城市大气污染物来源特征

以北京市为案例，介绍一种包括污染物排放清单建立、环境空气质量模拟及区域环境影响分析等方法在内的城市大气污染物来源特征分析的整体技术方法，从而确定城市大气污染物的排放分布及浓度分布特征、行业排放分担率及浓度贡献、地区排放分担率及浓度贡献以及区域污染对城市环境空气质量影响等多方面特征，为城市大气污染的控制决策提供必要的理论支持。对北京市的研究结果表明：对PM10，扬尘和工业为主要当地污染源；对SO2，采暖和工业为主要当地污染源；对NOx，交通和工业为主要当地污染源；对3种主要大气污染物，石景山、朝阳南等工业区以及老城区对北京市的大气环境造成重要影响，为需要优先控制的地区；北京市周边污染源对北京环境气质量有较大影响，其中RM10的影响最大(高达47．3％)，北京市应同时加强对局地污染与区域污染的控制。     

中国道路机动车10种污染物的排放量

为了定量分析中国道路交通过程机动车污染状况，综合利用MOBILE5模式和燃料消耗计算方法，在调查分析中国1995年(基准年)机动车基本数据基础上，建立了THC、NMVOC、CH4、CO、NOx、CO2、SO2、Pb、PM10、N2O等10种主要的机动车污染物排放因子和排放总量计算方法。计算结果表明，机动车排放的02、CH4、SO2、PMl0等污染物也不容忽视。     

中国主要大气污染物的时空分布特征研究

应用统计学和GIS对2014年3月─2015年2月期间190个监测城市的NO2、PM10、PM2.5和SO2的监测数据进行时空特征分布分析,结果表明,中国大气污染主要来源于采暖排放、机动车排放、工业排放与风沙天气。各污染物呈明显的区域性分布。污染物浓度总体趋势是北方地区高于南方地区。河北南部以及山东东部等重工业密集且人口密度大的地区污染较为严重。而中西部及东南部等工业发展相对落后人口较为稀少的地区污染较轻。PM10污染呈明显的季节变化,采暖期PM10主要来源于燃煤排放和机动车尾气排放,非采暖期受风沙天气影响显著,且在春、秋的风沙时期保持较高的值。采暖期PM2.5、SO2和NO2的浓度上升明显,其中SO2受到采暖期的影响最为显著。NO2主要来源于工业排放以及汽车尾气排放,因而工业布局密集且交通发达的城市污染较为严重。采暖期与非采暖期NO2、PM10、PM2.5和SO2的浓度对比变化显著,采暖期燃煤对空气质量的影响巨大。     

中国典型城市主要大气污染物的浓度水平及分布的比较研究

应用柱状图和箱线图对污染物分布情况进行对比分析,明确了2013上半年北京、沈阳、广州、上海和海口5个城市4项污染物（SO2、NO2、PM10、PM2.5）的日均浓度的分布范围。该组数据涉及的站点总计有49个,其中包含的数据量北京有1863个、沈阳有1670个、上海有1452个、广州有1574个、海口有780个。柱状图显示了这段时间每个城市各个站点4种污染物不同浓度的分布范围,北京的ρ（SO2）和ρ（NO2）分布较为集中,主要的质量浓度区间分别是0~40和40~80μg·m-3,分别占北京SO2和NO2总数据量的51.0%和49.7%,ρ（PM10）和ρ（PM2.5）则分布较为分散;沈阳分布较为集中的是ρ（NO2）和ρ（PM2.5）,主要的质量浓度区间分别是0~30和30~60μg·m-3,分别占沈阳NO2和PM2.5总数据量的52.2%和42.8%,ρ（SO2）和ρ（PM10）则分布较为分散;上海和广州分布较为集中的是低浓度下的ρ（SO2）,其他三项污染物分布较为分散。箱线图是利用每个城市所有站点得到的最大值、最小值、上四分位数、下四分位数和中位数的平均值绘制得到的,通过不同城市间的比较可见,同期ρ（SO2）的比较结果是ρ（沈阳）〉ρ（北京）〉ρ（广州）〉ρ（上海）〉ρ（海口）;ρ（NO2）较大的3个城市是北京、上海和广州;对于ρ（PM10）则只有广州和海口2个城市浓度较低,而对于ρ（PM2.5）高值集中在北京、广州和沈阳3个城市。通过谱图间的比较,并结合各个城市的气象条件及经济发展状况,从中可推测除背景点海口外,北京和沈阳主要的污染物是PM2.5和PM10,广州和上海主要的污染物是NO2和PM2.5;北京主要的污染来源是燃煤烟尘和机动车尾气,广州和上海主要的污染来源是机动车尾气,沈阳主要的污染来源是燃煤烟尘。研究结果可为典型城市的环境监管与大气污染控制提供科学依据。     

江苏沿江城市PM10和PM2.5中水溶性离子特征及来源分析

2012年3月和6月在江苏沿江七市(镇江、常州、无锡、苏州、扬州、泰州和南通)采集空气中PM10和PM2.5样品,运用离子色谱法,分析无机水溶性离子成分,并对其组成、相关性、结合形式和来源解析等方面进行研究.结果表明,春季苏南四市PM10和PM2.5质量浓度低于苏中三市,夏季反之;水溶性离子在PM2.5中所占的比例一般高于PM10,SO2-4、NO-3、NH+4是颗粒物中水溶性离子的主要成分,占总量的80%左右.PM10和PM2.5中的SO2-4和NO-3、NH+4和SO2-4、NO-3之间均具有较好的相关性;PM10中Ca2+和Mg2+显著相关,细粒子中相关性较小.NH+4和SO2-4、NO-3主要以(NH4)2SO4和NH4NO3存在于可吸入颗粒物中.春夏两季,江苏沿江城市PM10和PM2.5中的SOR均大于NOR,SO2在大气中的转化率比NOx的转化率要高;苏南地区PM10和PM2.5中的SOR和NOR高于苏中地区.运用[NO-3]/[SO2-4]的比值法研究颗粒物污染来源,表明春季的污染源主要为流动源,夏季为固定源.运用因子分析法分析颗粒物来源,燃煤、交通运输、生物质燃烧、土壤和建筑地表扬尘是春夏两季江苏沿江城市可吸入颗粒物的主要污染源.     

春运期间北京市PM_(2.5)污染特征

为研究春运期间北京市PM2.5和气态污染物的污染特征,根据35个空气监测子站周边环境类型的不同将北京市划分为城区、郊区、对照区和交通密集区.结合春运期间的人为活动,比较分析各类污染物在各区域的日均浓度变化特征;将PM2.5日均浓度与SO2、NO2、CO、O3日均浓度及北京市的日均温度、相对湿度、风级进行相关性分析.结果显示,春运期间北京市PM2.5污染最严重,超过《环境空气质量标准》二级标准的天数占45%;PM2.5日均浓度变化趋势与春运客流量变化具有较好的一致性;各区域PM2.5、SO2、NO2和CO的日均浓度均符合交通密集区城区郊区对照区的分布,而O3的情况为对照区郊区城区交通密集区;各区域PM2.5浓度分别与该区域SO2、NO2、CO浓度呈正相关,与O3浓度呈负相关;各区域PM2.5浓度与温度未见相关性,与相对湿度呈正相关,与风级呈负相关.本文的研究结果表明,交通运输、烟花燃放和气象因子对春运期间PM2.5的污染特征影响较大.     

基于PM_(2.5)达标约束的荣昌区大气环境容量研究

在深入了解荣昌区大气污染排放特征的基础上,采用WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting Model)-CMAQ(The Community Multiscale Air Quality)模型,建立了污染排放与大气环境质量的关系,分析了各个污染物和大气环境容量的空间分布特征。结果表明:在现状排放基础上,荣昌区PM2.5达标前提下,SO2,NOx,一次PM2.5,VOCs和NH3各个污染物容量分别为7 200 t,5 400 t,3 500 t,5 800 t,3 100 t。     

乌鲁木齐市大气污染物浓度的变化特征

利用乌鲁木齐2014年3月1日至2015年2月28日PM2.5、PM10、SO2、CO、NO2、O3浓度的日平均数据,结合相应气象要素资料,分析了大气污染物浓度的逐日变化、季节变化特征.建立了基于气体污染物的PM2.5浓度预测模型,探讨了污染物浓度与气象要素的相关性.结果表明:(1)整个1年期间PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2、O3年平均浓度分别为67.9、159.3、24.9、56.1、31.5μg·m-3,CO为1.4 mg·m-3.(2)各污染物浓度频率分布不一.期间SO2的污染并未超标,NO2超标率为15.3%,说明"煤改气"能源结构的调整对SO2浓度的降低起到了积极作用,但是由于机动车保有量的增加,使得机动车排放的NO2浓度超过了燃煤.(3)PM2.5与PM10、SO2、CO、NO2、O3具有很强的相关性,尤其与SO2、CO、NO2更为明显,说明机动车尾气和化石燃料的燃烧是乌鲁木齐市PM2.5的重要来源,此外,建立了基于气体污染物的PM2.5浓度预测模型为:CPM2.5=0.21376CPM10+0.42422CSO2+41.66384CCO-0.24325CNO2+0.12466CO3-24.15316.(4)PM2.5、SO2和CO均与气温和水汽压存在较大的负线性相关关系,与O3呈显著的正相关关系.相对湿度与O3浓度的相关性最高为-0.62,与CO有一定的正相关关系,与其他污染物的相关性不大.风速对大气污染的影响较小.日照时数对污染物也有一定影响.     

气象因素对兰州市PM_(10)质量浓度的影响

气象因素对城市空气污染具有重要影响。分析不同季节PM10质量浓度变化与气象因子之间的关系,建立模型进行颗粒物污染预测,可以为污染物治理提供科学依据。为了解兰州市PM10污染特征,2011年1月─2011年12月对兰州市可吸入颗粒物(PM10)进行了为期1年的监测,并利用监测数据和同期气象观测数据,分析了PM10的质量浓度与气象因素之间的相关性。结果表明:PM10的质量浓度与温度呈现负相关关系,温度越高,PM10质量浓度越低。当风向为NW和NNW时,PM10污染相对较轻;而当风向为NE和ENE时,PM10污染比较严重。兰州市属于典型的河谷城市,四面环山,气流闭塞,风速过小导致城区大气污染物不利于向城区外扩散。PM10的质量浓度与气压呈正相关,兰州市冬季气压较高,PM10质量浓度较大;夏季气压较低,PM10质量浓度较低。降水能够对环境空气中污染物起到清除和冲刷作用,对可吸入颗粒物去除作用显著。PM10在无降水日的平均质量浓度为263.47μg·m-3,所有降水日的PM10平均质量浓度为171.71μg·m-3,比无降水日降低34.83%。     

复杂地形城市SO2扩散特征的模拟研究

利用中尺度气象模式RAMS和大气扩散模式HYPACT,结合甘肃省-中科院科技合作项目"兰州市大气污染及对策研究"于2000年12月在兰州市城区进行的大气污染物监测资料,通过资料分析与模拟计算,研究了兰州市冬季SO2的扩散特点。研究结果表明:大气扩散模式较好地模拟出了SO2时空分布特征,与同期监测资料的分析结果比较一致,模式模拟的SO2浓度分布的日变化与环流场的日变化紧密相关;模拟的SO2浓度的空间分布与污染源的排放方式有关,污染源的排放高度不同,造成污染的高度也不同,高架源对地面的影响比较小,而中、低架源对地面的影响比较大。     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.