On the Law Right of the Gas Water of Water Resources

With the development of science and technology, the researches and application of water resources including the gas water have been constantly developed. Through an analysis on the flaws of the water right theory, and by executing reconstruction and renewal of the theory and system of water right in modem society, the water right position of the gas water will be established, leading to the maturity of the whole law effectiveness and substantial results of water right.     

On the Law Right of the Gas Water of Water Resources

Abstract

With the development of science and technology, the researches and application of water resources including the gas water have been constantly developed. Through an analysis on the flaws of the water right theory, and by executing reconstruction and renewal of the theory and system of water right in modern society, the water right position of the gas water will be established, leading to the maturity of the whole law effectiveness and substantial results of water right.     

Investigation of a ponding irrigation system to recycle agricultural wastewater

This article presents the results of natural carrying capacity of ponding irrigation system in Taoyuan agricultural zone, Taiwan. Both the systematic water quality and the ponding effects were examined. The ponding irrigation system included a flow channel and storage ponds. The data showed that most water characteristics deteriorated gradually from upper- to down-stream in the flow channel and the flow channel was not attributed to any self-purification in agricultural returning water practically. On the other hand, the results of storage ponds indicated that they can provide a natural treatment (i.e., the outlet water quality of the ponds is more desirable than that of the inlet). Consequently, the ponding irrigation system offers the natural self-purification in ponds to reuse and recycle the returning agricultural wastewater and to extend the irrigation capacity and efficiency.     

基于水足迹的流域生态补偿标准模型研究

流域水资源是一种公共物品,其系统的整体性以及资源外部性等特征要求各相关区域应共同承担环境保护.如何衡量各区域水资源开发利用与环保投入的关系,建立合理的生态补偿标准模型,已成为流域管理研究领域普遍关注的问题.本文运用水足迹理论和方法,界定流域水足迹内涵,通过反映流域沿岸各区域水生态服务耗费情况判断分析水生态系统安全状态,提出流域生态补偿标准计量流程及不同情况下的流域生态补偿标准测算模型,从而客观、准确地量化流域生态补偿额度,为管理者正确分析和解决流域各区域间利益冲突提供科学的决策依据与支持.同时本文以碧流河为案例,收集并分析了2002-2006年间碧流河沿岸各行政区水足迹和环保投入情况,理清各区域生态系统状态及相互关系,计算补偿标准,进而验证模型的可行性.     

基于ESEF的水生态承载力评估——以太湖流域湖州市为例

以基于生态系统服务的生态足迹(ESEF)为基础的水生态承载力评估方法,综合考虑了水量支撑、水质限定和水生态稳定三方面特征,从而实现了足迹方法对水生态系统承载能力的有效表征。然而,如何界定水产品、水资源和水污染足迹以及承载力之间的关系,是目前研究的重点和难点。以太湖流域上游湖州市为例,探讨了在考虑或不考虑水质标准与环境功能分类的情况下,如何利用求并集法或求平均值法进行基于ESEF的水生态承载力评估。研究表明,两种方法均反映出湖州市人们对水生态系统服务的消费需求超出了当地水生态系统的供给能力,需求与供给之间的差距对当地水生态系统的可持续性造成影响。综合考虑水产品供给、水量支撑和水质保障三方面因素,湖州市水生态系统可承载的人口与经济规模为现状水平的95%;如果增加对水质标准和环境功能分类的考虑,则湖州市水生态系统的承载能力仅为现状水平的79%。虽然求并集法的计算结果更有说服力,但是求平均值法则提供了在更小尺度上研究的可能。     

鄱阳湖湿地现状问题与未来趋势

近年来鄱阳湖秋冬季水文呈干枯态势,湿地生态系统及其关键因子也发生了变化。如何合理保护和利用鄱阳湖湿地引起各方关注。系统综述了鄱阳湖湿地生态系统在水文、江湖关系、水质、水鸟栖息地、渔业资源等方面存在的问题,梳理了引起这些问题的外部和内部因素。针对"一切照常"和"水位调控"两种情景,预测了湿地未来的变化趋势,并指出了当前研究中的不确定性问题。研究认为:鄱阳湖秋冬季的低枯水位,对水质、湿地植被、水鸟栖息地以及鱼类食物资源和"三场"(即:产卵场、洄游通道、索饵场)产生了一定不利影响。建议通过模型模拟和情景预测来分析不同调控方案的影响效果,优化调控方案、将生态系统的负面影响降到最低。     

Economic water management decisions: trade-offs between conflicting objectives in the sub-middle region of the São Francisco watershed

Hydro-economic models can measure the economic effects of different reservoir operating rules, environmental restrictions, maintenance of ecosystems, technical constraints, institutional constraints, land use change, and climate change. To determine the optimal economic water allocation, for its main uses in the sub-middle of the São Francisco River Basin, a hydro-economic optimization model was developed and applied. Demand curves were used rather than fixed requirements for water resources. The results show that operation rules of reservoirs and institutional constraints, such as priorities for human consumption, have high impacts on costs and benefits of the principal economic uses in the study area. Especially, costs of environmental demands, like minimum ecological river flow, have high impacts on the water resource management. Scarcity costs of irrigation users associated with maintaining ecosystems and environmental constraints are particularly significant. The results from this study provide a better understanding of the water trade-offs for future policymaking and efficient water management. Policymaking for the water resources should consider the food-water-energy-environment nexus at a regional scale to minimize environmental and economic cost under water scarcity and land use change.     

Regional-scale application of the decision support system MOIRA-PLUS: an example of assessment of the radiological impact of the Chernobyl accident on the fresh water ecosystem in Italy

The present work illustrates the customisation and application of the decision support system MOIRA-PLUS (a MOdel-based computerised system for management support to Identify optimal remedial strategies for Restoring radionuclide contaminated Aquatic ecosystems and drainage areas) to the fresh water environment in Italy. MOIRA-PLUS is aimed at evaluating the behaviour of radiocaesium and radiostrontium in fresh water ecosystems and at assessing the appropriateness of suitable strategies for the management of contaminated water bodies by the application of multi-attribute analysis techniques. MOIRA-PLUS can be applied to complex networks of lakes, rivers and tributaries and can be straightforwardly customised utilising data and information from readily accessible sources such as official websites provided by scientific or government organisations. The present work shows an application of the decision system to 10 lakes and 18 rivers in Italy contaminated with ¹³⁷Cs of Chernobyl origin. Site-specific values of some aggregated transfer parameters were estimated for the most important Italian lakes. Although high values of fish and water consumptions were hypothesised, very low doses to public from the fresh water pathway following the accident were calculated.     

三峡库区水源涵养重要区生态系统格局动态演变特征

利用三期遥感分类数据为基础数据源,结合野外地面核查和生态空间分析方法,对三峡库区水源涵养重要区2000~2010年生态系统格局时空动态变化进行了分析。结果表明:研究区内各类生态系统空间分布差异较大,以森林和农田为主体生态系统;10a间,由于三峡水库蓄水淹没了大量农田和林地,导致森林生态系统和农田生态系统分别向湿地生态系统转化了179.99km2和191.27km2;其他生态系统(主要是人工表面)面积在时段内增加了506.63km2,主要是城镇建设占用部分森林和农田转换而来;时段内森林生态系统总的面积未发生较大减少主要是由于近年退耕还林、森林工程等生态工程的实施获得了大量补充;研究区后期的生态系统转化强度在逐渐增强,生态系统动态类型相互转化强度也显示出研究区生态系统类型的转化总体变差。     

三峡库区水库水质Streeter-Phelps模型修正及COD变化规律的新探讨

水体复氧规律的研究对于预测和评价水中溶解氧含量,确定有机污染水体的自净过程具有重要意义.天然水体中溶解氧的多少是评价水环境质量优劣的一项非常重要的指标,是水质预测的一个重要任务.Streeter-Phelps模型是目前进行河流水质研究常用的物理模型,具有良好的理论和实用价值,然而在某些特定水域,该模型的应用受到限制,主要原因是复氧系数的取定多在水流速度较大情况下得到的,而未考虑水面波动对复氧系数的影响,另外,在实际研究过程中发现三峡库区COD变化的规律出现异常:在离排污口相当远的水域,COD随时间变化趋势并不是指数衰减,而是在某个常值附近微小摆动,以往很多修正过的Streeter-Phelps模型都无法解释这个现象.经研究表明:考虑波动效应后,对复氧系数进行修正能得到较好的模型计算结果;同时,COD变化规律不仅可以弄清楚,而且可以为进一步研究排污规律和泥沙运动提供科学依据.     

再生水利用的水权管理研究

通过再生水利用的现状剖析,对再生水利用的社会经济以及环境效益优势进行总结,从基础设施建设、再生水水质管理、政策法规、市场管理体制机制等角度系统剖析再生水利用存在的问题；在此基础上,针对再生水利用现状,基于水权理论,提出再生水利用的水权管理理念,对再生水水权的概念进行界定,从再生水分散式利用、再生水集中式利用以及再生水集蓄利用3种利用形式进行再生水水权分析,从基础设施建设、再生水水质管理、再生水利用的相关政策法规、市场管理体制机制、再生水利用产业化等角度阐述再生水和用的水权管理作用与意义,综合政府行政管制模式、用水户参与模式、水权市场交易模式等3种水权管理的基本模式,探讨再生水利用的水权管理模式.     

内陆水体有色溶解有机物的变化特征

有色溶解有机物(CDOM)是水体中的光学活性物质,其光化学变化对水体中碳循环过程具有重要作用。评价分析不同纬度、不同营养状况下内陆水体的CDOM吸收特性,对建立不同水体的固有光学特性数据库具有重要意义。基于太湖、石头口门水库、巢湖和鄱阳湖的现场CDOM吸收系数,分析aCDOM(412)时空变化特征,并基于不同波段拟合光谱斜率S,利用SA/aCDOM(412)判断了研究区CDOM的不同来源。结果表明,不同纬度、不同营养状况的CDOM吸光特性差异显著,高纬度水体的CDOM含量高于低纬度水体,而浮游植物大量生长的富营养化水体的CDOM吸收大于贫瘠营养水平的水体。受藻类的影响,巢湖部分样点的CDOM吸收光谱特征发生改变,在320nm和600nm处有明显的吸收峰;aCDOM(412)与SA呈较好的负相关关系;并且SA/aCDOM(412)可有效判断研究区CDOM的不同来源。     

The Mixed Mechanism in the Management of Water Resources in China

1 INTRODUCTION As an irreplaceable resource for the subsistence and development of mankind, water is essential to sustainable economic and social development. As a resource-poor and the biggest developing country in the world, China is facing the challenge from water resources.2 THE MAIN PROBLEMS OF CHINA'S WATER RESOURCES In China, the problems of water resources involve four aspects: drought and water shortage, serious threats of flooding, water pollution, soil erosion an…     

生态系统变化对岩溶水资源的影响--以湘西为例

岩溶水资源是支撑岩溶区社会经济发展最为重要的一个基本方面,明确生态系统变化是如何影响岩溶水资源的质与量这一重大问题,将有助于岩溶水循环机制的深入研究,为揭示岩溶水资源的形成、演化规律及控制机理,建立岩溶水资源评价、开发利用和保护的系统理论,探索岩溶水资源可持续利用模式提供科学的依据。在分析岩溶山区典型生态系统类型及其演化特征和岩溶水资源特点的基础上,通过湘西20年来的生态系统变化的对比,就其对岩溶水资源的影响进行了详细的论述。认为生态的恶化是引起岩溶石山区水资源短缺的一个重要因素,生态系统变化对岩溶水资源的影响主要是通过对岩溶水的补给、径流、排泄等的影响,使岩溶水资源产生水质和水量的变化。     

我国高效节水型可持续农业发展模式选择

通过发展高效节水农业的背景和技术基础分析,根据我国区域光热、水土资源特点,以提高大气水、地表水、土壤水和地下水等水资源的利用效率为目的,以提高土地的生物学产量和经济效益为目标,研究提出了抗旱型、立体型、设施型、 复合型、免耕型和集水型等高效节水型农业发展模式,为今后建立我国不同特色的集约高效节水型农业提供可供借鉴的模式。     

虚拟水贸易的可计算非线性动态投入产出分析模型

虚拟水是水资源需求管理的创新领域。投入产出法是研究虚拟水的重要方法,但既有研究多以线性静态投入产出模型为主,存在较强的比例性假设,在解释现实经济活动中的虚拟水贸易时存在一定缺陷和不足。为更加贴近现实状况,本文利用可计算一般均衡(CGE)思想,设计了一种新的虚拟水测算思路,对传统的线性静态投入产出模型进行了非线性和动态化的拓展,旨在对区域经济系统中的虚拟水贸易进行更加科学合理的计算和考察。首先,参照国家统计机构常用的42产业部门划分方式,根据一般均衡理论,围绕区域经济系统的生产模块、价格模块和供需平衡模块三个部分,定义有关变量和参数,对区域经济系统非线性动态投入产出模型进行了详细的方程列写。在此基础上,将虚拟水流动的因素与一般形式的非线性动态投入产出模型进行嵌套,采用"母表"(价值型流量表)和"子表"(水资源流量表)相结合的形式,给出了一种全新的区域水资源投入产出表的设计思路与编制方法,将可计算非线性动态产出模型从一般形式扩展至水资源领域,构建了区域经济系统中虚拟水贸易的可计算非线性动态投入产出分析框架。分析同时指出,通过对该模型进行求解,可以推导和计算平衡增长路径和最优增长路径下的区域经济系统产出结构和用水结构,并可结合虚拟水贸易对区域经济的作用机理,分析最优增长路径下实施虚拟水贸易对区域经济增长的贡献。     

社会选择理论在流域跨界水资源配置冲突决策问题中的应用

本文将社会选择理论引入到流域跨界水资源配置冲突的解决研究中,从群决策的角度寻找到流域内各区域一致同意的、满足水量分配公平的流域水资源配置方案。流域水资源配置冲突问题从表面上看是资源问题,实质上却是一个典型的决策问题。作为一种具有混合特性和稀缺性的自然资源,流域稀缺水资源的分配实质上是多主体参与的涉水利益分配,而分配的核心问题是如何通过合理的群决策机制协调水资源配置冲突中不同行政区域之间的利益关系进而实现公平。本文提出基于社会选择理论的流域跨界水资源配置冲突解决框架,首先从公平性角度将流域水资源配置冲突看成一个短缺资源的配置问题,利用P、AP、CEA和CEL四种破产准则获取可行的水量分配方案集合;其次运用社会选择理论中的PV、BC、HQ、PCM和FB五种偏好聚合方法进行流域内各行政区域个体偏好聚合的群决策分析;通过破产准则与偏好聚合的结合能够实现流域水资源配置冲突群决策结果的公平,所得流域水量分配方案易于被冲突主体所接受。最后,以华北缺水地区的漳河流域跨界水资源配置冲突问题为例进行研究,并比较不同破产准则及偏好聚合方法在解决流域跨界水资源配置冲突中的应用。研究结果表明,社会选择理论与破产准则的结合在解决流域跨界水资源配置冲突问题中具有较高的实用价值。     

Toxic risk of surface water pollution--six years of experience

Assessment of an ecological quality of surface water is necessary for effective protection, abatement and successive revitalisation of river ecosystems. This quality is primarily given by biological impact of surface water pollution. Substances contained in pollution are frequently toxic to aquatic organisms. Risk of chronic impact of surface water pollution is very often underestimated due to hidden long time action of pollutants. Proper estimation of the risk is not possible from results of chemical analyses and data of substances' toxicity. Chemical analyses are not able to detect all substances presented in water including the products of reactions between them. In addition, a simultaneous presence of substances can modify their final effect on aquatic organisms. Therefore, a complex method of assessment of toxic risk of surface water pollution based on ecotoxicological approach was developed. The toxic risk of surface water pollution is determined from results of evaluation of toxic risk of organic part and inorganic part of surface water pollution. Resultant degree of toxic risk of total pollution is given by the highest degree detected in any part of the water pollution. Presented method, which is routinely used for monitoring in the Czech part of the Odra river basin, was fully standardised and published in the form of the Czech branch technical norm of water management (TNV) in the year 2000.     

社会产品价格对水价的敏感性——基于虚拟水贸易框架的分析

虚拟水贸易是缺水地区从社会经济系统层面解决水资源短缺问题的一种策略选择,但由于长期的低水价,致使很多国家和地区的现实经济模式与虚拟水贸易战略的预期相悖.文章基于水资源投入产出分析方法,构建虚拟水贸易理论框架下的水价敏感性模型,分析水价上涨对各产业产品价格带来的影响.模型结果显示,区域水价提升对各产业产品价格的影响不仅在于该产业直接用水成本的上升,同时也不得不承受其他产业成本上升带来的间接影响,并且这两种影响作用是累加的.宁夏数据的实证得出,水价上涨对农业产品价格的影响最为强烈,批发和零售贸易餐饮业次之,对服务业产品价格的影响最弱.因此,可通过制定合理的水价调整策略,激励水资源极度缺乏的地区实施虚拟水贸易战略,避免过分强调传统的重农发展模式,促进产业结构向先进制造业和服务业转变,实现有限水资源更为合理的利用模式,达到经济发展与水生态的和谐局面.     

流域水环境管理的博弈分析

流域水资源是一种公共资源，也是一种典型的公共财产。公共财产的特性往往表现出所有权的虚无，流域内的每个团体或个人都难以界定明确的责任和义务去维护流域水环境不受污染及可持续利用。流域水环境污染就是一种公地悲剧，本文运用博弈论分析了在市场机制和政府管制两种情况下的流域水环境污染的状况，并比较了两种善的优劣，得出实施排污交易制度是我国将来进行流域性水污染防治的一种发展趋势。排污权交易制度可使企业真正成为排污和治污的主体，并在购买排污权和冶污之间做出对自己有利的选择。最后，也强调了政府在水环境管理的协调、组织和制约方面的必要性。政府应根据市场经济的特点，制定出符合我国国情的切实可行的管理制度及相关政策。