GC-NCI-MS法测定底泥中类二(噁)英多氯联苯

建立了气相色谱/负化学负离源/质谱(G-NCI-MS)法测定底泥样品中世界卫生组织(WHO)推荐的12种类二(噁)英多氯联苯.底泥样品采用索氏提取,酸碱复合硅胶柱净化,选择离子扫描监测,同位素稀释内标法定量.比较PCBs各单体在负化学负离源(NCI)和电子轰击电离源(EI)条件下的灵敏度,发现PCBs各单体在NCI条件...     

渤海湾脉红螺中多氯联苯和多溴联苯醚的测定分析

应用GC/HRMS对渤海湾脉红螺中的PCBs(多氯联苯)和PBDEs(多溴联苯醚)2类持久性有机污染物进行了测定分析.结果表明:雄性脉红螺中PCB(3～10氯代)的质量分数(10.1 ng/g,以干质量计)和PBDEs(BDE28、BDE47、BDE99、BDE100、BDE153、BDE154、BDE209)的质量分数(1.74 ng//g)均高于雌性脉红螺(分别为8.09和1.38 ng/g);雄性脉红螺中PCBs的WHO-TEQ(毒性当量,8.41 pg/g,以脂肪质量计)高于雌性脉红螺(4.34 pg/g),其中PCB118和PCB126的贡献率分别为13%和77%.脉红螺的不同组织中,性腺和消化腺中w(PCBs)和w(PBDEs)最高,肌肉组织中最低;主要同类物为PCB118、PCB101、PCB28、PCB138、PCB180、PCB52、PCB153和5-PCB以及BDE209.渤海湾脉红螺的消化腺可以作为PCBs和PBDEs的生物指示物.     

PCB77降解菌的分离鉴定及降解特性研究

从污染土样中分离出一株多氯联苯(PCBs)降解菌,利用细菌通用引物扩增降解菌的16S rDNA,得到~1 500 bp的片段。经纯化,测序后在Genbank上进行同源性比较分析及系统发育树构建,初步鉴定该菌株为Pseudomonas sp,并用其对PCB77进行降解研究。研究结果表明,该菌株在培养2 d后达到对数生长期,当培养温度为30℃、培养基pH值为7.0、微生物接种量为109cfu/mL、PCB77初始浓度为1.0 mg/L时,微生物对PCB77的降解率为58.63%。微生物对PCB77降解的最适条件为:培养基pH值为7.0、微生物接种量为2×109cfu/mL、外加蔗糖浓度为2.0 g/L、PCB77初始浓度为0.5 mg/L。     

Occurrence and congeners specific of polychlorinated biphenyls in agricultural soils from Southern Jiangsu, China

A total of 198 agricultural soil samples were collected from Zhangjiagang and Changshu in Southern Jiangsu for analysis of 13 polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） in order to assess the levels of pollution, sources, area distribution, and potential risk for the environment. All methods were rigorously tested and an adequate quality control was ensured. Only one site had no PCBs residues, and the highest total PCBs concentration in the surface soils was 32.83 ng/g. The average concentration in all the soil samples was 4.13 ng/g, signaling low-level pollution. Tetra-, penta-, and hexa-chlorinated biphenyls were dominant species in soil samples, accounting for more than 75% of ∑PCBs in the soil samples. PCB118 was the most abundant congener in all the samples. The PCB118 was about 20% of ∑PCBs. The soil organic matter content showed only a weak correlation with the levels of all PCB congeners, in which a better correlation was noted for the more volatile lighter PCB congeners than for the heavier homologues. To a certain extent, the sources and land use seemed to influence the levels of PCBs.     

广州市类二噁英-多氯联苯大气沉降通量和组成

研究了广州市4个采样点2005年11月到2006年3月期间的类二噁英-多氯联苯(DL-PCBs)的沉降通量和组成.研究表明,广州市DL-PCBs的平均沉降通量为223pg·m-·2d-1,对应的毒性当量为1.5pg·m-·2d-1.城区DL-PCBs的沉降通量是郊区的1.6倍.各采样点DL-PCBs同系物分布相同,主要的同系物为PCB118、PCB105、PCB77,其平均含量分别为30%、18%和17%.湿季的DL-PCBs的沉降通量高于干季,表明降水对沉降通量影响明显.通过初步的源分析,发现某些含PCBs产品和固体废物焚烧可能是大气中DL-PCBs主要的来源.     

夜鹭卵中几种多氯联苯(PCBs)的残留特征

分析了江苏无锡鼋头渚和江西共青城夜鹭卵中多氯联苯同系物的残留状况.无锡地区样品中检出6种PCB同系物-28,52,101, 138,153,180-,其中高氯取代的PCB 153,138,180占所测PCBs总量的85%以上;共青城样品中只检出3种PCB同系物-52,153,180-,其中高氯取代的PCB 153和180占所测PCBs总量的95%以上.可见生物样品中高氯取代的PCBs更容易富集.无锡地区样品中PCBs的残留水平比共青城样品高,其中PCB180的残留量差异显著-P=0.003<0.01-.无锡工业发展水平高于共青城可能是导致两地间样品差异的原因,因此可以通过对夜鹭卵中PCBs的残留量来监测区域环境中PCBs的污染状况.     

Effects of prenatal caffeine exposure on glucose homeostasis of adult offspring rats

Epidemiological evidences show that prenatal caffeine exposure (PCE) could induce intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). The IUGR offspring also present glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes mellitus after maturity. We have previously demonstrated that PCE induced IUGR and increased susceptibility to adult metabolic syndrome in rats. This study aimed to further investigate the effects of PCE on glucose homeostasis in adult offspring rats. Pregnant rats were administered caffeine (120 mg/kg/day, intragastrically) from gestational days 11 to 20. PCE offspring presented partial catch-up growth pattern after birth, characterizing by the increased body weight gain rates. Meanwhile, PCE had no significant influences on the basal blood glucose and insulin phenotypes of adult offspring but increased the glucose tolerance, glucose-stimulated insulin section and β cell sensitivity to glucose in female progeny. The insulin sensitivity of both male and female PCE offspring were enhanced accompanied with reduced β cell fraction and mass. Western blotting results revealed that significant augmentation in protein expression of hepatic insulin signaling elements of PCE females, including insulin receptor (INSR), insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) and the phosphorylation of serine–threonine protein kinase (Akt), was also potentiated. In conclusion, we demonstrated that PCE reduced the pancreatic β mass but increased the glucose tolerance in adult offspring rats, especially for females. The adaptive compensatory enhancement of β cell responsiveness to glucose and elevated insulin sensitivity mainly mediated by upregulated hepatic insulin signaling might coordinately contribute to the increased glucose tolerance.     

多氯联苯的微生物降解

以多氯联苯(PCB)为唯一碳源,通过选择性富集培养,从变电站变压器油污染的土样中分离出25株PCB降解菌,底物生长试验结果表明,它们可以利用多种PCB作为唯一碳源,对其中三株菌作了鉴定,都属于假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)用气相色谱法和氯离子测定法检测了八株菌对各种PCB的降解能力,降解率一般为20—50%,高的可达60—100%,降解能力随含氯量的增高而降低,不同异构体降解的难易程度有很大差别,在PCB的降解中有氯离子的释放。     

三峡水库蓄水期长江口多氯联苯的污染特征

为揭示三峡水库蓄水期长江口多氯联苯的污染水平与空间分布特征,于2010年11月份采集长江口河道及邻近海域24个采样点表层沉积物和一个沉积物柱芯,对其中多氯联苯(PCBs)进行测定,结果表明本区PCBs污染处于较低水平,潜在生态风险较小.由于11月份处于枯季前期以及三峡水库蓄水期,外源PCBs输入变化以及三峡水库蓄水使得上游来沙减少,导致11月长江口PCBs含量较洪、枯季典型时段低.由于受海水倒灌和颗粒物盐析的共同作用,长江口北支的PCBs污染重于南支.在口外海域,受河口过滤器效应的影响,PCBs被潮流拦截在20m等深线区域.沉积物PCBs含量与沉积物TOC、粒径均无明显相关性.表层沉积物中PCBs组成以低氯取代PCBs为主.柱芯沉积物中PCBs组成与含量有明显分段特征.主成分分析发现南北支来源差异明显,较深柱芯与较浅柱芯差异明显.     

长江表层土壤多氯联苯污染特征及风险评价

采用气质联用仪（GC-MS）对长江流域13个干流断面及18个支流断面处沿岸表层土壤样品中的多氯联苯（PCBs）进行测定,分析其残留特征、污染来源和健康风险.结果表明,长江流域表层土中ΣPCBs的含量范围为：1.05~50.11ng/g dw,平均值为5.71ng/g dw,含量处于较低污染水平.干流的PCBs含量从上游到下游呈现逐渐增大的趋势,且PCBs在宜昌、岳阳、武汉、重庆等二三线城市总含量较高.PCB 17,PCB 18,PCB 44,PCB 74,PCB 87的检出率较高,三氯联苯、四氯联苯是主要的同系物,表明长江流域表层土壤主要以低氯联苯污染为主.主成分分析表明研究区域PCBs主要来自于1号国产变压器油、Aorclor 1242、1248、大气沉降及地表径流的混合污染源;对长江流域表层土壤健康风险评价表明,PCBs存在较小健康风险,呼吸摄入潜在风险低于经口摄入及皮肤接触.     

长江口九段沙水域环境及生物体内多氯联苯分布

对长江口九段沙湿地自然保护区的滩涂水样、泥样以及水生生物体内的多氯联苯进行GC-MS检测,研究多氯联苯各单体在不同环境介质及生物体中的分布状况. 结果表明:水样、泥样中的多氯联苯检出率为100%,其中四氯联苯(PCB52)含量最高; 与其他河口地区相比,九段沙水域水体中多氯联苯(PCBs)含量处于中等水平,ρ(PCBs)为23～95 ng/L;滩涂泥样多氯联苯含量则较低,w(PCBs)为1.77～4.51 ng/g; 该水域水生生物多氯联苯检出率为100%,w(PCBs)为0.12～9.40 μg/kg,低于国家标准限量; 软体动物、甲壳类以及鱼类检出单体均以高氯类PCB118和PCB138为主,而非环境中含量较高的PCB52,反映了水生生物对于高氯类多氯联苯富集能力强于低氯类多氯联苯.      

天津市区表层土壤中多氯联苯的污染特征

用GC/ECD分析、GC/MS验证的方法测定了天津市区41个表层(0~10 cm)土壤样品中84种PCB异构体. 结果表明:w(PCBs)为0.82~8.86 ng/g,平均值为3.56 ng/g,其中工业区>路边绿化带>公园. 7种PCB指示异构体的浓度(以w计)范围为0.08~2.05 ng/g,占总量的22.89%,与w(PCBs)具有较好的相关性(R=0.74,P<0.000 1). 5氯联苯和3氯联苯是主要的异构体,分别占总量的28.30%和22.14%. 浓度位居前10位的异构体分别是PCB31/28、PCB201、PCB6、PCB84、PCB92、PCB101、PCB16/32、PCB89、PCB180和PCB12/13. 主成分分析显示,国产变压器油与电容器油、Aro1242、Aro1248、Aro1254、A30和KC300以及现有工业的排放是天津市区表层土壤中PCBs的主要来源. 关键词:多氯联苯(PCBs); 表层土壤; PCB指示异构体; 异构体      

黄河中下游流域表层土壤中多氯联苯的残留特征

采用气质联用仪（GC-MS）对黄河中下游流域18个国家控制断面处表层土壤（0～15cm）样品中的多氯联苯含量进行测定,分析其残留特征、可能的污染源和生态风险.结果表明,黄河中下游表层土壤中∑PCBs变化范围为0.43～39.83ng/g dw,均值为3.72ng/g,和其他地区研究结果相比,黄河中下游流域表层土壤中PCBs 含量水平较低.类二英类PCBs的毒性当量DL-TEQ变化范围为1.85～27.22pg/g dw,均值为15.24pg/g dw,远低于其他国家相应的限值,极少存在生态风险. PCB18、PCB33、PCB49、PCB44、PCB52的检出率和残留量均比较高,是黄河中下游流域表层土壤中的优势污染物.二氯联苯、三氯联苯和四氯联苯是主要的同族体,分别占总量的10.71%.13.48%、63.43%,说明黄河中下游流域表层土壤中主要是低氯联苯污染.主成分分析表明黄河中下游流域表层土壤中PCBs主要是来自Aorclor1242、1248、1254、1260系列PCBs产品和国产变压器油的混合污染源.     

衡山大气中PCBs的浓度水平及来源分析

为研究我国高山地区大气中多氯联苯(PCBs)的含量情况,于2009年4月~5月在衡山气象站采集了气相及颗粒相样品.以气相色谱法测得该地区大气中7种指示性PCB(Indicator-PCBs)的平均浓度为180.51pg/m3,含量最多的为PCB52.与国外高山站点相比,衡山的PCBs含量处于较高水平.通过后推气流轨迹分析了气流来向对PCBs含量的影响,结果显示,来自北方的气流携带较多的PCBs.主因子分析的结果表明,该地区PCBs的来源可以归结为3类,分别为:国外的PCBs产品;焚烧炉排放、造纸漂白等工业生产过程以及国产的变压器油等PCBs产品;含PCBs的油漆添加剂等.     

多氯联苯在水稻田中的迁移行为

对典型污染地区水稻田土壤及作物中多氯联苯的含量和分布特征进行了研究。结果表明，土壤中以4－6氯取代的PCBs同类物（congeners）为主，三者占PCBs总量的85％以上；多氯联苯在土壤中的横向和纵向迁移行为很弱，同类物之间表现出不同的迁移特性；水稻对多氯联苯没有明显的生物富集作用；水稻不同组织中多氯联苯的含量相差很大，其中浓度分布顺序为稻叶＞稻壳＞稻杆＞糙米；大气沉降可能是水稻污染的主要来源。     

Levels and distributions of polychlorinated biphenyls in sewage sludge of urban wastewater treatment plants

Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been measured in sewage sludge samples from 8 urban wastewater treatment plants in Beijing, China. The PCB congeners were analyzed by isotope dilution high resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry method. The concentration of PCBs ranged from 65.6 to 157 ng/g dry weight (dw), with a mean value of 101 ng/g dw. The dioxin-like PCB WHO-TEQs (World Health Organization-Toxic Equivalents) of the sludge were lower than 1 pg /g dw. Conse...     

Bioconcentration kinetics of PCBs in various parts of the lifecycle of the tadpoles Xenopus laevis

Polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） in Xenopus laevis have been reported only for a few congeners. Additionally, there is very little information on the ability of Xenopus laevis to bioconcentrate PCBs. To address these issues, the tadpole Xenopus laevis was exposed to Aroclor 1254 mixtures in water at room temperature for 110 d followed by an additional 110 d of nonspiked PCBs in the water for the control group. During the whole process, bioconcentration factors （BCFs） of PCBs ranged from 1180 to 15670. For most PCB congeners, the highest and lowest bioconcentrations of the kinetic curves were found to be remarkably simultaneous, respectively. All 141 PCB congeners under the same experimental conditions had no linear correlation on the lgBCF versus lgKow relationship. The relationship between lgBCFs and lgKow followed a parabolic pattern indicative of selective bioconcentration, suggesting that the kinetic curves of the PCB congeners observed in the lifecycle of the tadpoles may be concentrated due to the amphibian special species and internal metabolism. In contrast, lgBCFs for PCBs were inversely related to lgKow, suggesting that a metabolism of the higher Kow PCB congeners occurred. These results support the author＇s conclusion that the tadpole Xenopus laevis plays major roles in the bioconcentration of PCB congeners, and demonstrated that the exposure kinetic curves of PCB congeners are complex. Besides the amphibian metamorphous development, the lifecycle of the tadpole Xenopus laevis also may be of importance in determining the bioconcentration of PCB congeners.     

国产多氯联苯及其焚烧烟灰中类二噁瑛多氯联苯测定

多氯联苯（ＰＣＢｓ）各同族体的毒性与氯原子取代位置有关,ＰＣＢｓ环境毒性的评价主要取决于类二ＰＣＢｓ的分析。本文采用多段硅胶柱与碱性氧化铝柱对样品前处理,ＧＣ／ＭＳ方法测定了２种国产商品ＰＣＢｓ中的类二ＰＣＢ成分．并与国外某些ＰＣＢｓ商品进行了比较。ＰＣＢｓ焚烧炉烟灰样品中类二ＰＣＢ的测定结果表明,焚烧炉排放烟灰中ＰＣＢｓ含量和毒性分别降低了２—５万倍。     

珠江入海口水体中多氯联苯的分布特征及其来源分析

为评估珠江三角洲水体中PCBs(多氯联苯)的污染水平及其生态环境影响,于2005年3月—2006年2月,采集并分析了珠江八大入海口水体中PCBs的残留状况. 结果显示,珠江八大入海口水体中ρ(PCBs)为0.19～7.04 ng/L,其中三氯联苯和四氯联苯占PCBs总量的70%以上,约40%的水样(主要为7—12月样品)ρ(PCBs)高于或接近我国《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)的限值(2 ng/L). 组成分析及主成分分析结果表明,珠江入海口水体中PCBs的分布特征与我国#1PCBs及国外Aroclor 1242和Aroclor 1016产品相近,低氯产品#1PCBs及Aroclor 1242和Aroclor 1016可能是水体中PCBs污染的主要来源,而废弃电容器、沉积物再悬浮、大气沉降及废水处理厂排放等输入源是水体的重要贡献者.      

哈尔滨市土壤中PCBs的污染现状研究

采用GC／MS法对哈尔滨市18个表层土壤及1个深层土壤中PCBs的浓度进行了测定,并讨论了PCBs在土壤中的分布特征及同族体的组成情况。结果表明,该市表层土壤中∑PCBs浓度分布在0．025-1．795ng／g之间,平均值为0．545ng／g,深层土壤中未能检测到目标物,土样中共有18种同系物有不同程度的检出,主要以五氡联苯为主,其中工业区的土壤样品中∑PCBs含量最高。