木质纤维素水提物促进白腐菌降解孔雀绿研究

对经白腐菌处理的木质纤维素水提物能否促进白腐菌对孔雀绿的降解及其反应机制进行了研究,并探讨了不同木质纤维素组分对白腐菌降解孔雀绿的影响.结果表明,经白腐菌处理不同时间的木质纤维素水提物均能促进白腐菌对孔雀绿的降解,该类物质的加入能缩短白腐菌生长周期及漆酶分泌周期;限氮培养基更有利于白腐菌对孔雀绿的脱色,半纤维素的加入对白腐菌降解孔雀绿的促进作用最为明显.     

白腐菌处理染料废水的研究进展

白腐菌是一种可有效处理染料废水的丝状真菌 ,它可通过其分泌的特殊的降解酶系或其他机制将各种人工合成的染料彻底降解为CO2 和H2 O ,同时 ,对脱色具有良好的作用。本文就白腐菌的生物学特性及其对染料的降解酶系、机理和白腐菌发酵的主要影响因子、白腐菌处理染料废水的有关研究及应用现状进行了综述     

白腐菌处理染料废水的研究进展

白腐菌是一种可有效处理染料废水的丝状真菌，它可通过其分泌的特殊的降解酶系或其他机制将各种人工合成的染料彻底降解为CO2和H2O，同时，对脱色具有良好的作用。本文就白腐菌的生物学特性及其对染料的降解酶系，机理和白腐菌发酵的主要影响因子，白腐菌处理染料废水的有关研究及应用现状进行了综述。     

白腐菌在固体培养基下对吲哚和吡啶的降解

研究了稻草秆粉介质中白腐菌对吲哚和吡啶的降解.实验结果表明,质量浓度分别为200、80 mg/L左右的吲哚可被白腐菌去除99%以上,质量浓度为74 mg/L吡啶的去除率为61.5%;白腐菌在稻草秆粉培养体系中对吲哚和吡啶的降解,符合零级反应动力学,其中反应速率常数K(高浓度吲哚)＞K(低浓度吲哚)＞K(吡啶);高低浓度吲哚和吡啶3个降解体系的漆酶活力在第6天达到最大;漆酶在吲哚和吡啶降解过程中起着较重要的作用,但酶活的变化与吲哚和吡啶的相对去除率不呈线性相关,稻草秆粉培养基中的介质和培养环境在降解过程中可能也起着重要作用.     

共基质对白腐菌降解喹啉的影响

选用吲哚、苯酚和氨氮作为喹啉降解的共基质.通过白腐菌BP对共基质的降解,研究了白腐菌BP对不同共基质降解体系中喹啉的降解过程及其反应动力学,同时研究了共基质物质对白腐菌BP漆酶活力、生物量增长速率和降解体系pH的影响.结果显示,白腐菌BP对不同共基质降解体系中的喹啉均具有较高的降解率,共基质物质苯酚、吲哚和氨氮对喹啉的降解有一定的抑制作用;共基质降解体系使白腐菌BP漆酶系统启动更加迅速,漆酶活力峰值提前出现;共基质降解体系能促进白腐菌BP的生长,缩短白腐菌BP的生长周期;秸秆滤出液培养基中,pH为6.00～8.00时,白腐菌BP对喹啉均具有较强的降解能力.     

铁屑吸附-微波辐照-内电解协同处理结晶紫染料废水

以结晶紫为模型化合物,提出了一种新的“铁屑吸附—微波辐照—内电解”协同处理染料废水的方法。试验结果表明,吸附在铁屑表面的染料通过微波催化裂解和内电解协同作用迅速降解,染料溶液的脱色率和COD去除率分别达到99％和95％以上。废铁屑经8次使用后仍有良好的处理效果。研究了各种相关因素对染料废水脱色的影响。     

真菌和细菌协同作用对染料的吸附与脱色降解

比较了5种真菌对染料水中染料的吸附去除和与脱色降解细菌L-1菌株(Enterobacter sp.)和L-2菌株(Pseudomonas sp.)对吸附染料的脱色降解能力;以吸附去除率和完全脱色时间综合评价,对筛选出的吸附性强并与细菌共培养时染料分子脱色降解速度快的绿曲霉为染料吸附菌,进一步测定了温度和pH值对绿曲霉吸附和与细菌共培养脱色降解活性黄M-3RE(C.I.Re.Ye.145)的影响.结果表明,温度对绿曲霉的吸附能力影响不大,在16～36 ℃下吸附5 h对活性黄M-3RE的去除率在95.1%～97.9%之间,但染料的完全脱色降解时间受温度影响较大,32～36 ℃下染料分子脱色降解较快.pH值对绿曲霉和细菌吸附、脱色降解能力均有一定影响.利用绿曲霉和细菌对印染行业中染料含量较高的染浴废水进行处理,绿曲霉可通过吸附作用快速去除废水中的染料分子,废水经绿曲霉处理5 h,色度、COD去除率分别为85.8%和56.1%,BOD/COD值由处理前的0.238提高到处理后的0.652,吸附在菌丝上的染料分子在细菌的共同作用下脱色降解.     

白腐真菌F1对染料脱色特性的研究

本研究从我国生物资源中筛选出一株白腐真菌F1,确定了其生长条件 ,实现了扩大培养 ,并研究了F1与黄孢原毛平革菌对 4种难降解染料的脱色效果。试验结果表明 ,F1对中性深黄GRL、酸性媒介漂蓝B和刚果红的脱色效率都超过 90 % ;白腐真菌能在短时间内将有毒染料酸性媒介漂蓝B降低到较低浓度 ;白腐真菌对染料脱色的同时 ,自身能够繁殖生长。     

白腐真菌对染料脱色及降解过程机理和影响因素

许多白腐真菌对染料具有广谱的脱色和降解能力 ,其脱色及降解作用可能主要是由于其在次生代谢阶段产生的木质素过氧化酶LiPs和锰过氧化酶MnPs所致。培养条件对白腐真菌脱色及降解活性有较大的影响 ,在培养基中加入藜芦醇和二价锰等能够显著提高木质素过氧化酶的产生 ;富氮培养基会抑制LiPs的生成 ;硫脲、叠氮化物、氰化物等均能明显地抑制白腐真菌的脱色及降解活性 ;缓冲液的选择对维持稳定的 pH值和菌丝的形态有一定作用 ,从而影响其脱色效果 ;富氧环境是一切白腐真菌对染料进行脱色和降解的必要条件 ;适度的搅拌混合有利于反应时的物质之间传递 ;一般地 ,在培养时间达到 3天以后白腐真菌才能达到较高的脱色与降解活性。染料分子大小和结构及其基团的位置对脱色及降解效果有明显影响。使用特殊填料极大地提高处理系统中的生物量以克服真菌生长速度相对较慢、提高处理能力是该技术今后的研究重点。     

理化环境条件对青霉菌和细菌吸附脱色染料的影响

在筛选到的染料吸附脱色真菌和细菌的基础上 ,测定了温度和pH值对青霉G 1吸附和与细菌共培养脱色降解染料的影响。结果表明 ,16— 36℃下青霉G 1对艳紫KN B(C .I.Re .Vi.2 2 )和黄M 3RE(C .I.Re .Ye .14 5 )的吸附去除能力受温度影响不大 ,吸附 5h去除率在 97.1%— 98.7% ,而染料的脱色时间受温度影响较大 ,2 8— 36℃下脱色速度快 .青霉G 1对pH 3— 11染料水中染料的吸附去除率高 ,达 94 .9%— 97.8% ,对pH 13的吸附去除率低 ,仅为 5 5 .4 %和 5 6 .2 % ,从pH 5—13染料水中吸附染料的菌丝在与细菌共培养 5— 2 6h即完成了对染料的脱色 ,脱色速度较快     

Environmental pollution by antibiotics and by antibiotic resistance determinants

Antibiotics are among the most successful drugs used for human therapy. However, since they can challenge microbial populations, they must be considered as important pollutants as well. Besides being used for human therapy, antibiotics are extensively used for animal farming and for agricultural purposes. Residues from human environments and from farms may contain antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes that can contaminate natural environments. The clearest consequence of antibiotic release in natural environments is the selection of resistant bacteria. The same resistance genes found at clinical settings are currently disseminated among pristine ecosystems without any record of antibiotic contamination. Nevertheless, the effect of antibiotics on the biosphere is wider than this and can impact the structure and activity of environmental microbiota. Along the article, we review the impact that pollution by antibiotics or by antibiotic resistance genes may have for both human health and for the evolution of environmental microbial populations.     

真空紫外光降解五氯酚钠以及过硫酸盐对反应的促进作用

研究了真空紫外光(VUV,185 am)对于水溶液中五氯酚钠的降解,反应2 h后,初始浓度为10 mg/L的五氯酚钠的去除率达到99%以上,有机氯的脱除率达到70%以上,有效地实现了五氯酚钠的脱毒.溶液初始pH值对五氯酚钠的真空紫外光解有很大影响,pH=10.9时的降解速率常数是pH=3.1时的3倍.表观一级反应速率常数随初始浓度的增加而线性下降.在反应溶液中加入过硫酸盐,可有效提高五氯酚钠的真空紫外光降解速率和矿化速率,过硫酸盐和五氯酚钠摩尔比为24时,降解速率提高3倍,反应4 h后TOC去除率达到95%.     

Bioaccumulation and elimination of tetrachlorobenzyltoluene (TCBT) by the rat and by fish

A comparative study has been made of the bioaccumulation and elimination by fish and the rat of (i) tetrachlorobenzyltoluene (TCBT), a substance recently proposed as a substitute for polychlorobiphenyl (PCB), and (ii) DP5, a pentachlorobiphenyl mixture (PCB-5 C1).

The study relating to fish (Brachydanio Rerio) comprised a 30-day accumulation period followed by a 30-day elimination period. Nominal concentrations of TCBT and PCB-5 C1, respectively, in the water, were 1mg/litre in both cases.

The study relating to the rat comprised a 90-day treatment period followed by a 30-day elimination period. The animals were exposed by oral (gavage) to doses of 0, 5, 30, and 200 mg/kg/day in the case of TCBT and to the single dose of 5 mg/kg/day in the case of PCB-5 Cl.

Concentrations of TCBT and PCB-5 Cl in rat liver and fats, in whole body tissues of fish and in water were measured by gas chromatography, using an electron capture detector.

Results showed a clear difference between TCBT and PCB-5 Cl: in fish, bioaccumulation of TCBT was relatively slight and the 50% depuration time was approximately 26 days; in rat liver and fats, TCBT was also only weakly accumulated and rapidly eliminated. This contrasted sharply with the findings for PCB-5 Cl, viz: high accumulation potential and slow elimination.

Observed rates of bioaccumulation and elimination of TCBT and PCB-5 Cl by the rat were in good agreement with the toxicological findings for the same species.     

Copper and Zn uptake by radish and pakchoi as affected by application of livestock and poultry manures

Environmental safety of agricultural utilization of livestock and poultry manures from intensive farming is attracting great attention because the manures often contain high concentrations of heavy metals and organic pollutants. Pot experiments, in which a pig manure (PM), a chicken manure (CM) and a commercial organic manure (OM) with different concentrations of Cu and Zn to simulate soil metal accumulation by manure application for different times were utilized in a garden soil at a rate of 2% (W/W), were conducted to study the effect of application of these livestock and poultry manures on growth of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.) as well as their Cu and Zn uptake. The results exhibit that the manures except the PM improved the growth of radish and pakchoi. The difference of biomass among the same manure treatments containing different concentrations of Cu and Zn, however, was insignificant. In addition, application of the livestock and poultry manures significantly increased soil pHs and electric conductivities (EC) compared with the control, which is ascribed that these manures had high pH and contained large amounts of inorganic ions. The available soil Zn concentrations in the PM were higher than that in the CM and OM, and the extractable soil Cu concentrations in the three manures were almost the same after radish growth in the garden soil but were different after pakchoi growth. Zinc and Cu concentrations in the radish and pakchoi tissues increased when the soil Zn and Cu concentrations increased by manures application, but were still within a safe value. An except is the treatment PM4 in which the Zn concentration of the above-ground part of radish was 28.7 mg kg-1, exceeding the Chinese Food Hygiene Standard of 20 mg kg-1 based on fresh weight. Good correlation was obtained between the extractable soil Zn (or Cu) concentrations extracted by 1.0 mol l-1 NH4NO3 and the Zn (or Cu) concentrations in radish and pakchoi tissues, which was expected to be effective in forecasting Cu and Zn availability to radish and pakchoi in manure agronomic utilization.     

Accumulation of aluminum and iron by bryophytes in streams affected by acid-mine drainage

Accumulation of two heavy metals (Al and Fe) by bryophytes was examined in a northern Pennsylvania stream system affected by acid-mine drainage. Four sites within one watershed were selected on the basis of their pH and dissolved metal concentrations. Significant differences among sites were found with regard to bioaccumulation of Al and Fe. A negative relationship between pH and Fe concentrations in bryophyte tissues was found, with the highest accumulation of Fe observed at the most acidic site (pH 3.5), whereas accumulation of Al was highest at a site with an intermediate pH of 5.2. Bryophytes transplanted from a circum-neutral site to acidic sites showed highly significant increases in Fe and Al concentrations in tissues after 6 weeks, and transplants from more acidic sites to a circum-neutral site generally showed highly significant declines in Fe and Al concentrations in tissues after the incubation period.     

Microalgae cultured by sewage and organic constituents

The microalgae could be multiplied by supplying only sewage influent or effluent without any additional microalgal stock or nutrient salt. In a semicontinuous culture, the N:P weight ratios consumed were 14:1 and 18:1 for the sewage influent and effluent, respectively. The total cell number and green algae ratio of microalgae cultivated by semicontinuous culture exceeded those of batch culture. No cyanobacterial cells were observed in the semicontinuous culture using the sewage effluent. The organic components in the cultured microalgae using sewage effluent, eluted by n-hexane, were determined. The ratio of unsaturated fatty acid exceeded that of saturated fatty acid, which was possibly attributable to the fluidity of the cell membrane. The squalene was also obtained by the culture using sewage alone, free of any external stock or nutrient salt. The higher heating value of the microalgae of semicontinuous culture using the sewage influent was 25 MJ kg⁻¹, corresponding to the heating value of lignite and showing the potential of the sewage culture microalgae as a means of power generation and combustion aid.     

选煤脱除氟、砷的研究

研究了采自西南3省、1市17个选煤厂的原煤和洗精煤样品,分析了灰分、氟和砷含量,探讨了选煤脱除氟、砷的机理和影响因素。结果表明,选煤能有效降低煤中氟、砷的含量,应用前景广阔。     

Pyrene degradation by yeasts and filamentous fungi

The saprotrophic soil fungi Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc., Cylindrocarpon didymum (Hartig) Wollenw, Penicillium variabile Sopp. and the yeasts Rhodotorula glutinis (Fresenius) Harrison and Rhodotorula minuta (Saito) Harrison were cultured in mineral medium with pyrene. The remaining pyrene concentrations were periodically determined during 20 incubation days, using HPLC. To assess the metabolism of pyrene degradation we added 0.1 microCi of [4,5,9,10] 14C-pyrene to each fungi culture and measured the radioactivity in the volatile organic substances, extractable, aqueous phase, biomass and 14CO2 fractions. The assays demonstrated that F. solani and R. glutinis metabolized pyrene as a sole source of carbon. Differences in their activities at the beginning of the cultures disappeared by the end of the experiment, when 32 and 37% of the original pyrene concentration was detected, for the soil fungi and yeasts, respectively. Among the filamentous fungi, F. solani was highly active and oxidized pyrene; moreover, small but significant degradation rates were observed in C. didymum and P. variahile cultures. An increase in the 14CO2 evolution was observed at the 17th day with cosubstrate. R. glutinis and R. minuta cultures showed similar ability to biotransform pyrene, and that 35% of the initial concentration was consumed at the end of the assay. The same results were obtained in the experiments with or without glucose as cosubstrate.     

卡拉胶、膨润土改性PVA包埋小球

对PVA+卡拉胶包埋小球和PVA+海藻酸钠包埋小球的性能进行比较,并首次使用PVA+卡拉胶+膨润土混合包埋材料制作包埋小球.结果表明,PVA+海藻酸钠包埋小球在制作过程中有一定的拖尾现象,红墨水到达小球中心的时间为80 min,6d可去除50％的COD;PVA+卡拉胶包埋小球更容易成球,而且红墨水到达小球中心的时间为50 min,6d可去除56％的COD.此外,在PVA+卡拉胶包埋材料中添加适量的膨润土可以将红墨水到达小球中心的时间由50 min缩短到30 min.因此,使用PVA+卡拉胶+膨润土的混合材料制作包埋小球是可行的.最后,通过包埋小球处理抗生素废水的正交实验,得出包埋材料中各组分的最佳配比:PVA浓度11％、卡拉胶浓度0.5％、膨润土浓度2.5％.在这种配比下,包埋小球对抗生素废水中COD的去除率可以达到65％左右.     

Earthworm contamination by PCBs and heavy metals

A comparison is made of soil and earthworm contamination by PCBs and heavy metals between a nature reserve and two sites conditioned by the addition of sewage sludge and compost.The tissues and gut content of the earthworms shows a higher PCB concentration than that of the surrounding soil and also a difference in the fingerprint of some single PCB compounds.Earthworms display a selective accumulation of cadmium and zinc in their tissues and gut content.