age. Results showed that the media containing reactive brilliant blue KN-R at 50 mg/L could be decolorized by 96% of the initial color in 42 h, in most conditions tested, the dye degraded products assayed by UV-visible spectrophotometer and macroscopic observation showed that the decolorization of reactive brilliant blue KN-R by mycelial pellets includes two important processes: biodegradation and biosorption. Kinetic study revealed that reactive brilliant KN-R biodegradation by mycelial pellets and suspended spores conformed to first-order reaction model while reactive brilliant blue KN-R biodegradation by immobilized cell followed zero-order model. In addition, mycelial pellets was found to biodegrade KN-R more quickly than suspended spores and immobilized cell.     

Decolorization of anthraquinone dye with immobilized Penicillium jensenii

Cells of Penicillium jensenii were immobilized by entrapment in natural and synthetic polymeric matrices. The decolorization of Reactive Brilliant Blue KN-R by immobilized cells has been studied. It was found that CA-immobilized cells could effectively decolorize reactive brilliant blue KN-R. Many factors affecting the decolorization process were studied, including: pH, temperature, dye concentration, shaker speed and culture time. The reusability of the immobilized cells was evaluated with repeated-batch decolorization experiments. The optimum pH, temperature, shaker speed and culture time of decolorization with CA-, CGN-, and PAA- immobilized cells are 4.0 and 30 degrees C and 150r/min and 48hr respectively, dye concentration could have some effects on decolorization. After four repeated experiments, the decolorization rate of CA-, CGN-, and PAA- immobilized cells could still remain 73.6%, 60.8%, 50.5%, respectively.     

Anaerobic decolorization of an azo dye by a mixed culture

Wool dyeing wastewater contains xenobiotic compounds that can be removed by biotechnological processes. Studies on various dyes showed that anaerobic processes are suitable to alter azo dyes as a first step of the biodegradation process. These compounds are reduced by anaerobic consortia to aromatic amines and its ultimate degradation can be achieved by a further aerobic treatment.

Studies on degradation rate of an wool acid dye were performed in batch systems inoculated with anaerobic biomass. A commercial diazo dye, Acid Red 73, was added to the synthetic medium in which glucose was used as sole carbon source.

Results indicated that the Acid Red 73 was partially degraded by a mixed culture of anaerobic bacteria and a decolorization of 90% was obtained. Kinetics studies on removal of the colour showed that the decolorization rate was several times faster than the degradation rate of glucose for a range of dye concentrations between 60 mg/L and 400 mg/L. A first order kinetic model was used for dye concentrations up to 200 mg/L. For higher concentrations a model similar to the Michaelis‐Menten equation was better fitted to the experimental data.     

Anaerobic degradation kinetics of reactive dye with different carbon sources

This study aims to investigate the anaerobic degradation kinetics of reactive dye, C.I. Reactive Red 141 (Evercion Red H-E7B) by partially granulated anaerobic mixed culture using three carbon sources, namely modified starch (MS), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and acrylic size (AS) during batch incubation. There is a first-order kinetics reaction in the decolorization processes using MS and PVA as carbon sources, while a zero-order kinetics relationship describes the decolorization process for the AS carbon source. The k values and color removal rate of decolorization with MS carbon source was higher than those of PVA and AS carbon sources. This is because the MS carbon source was well degraded in comparison to AS and PVA, respectively This study also found dye reduction could be enhanced through the addition of MS as a carbon source. The decolorization rates increased with decrease in dye concentrations of RR 141. In contrast, the decolorization rates increased with increase in COD concentration.     

黄孢原毛平革菌对固体介质中染料的降解反应

用黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaetechrysosporium)3品系在固体介质中建立染料的降解反应体系,分光光度法测定染料的脱色降解率。黄孢原毛平革菌在琼脂、沙子及土壤等固体介质中均能有效地降解偶氮染料、蒽醌染料及聚合染料;植物材料玉米芯和木屑可作为共代谢碳源被该菌利用;BKM F 1767菌种降解能力最强,对活性艳蓝KN R的进攻性优于对PolyR 478和比布列希猩红。     

Biological Decolorization of C.I. Basic Green 4 Solution by Chlorella sp.： Effect of Operational Parameters

In recent years, the ability of microorganisms to decolorize textile wastewater has received great attention due to the environmental persistence and toxicity of these pollutants. In this paper biological decolorization of triphenylmethane dye, C.I. Basic Green 4 (BG 4), by Chlorella species was investigated. The effect of operational parameters (temperature, pH, initial dye concentration and algal concentration) on decolorization efficiency was examined. Results indicated that the desired initial pH was 9. The stability and efficiency of the algae in long-term repetitive operations were also examined. Michaelis-Menten kinetics was employed to describe the apparent correlation between the decolorization rate and dye concentration. The optimal kinetic parameters, Vmax (specific decolorization rate) and Km (maximum specific decolorization rate) were 4.6 mg dye g cell-1 h-1and 151.0 mg L-1, respectively. Fig 10, Tab 2, Ref24     

Selection and development of efficient consortia for decolorization of metal complex dyes

Decolorization of 18 different metal complex acid dyes was studied with 11 bacterial consortia. Five consortia and five dyes were selected on the basis of maximum decolorization. Among the parameters for optimization, nutrient broth was preferred by all bacterial consortia but one of them showed significant decolorization with Bushnell and Haas medium with or without glucose and yeast extract; hence, this consortium was selected for further studies. Decolorization efficiency was adversely affected beyond 200 mg/L dye and 2% NaCl concentration. Treatment efficiency was increased 2-fold using a developed consortium as compared to original consortium. Changes in the UV-Vis spectra and considerable reduction in chemical oxygen demand of selected metal complex dyes after decolorization prove the efficiency of the consortium for its use. Decolorization of a broad range of metal complex dyes at pH 7.5 ± 0.5, 35 ± 2 °C, and static conditions promises the use of the developed consortium for industrial wastewater treatment.     

氮源及其添加模式对钝齿棒杆菌JDN28-75合成L-精氨酸的影响

氮源是微生物过量合成L-精氨酸的重要营养因子之一,不同氮源对钝齿棒杆菌JDN28-75合成L-精氨酸的影响研究结果表明,硫酸铵为合适的氮源.不同初始硫酸铵浓度对JDN28-75产L-精氨酸的影响研究结果表明,氮源浓度过高或不足,都会使最终L-精氨酸产量有所降低.低浓度的硫酸铵虽然有利于菌体生长,但对L-精氨酸的合成明显不利,同时糖酸转化率也较低;而高浓度的硫酸铵尽管不利于细胞的生长且造成发酵结束时残糖含量过高,却有利于细胞合成L-精氨酸且实际耗糖的糖酸转化率维持在一个较高的水平.初始硫酸铵浓度为60 g/L时,对JDN28-75菌体的生长有明显的抑制作用,最终发酵液中剩余的硫酸铵也较多(大于30 g/L),但高浓度的硫酸铵是L-精氨酸合成所必需的.在上述研究结果的基础上,确定了初始硫酸铵浓度为20 g/L条件下的补氮策略,比较了4种不同的硫酸铵补加模式对产L-精氨酸的影响,结果表明,在总的硫酸铵浓度相同的情况下,采取分批、低浓度添加氮源的方式既可以有效解除发酵前期高浓度硫酸铵对菌体生长的抑制作用,又可以有效维持发酵中后期体系中菌体合成L-精氨酸所需的较高比例的氮源.最后,在5 L全自动发酵罐中采用20 g/L的初始硫酸铵浓度,连续流加25%的氨水来控制发酵体系pH及补加氮源,L-精氨酸的产量可以达到31.7 g/L,较对照组的产酸量(26.0 g/L)提高了21.9%.图4表2参11