黄孢原毛平革菌对固体介质中染料的降解反应

用黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium)3品系在固体介质中建立染料的降解反应体系，分光光度法测定染料的脱色降解率。黄孢原毛平革菌在琼脂、沙子及土壤等固体介质中均能有效地降解偶氮染料、蒽醌染料及聚合染料；植物材料玉米芯和木屑可作为共代谢碳源被该菌利用；BKM-F-1767菌种降解能力最强，对活性艳蓝KN—R的进攻性优于对Poly R-478和比布列希猩红。     

浅层静培养中黄孢原毛平革菌对比布列希猩红的生物吸附及降解

黄孢原毛平革菌品系ＯＧＣ１０１与比布列希猩红浅层静置共培养表明：培养液为１０ｍＬ的体系中染料的降解速度明显高于２０ｍＬ的体系;培养体系的充Ｏ２操作过程对染料降解的影响因染料浓度不同而表现出正负两种效应;对菌体进行５０℃２４ｈ的预处理,降解体系仍能基本正常工作;菌体对染料的去除由生物吸附和生物降解两个过程协调完成。     

黄孢原毛平革菌对染料和印染废水的降解

白腐真菌黄孢原毛平革菌在合成木素过氧化物酶的限碳培养条件下，可以降解酶性、直接、活性、阳离子等多种类型的印染工业染料、在培养的d5木素过氧化物酶活力最高时，分别加入酸性染料卡布龙红和弱酸大红，质量浓度（ρ/mgL^-1)分别为25、50、100和12．5、25．50，48h后培养液基本脱色，较高浓度下菌膜上有残余染料吸附，5d后染料质量降解率分别是100％、88％、92％和58％、58％、65％、38％。以含有上述两种染料的印染废水置换培养液，并加入葡萄糖1g/L，黄孢原毛平革菌可以直接使废水脱色，菌丝可以重复培养脱色废水至少5批，每批废水的脱色率均大于90％，5批废水总的染料质量降解率约为80％，在重复培养脱色废水的过程中，测不到木素过氧化物酶的活力，说明废水中的染料分子是在细胞表面或进入胞内被降解的，若加入的葡萄糖浓度降低一半以上，菌丝脱色废水的效果将有所下降，图5表5参11     

黄孢原毛平革菌对代表性染料的生物降解及降解途径的初探

用紫外分光光度法测定黄孢原毛平革菌与代表性染料共培养的吸光度，根据培养颜色的变化，吸光度的减小，λmax的移动及染料的脱色率，降解率，研究各种培养参数对梁料生物降解动态过程的影响，结果表明：BKM－F－176菌种的降解能力较OGC101强，浅层培养条件有利于染料分子的彻底降解，偶氮键的断裂是偶氮染料降解的重要步骤，蒽醌梁料发生稠环的开裂，因降解程度的不同，终产物中或保留部分共轭系统，或为在200－700nm范围内无最大吸收峰的非共轭结构物质。     

白腐真菌降解五氯酚的初步研究

研究了白腐真菌黄孢原毛平革菌在不同营养条件下对五氯酚的降解.采用土豆葡萄糖液体培养基,接种后第2天投加PCP,在胞外木质素降解酶活性极低的真菌反应体系中,五氯酚能够有效降解,4d内10mg·1-1五氯酚降解率达到98%;采用高氮培养基,接种后第6天投加五氯酚,在胞外木质素酶含量极低的真菌反应体系和不含胞外酶的菌丝体反应体系中,五氯酚均能有效降解,1d内降解率分别达到56%和22%;采用低氮培养基,接种后第6天投加五氯酚,在胞外木质素酶含量较高的真菌反应体系、胞外酶液反应体系和不含胞外酶的菌丝体反应体系中,五氯酚均能有效降解,1d内降解率分别达到86%,17%和46%.结果表明,黄孢原毛平革菌在非木质素降解条件下,依赖胞内酶能有效地降解PCP;在木质素降解条件下依赖胞外木质素降解酶和胞内酶降解五氯酚,降解效率高于非木质素降解条件.     

挂膜生长的白腐真菌处理草浆造纸黑液废水

比较了几株白腐真菌在造纸黑液废水中的挂膜生长状况及其对黑液废水的处理效果．结果表明，在pH6．0的废水中添加葡萄糖1．0g／L，酒石酸铵0．2g／L及适量无机盐时，黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium)和侧耳菌(Pleurotus ostieatus)以及本实验室自选的白腐真菌S22的挂膜状况和对黑液废水的处理效果最好．废水中添加的葡萄糖和酒石酸铵的浓度分别为1．0g／L和0．2g／L时，侧耳菌的挂膜和对黑液废水的处理效果最佳．S22菌在pH10．0时其木质素降解率和COD去除率最高，分别可达84％和69％．黄孢原毛平革菌、侧耳菌和S22菌能够在碱性较强的废水中生长挂膜并显著降解木质素，表现出对废水很强的适应能力．生物膜对黑液废水的半连续化处理结果表明了生物膜法的优越性．图8表1参14     

黄孢原毛平革菌酵母双杂交cDNA文库的构建及应用

作为研究木质素降解系统的模式微生物黄孢原毛平革菌,迄今还没有蛋白-蛋白相互作用方面的报道.本研究利用酵母双杂交技术构建了低氮培养基中培养2d和3d的酵母双杂交cDNA文库,分别得到2.5×105和3.0×105个重组子.以14-3-3蛋白为钓饵筛选3d cDNA文库,在SD/-Ade/-His/-Leu/-Trp缺陷培养基平板上共获得了约600个单克隆,进一步分析发现,有30个克隆可激活3个报告基因.分离自这些克隆中的质粒DNA能转化大肠杆菌.利用HaeⅢ和Sau3AⅠ限制酶切分析可将它们分为4类.序列测定和同源分析结果表明,其中一类为14-3-3蛋白基因,提示14-3-3蛋白可形成二聚体,另外3类在GenBank没有明显同源的基因.通过SBASE网站预测,编号为Y2H333的克隆含有一个OB-fold核酸结合结构域(OB-fold nucleic acid binding domain).这些研究结果表明,所构建的黄孢原毛平革菌cDNA酵母杂交文库是成功的,14-3-3蛋白在黄孢原毛平革菌中能以蛋白-蛋白相互作用的形式发挥功能.图4表1参28     

黄孢原毛平革菌对氯代蒽的生物降解及降解途径

氯代多环芳烃(chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Cl-PAHs)是多环芳烃的氯代衍生物,其毒性与母体相当甚至高于母体,在各种环境介质中广泛存在且难以降解,对生态环境和人类健康具有一定的潜在威胁.微生物降解是环境中去除有机物的主要途径之一,本文以白腐真菌的模式菌种-黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Pc)为代表,优化了Pc菌对氯代蒽的降解条件、探究了降解效果以及降解动力学,并分析了可能的降解途径.结果表明,Pc菌对氯代蒽有一定的降解能力.当液体培养基的初始pH值为4.5,Pc菌接种量约为每毫升1×10~5个时,在35℃,120 r·min~(-1)的恒温摇床中培养6 d后,接入浓度为100 mg·L~(-1)的底物能够达到较高的降解效率.在此条件下降解16 d后9-ClAnt和9,10-Cl_2Ant的降解率分别达到了96.45%和92.83%.动力学分析表明,Pc菌降解氯代蒽的过程符合一级动力学方程.分析降解过程,检测到5种降解中间产物,结合生物催化反应的特点推测了氯代蒽可能的降解途径.     

一株槭射脉革菌MY51的分离鉴定及对染料的脱色能力

通过对兔眼蓝莓叶片组织中分离得到的内生真菌MY51进行鉴定和产木质素降解酶活性检测,探讨该菌株对染料的脱色能力.通过形态学和分子生物学分类法对菌株MY51进行鉴定;对菌株MY51所产3种木质素降解酶酶活曲线进行测定;利用菌株MY51对固体条件下8种染料进行脱色能力的检测,筛选出较易脱色的染料后,以脱色效果较好的染料模拟污水染料,研究菌株MY51在静态条件下对不同浓度固体染料的脱色能力.结果表明,菌株MY51为白腐真菌——槭射脉革菌(Phlebia acerina),该菌株可以产木质素过氧化物酶、漆酶和锰过氧化物酶等木质素降解酶;且木质素过氧化物酶和锰过氧化物酶活性均在培养第8天达到最大值,分别为11.05、1.21 U/L;漆酶活性在第10天达到最大值18.52U/L;菌株MY51对不同的染料均有脱色效果,对活性红和活性黑的脱色效果最显著;但染料浓度较高时会对菌株MY51的脱色产生一定抑制作用,脱色15 d后,MY51对质量浓度为10、50、100、250和500 mg/L活性红脱色率分别为98.2%、94.5%、87.8%、88.3%和85.6%;对质量浓度为10、50、100、250和500mg/L的活性黑脱色率分别为98%、93%、83.3%、74.5%和65.5%.本研究表明菌株MY51对活性染料具有较好脱色能力,在染料废水处理领域具有一定的应用前景.(图10参31)     

三相鼓泡塔生物反应器培养黄孢原毛平革菌合成木素过氧化物酶系

利用三相鼓泡塔反应器固定化培养黄孢原毛平革菌，可以高效地合成木素过氧化物酶系，固定化载体为聚氨酯泡沫塑料．实验表明，合成木素过氧化物酶和锰过氧化物酶的最佳通气量均是1．0vvm。在此通气量下，最大木素过氧化物酶的酶活达367U/L，最大锰过氧化物酶的酶活达4．72U／mL。在使用相同的培养基和固定化载体单位体积用量条件下，与摇瓶培养相比，酶活分别增大1倍和1．2倍．一定条件下，在三相鼓泡塔中可以进行重复间歇培养生产木素过氧化物酶，连续进行了5批培养，每批最大木素过氧化物酶的活力均在250U／L以上，最高酶活出现在第二批为480U／L，总培养时间达22d．图9参15     

Effect of carbon and nitrogen source amendment on synthetic dyes decolourizing efficiency of white-rot fungus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium

Decolourization activity of Phanerochaete chrysosporium for three synthetic dyes viz., congo red, malachite green and crystal violet and impact of additional carbon and nitrogen supply on decolourization capacity of fungus were investigated. Maximum decolourizing capacity was observed up to 15 ppm. Addition of urea as nitrogen source and glucose as carbon source significantly enhanced decolourizing capacity (up to 87%) of fungus. In all the cases, both colour and COD were reduced more in non-sterilized treatments as compared to sterilized ones. Significant reductions in COD content of dye solutions (79-84%) were recorded by fungus supplied with additional carbon and nitrogen. A highly significant correlation (r = 0.78, p < 0.001) between colour and COD of dye solutions was recorded. Thus, a readily available carbon and nitrogen source is imperative to enhance the bioremediation activity of this fungus which has been the most suitable for synthetic dyes and textile industry wastewater treatment.     

Equilibrium studies on the adsorption of acid dye into chitin

We report the adsorption isotherm of acid dye on the surface of chitin, a unique solid adsorbent. Adsorption process offers an attractive benefit for a dyeing house treatment. Influences of essential kinetic parameters such as adsorbent particle size, reaction temperature governing the dye adsorption have been investigated. Adsorptions isotherms of dye on chitin were developed and the equilibrium data fitted well to the Langmuir, Freundlich and Redlich Peterson isotherm model. At optimum conditions maximum dye adsorption capacity of chitin estimated with the Langmuir 44.0, 85.0, 104.3 mg/g and 85.0, 114.10, 113.62 mg/g adsorbent. The results showed that chelating polymer of chitin could be considered as potential adsorbents for acid dye removal from dilute solution.     

稻草秆粉基质中白腐茵对三苯甲烷类染料的降解特性

研究了稻草秆粉基质中自腐菌对三苯甲烷类染料（孔雀绿、溴酚蓝和结晶紫）的降解特性．结果表明，白腐菌10d内对三苯甲烷类染料脱色率均可达到93％以上．染料加入对木素过氧化物酶分泌有抑制作用．随着培养过程的进行，染料脱色率增加，脱色降解以漆酶为主．紫外扫描发现，染料吸收波长有偏移，标志着染料结构发生变化，其中溴酚蓝能被完全矿化．图2表2参10     

蒽醌染料及其中间体絮凝菌的特性

本文研究所分离到的真菌ＮＸ１对蒽醌染料ＫＮＲ及其中间体溴氨酸的作用,并考察营养条件、体系ＰＨ等对ＮＸ１的生长及絮凝作用的影响,结果表明,ＮＺ１及溴氨酸有很好的絮絮凝效果,对ＰＨ的适应范围广,最佳碳、氮源分别为蔗粮主尿素。     

Investigation of the response of bread wheat cultivars to salinity by using callus cultures

In this research, the response of four bread wheat cultivars (Bal-Atilla, Marmara-86, Seyhan-95, and Panda) to different NaCl concentrations (25.6, 51.3, 77.0, 99.4,119.7 mM) were investigated by using callus cultures. In the experiment, callus induction rates (%) and callus weights in solid and liquid MS media, callus weights in liquid MS media with different NaCl concentrations and in liquid MS media free NaCl concentrations, and callus weights and regeneration rates in MS solid media with NaCl concentrations were studied. Callus induction rates and weights were significantly different among genotypes. Callus weights in liquid MS media were higher than those obtained in the MS solid media. Panda cv. had the highest callus weight in the liquid MS media. Callus weights significantly decreased due to increased NaCl stress. Residual effect of NaCl concentrations on Calli weights was significant. Callus weights decreased due to increasing residue effects of NaCl concentrations. There was no cultivar resistance to salinity, high salinity and very high salinity concentrations. However, Panda cv. was more tolerant cultivar at the light salinity concentrations. Gametoclonal regeneration could not be obtained.     

Environmental effects and risk control of antibiotic resistance genes in the organic solid waste aerobic composting system: A review

• ARGs were detected in livestock manure, sludge, food waste and fermentation dregs. • The succession of microbial community is an important factor affecting ARGs. • Horizontal transfer mechanism of ARGs during composting should be further studied. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have been diffusely detected in several kinds of organic solid waste, such as livestock manure, sludge, antibiotic fermentation residues, and food waste, thus attracting great attention. Aerobic composting, which is an effective, harmless treatment method for organic solid waste to promote recycling, has been identified to also aid in ARG reduction. However, the effect of composting in removing ARGs from organic solid waste has recently become controversial. Thus, this article summarizes and reviews the research on ARGs in relation to composting in the past 5 years. ARGs in organic solid waste could spread in different environmental media, including soil and the atmosphere, which could widen environmental risks. However, the conventional composting technology had limited effect on ARGs removal from organic solid waste. Improved composting processes, such as hyperthermophilic temperature composting, could effectively remove ARGs, and the HGT of ARGs and the microbial communities are identified as vital influencing factors. Currently, during the composting process, ARGs were mainly affected by three response pathways, (I) “Microenvironment-ARGs”; (II) “Microenvironment-microorganisms-ARGs”; (III) “Microorganisms-horizontal gene transfer-ARGs”, respectively. Response pathway II had been studied the most which was believed that microbial community was an important factor affecting ARGs. In response pathway III, mainly believed that MGEs played an important role and paid less attention to eARGs. Further research on the role and impact of eARGs in ARGs may be considered in the future. It aims to provide support for further research on environmental risk control of ARGs in organic solid waste.     

Decolorization of anthraquinone dye by Aspergillus ficuum in various physiological states

Decolorization of reactive brilliant blue KN-R by Aspergillus ficuum was investigated on suspended spores, mycelial pellets, immobilized cells. It was found that Aspergillus ficuum could effectively decolorize reactive brilliant blue KN-R especially when grown as pelleted mycelia. Many factors affecting the decolorization process in nitrogen-limited media (NLM) were studied, including: initial pH, temperature, and mycelial age. Results showed that the media containing reactive brilliant blue KN-R at 50 mg/L could be decolorized by 96% of the initial color in 42 h, in most conditions tested, the dye degraded products assayed by UV-visible spectrophotometer and macroscopic observation showed that the decolorization of reactive brilliant blue KN-R by mycelial pellets includes two important processes: biodegradation and biosorption. Kinetic study revealed that reactive brilliant KN-R biodegradation by mycelial pellets and suspended spores conformed to first-order reaction model while reactive brilliant blue KN-R biodegradation by immobilized cell followed zero-order model. In addition, mycelial pellets was found to biodegrade KN-R more quickly than suspended spores and immobilized cell.     

A basidiomycete isolated from the skeleton of<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Pocillopora damicornis</Emphasis> (Scleractinia) selectively stimulates short-term survival of coral skeletogenic cells

Endolithic fungi bore through the extracellular calcium carbonate skeleton of reef-building scleractinian corals, both healthy and dead, and effect net erosion of coral reefs. Potential fungal interactions with coral tissue were investigated using an in vitro approach suggested by earlier observations of skeletal repair cones at the site of fungal perforation in Porites sp. A fungal strain was isolated from the skeleton of a long-term culture of healthy, tissue-covered, Pocillopora damicornis Linnaeus colonies maintained in a recirculating system in Monaco. As coral soft tissue spontaneously dissociated in vitro, the skeleton became exposed and hyaline hyphae emerged radially from 15% of the total clipped branches. In this study, which was performed between January 2001 and March 2003, 35 skeleton–hypha explants were embedded in agar-based solid medium, yielding 60% hyphal growth. A fungal strain (F19-3-1) of the dominant (80%) morphology was isolated and propagated in agar-based solid medium. The strain was identified by 18S and 26S rDNA gene sequence analysis as a basidiomycete in the genus Cryptococcus. Co-cultures were used to provide experimental exposure of coral soft tissue to the fungus. The fungus extended the survival of coral cells by 2 days, selectively maintaining skeletogenic cell types. This effect may be interpreted as stimulation by the fungus of a short-term coral defense response.Communicated by J.P. Grassle, New Brunswick     

Fungi of the Bay of Fundy

During the spring and summer of 1979, 48 species of geofungi and several sterile, unidentified fungi were isolated from two off-shore stations on the Bay of Fundy, Canada. Isolations were made from subsurface water and surface slicks on 6 agar media including one containing hexadecane, and from subsurface water baited with hemp seeds. Numbers of fungi were 10 to 100 times higher than those reported for other offshore stations and similar to those reported for a saltmarsh outflow. Species isolated during a high freshwater flow largely corresponded to a typical soil flora. Species isolated during a reduced freshwater flow were either marine in character or noted for association with area littoral seaweeds. Three fungi (Cladosporium cladosporioides, Trichoderma viride, and Gliocladium rosium) were tested for growth on media of increasing salinity. Growth was measured by dry weight production, pH drop and glucose used in liquid culture. C. cladosporioides showed responses typical of a marine fungus, T. viride of a terrestrial fungus and G. roseum was intermediate. The results are discussed in relation to the role of geofungi in the sea.     

水滑石及其焙烧产物对阴离子染料酸性蓝-80的吸附

研究了水滑石(HT)及其焙烧产物(HTC)对阴离子染料酸性蓝-80的吸附特征.结果表明,在常见染料废水浓度范围内,HTC的吸附量和吸附速率都明显大于HT,HTC的吸附等温线和动力学分别符合Langmuir等温方程和粒间扩散模型.HTC对阴离子染料的去除受无机阴离子(Cl-, SO2-4 和CO2-3)的影响较小,阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)的存在能明显降低酸性蓝-80的吸附量.吸附量随温度的升高明显下降.